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Beyond Earth A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 Asif A. Siddiqi Beyond Earth A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 by Asif A. Siddiqi NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Office of Communications NASA History Division Washington, DC 20546 NASA SP-2018-4041 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Siddiqi, Asif A., 1966– author. | United States. NASA History Division, issuing body. | United States. NASA History Program Office, publisher. Title: Beyond Earth : a chronicle of deep space exploration, 1958–2016 / by Asif A. Siddiqi. Other titles: Deep space chronicle Description: Second edition. | Washington, DC : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Communications, NASA History Division, [2018] | Series: NASA SP ; 2018-4041 | Series: The NASA history series | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017058675 (print) | LCCN 2017059404 (ebook) | ISBN 9781626830424 | ISBN 9781626830431 | ISBN 9781626830431?q(paperback) Subjects: LCSH: Space flight—History. | Planets—Exploration—History. Classification: LCC TL790 (ebook) | LCC TL790 .S53 2018 (print) | DDC 629.43/509—dc23 | SUDOC NAS 1.21:2018-4041 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017058675 Original Cover Artwork provided by Ariel Waldman The artwork titled Spaceprob.es is a companion piece to the Web site that catalogs the active human-made machines that freckle our solar system. Each space probe’s silhouette has been paired with its distance from Earth via the Deep Space Network or its last known coordinates. This publication is available as a free download at http://www.nasa.gov/ebooks. ISBN 978-1-62683-043-1 90000 9 781626 830431 For my beloved father Dr. Hafiz G. A. Siddiqi Whose achievements I can only hope to emulate iii Contents Preface xi Introduction xiii A Note About Terminology xv Acknowledgments xvii Firsts in the History of Deep Space Exploration 1 1958 5 1 [Pioneer 0] 5 2 [Luna, Ye-1 no. 1] 5 3 Able 2 [Pioneer] 6 4 [Luna, Ye-1 no. 2] 7 5 Pioneer II 7 1961 21 6 [Luna, Ye-1 no. 3] 8 21 Heavy Satellite [Venera] 21 7 Pioneer III 8 22 Automatic Interplanetary Station [Venera 1] 21 23 Ranger I 22 11 1959 24 Ranger II 23 8 Soviet Space Rocket [Luna 1] 11 25 9 Pioneer IV 11 1962 10 [Luna, Ye-1A no. 5] 12 25 Ranger III 25 11 Second Soviet Space Rocket [Luna 2] 12 26 Ranger IV 25 12 Automatic Interplanetary Station [Luna 3] 13 27 Mariner I 26 13 Able IVB [Pioneer] 16 28 [Venera, 2MV-1 no. 3] 26 29 Mariner II 27 17 1960 30 [Venera, 2MV-1 no. 4] 29 14 Pioneer V 17 31 [Venera, 2MV-2 no. 1] 29 15 [Luna, Ye-3 no. 1] 17 32 Ranger V 30 16 [Luna, Ye no. 2] 18 33 [Mars, 2MV-4 no. 3] 30 17 Able VA [Pioneer] 18 34 Mars 1 31 18 [Mars, 1M no. 1] 18 35 [Mars, 2MV-3 no. 1] 32 19 [Mars, 1M no. 2] 19 33 20 Able VB [Pioneer] 20 1963 36 [Luna, Ye-6 no. 2] 33 37 [Luna, Ye-6 no. 3] 33 38 Luna 4 34 39 Kosmos 21 [Zond] 34 v vi BEYOND EARTH: A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 1964 37 40 Ranger VI 37 41 [Zond, 3MV-1A no. 4A] 37 42 [Luna, Ye-6 no. 6] 38 43 Kosmos 27 [Venera] 38 44 Zond 1 [Venera] 39 45 [Luna, Ye-6 no. 5] 39 46 Ranger VII 40 47 Mariner III 41 48 Mariner IV 41 49 Zond 2 43 1965 45 1967 65 50 Ranger VIII 45 78 Lunar Orbiter III 65 51 [Atlas Centaur 5] 45 79 Surveyor III 66 52 Kosmos 60 [Luna] 46 80 Lunar Orbiter IV 67 53 Ranger IX 46 81 Kosmos 159 [Luna] 67 54 [Luna, Ye-6 no. 8] 47 82 Venera 4 68 55 Luna 5 47 83 Mariner V 70 56 Luna 6 48 84 Kosmos 167 [Venera] 70 57 Zond 3 48 85 Surveyor IV 71 58 Surveyor Model 1 49 86 Explorer XXXV / Anchored International 59 Luna 7 49 Monitoring Platform 6 71 60 Venera 2 50 87 Lunar Orbiter V 72 61 Venera 3 51 88 Surveyor V 72 62 Kosmos 96 [Venera] 51 89 [Zond, 7K-L1 no. 4L] 73 63 Luna 8 52 90 Surveyor VI 74 64 Pioneer VI 53 91 [Zond, 7K-L1 no. 5L] 74 92 Pioneer VIII 75 1966 55 77 65 Luna 9 55 1968 66 Kosmos 111 [Luna] 56 93 Surveyor VII 77 67 Luna 10 57 94 [Luna, Ye-6LS no. 112] 78 68 Surveyor Model 2 58 95 Zond 4 78 69 Surveyor I 58 96 Luna 14 79 70 Explorer XXXIII 59 97 [Zond, 7K-L1 no. 7L] 79 71 Lunar Orbiter I 59 98 Zond 5 79 72 Pioneer VII 60 99 Pioneer IX 80 73 Luna 11 61 100 Zond 6 81 74 Surveyor II 61 75 Luna 12 62 76 Lunar Orbiter II 62 77 Luna 13 64 C ONTENTS vii 1969 83 1973 113 101 Venera 5 83 137 Luna 21 and Lunokhod 2 113 102 Venera 6 84 138 Pioneer 11 114 103 [Zond, 7K-L1 no. 13L] 84 139 Explorer 49 116 104 [Luna, Ye-8 no. 201] 85 140 Mars 4 117 105 [N1 launch test, 7K-L1S no. 2] 85 141 Mars 5 118 106 Mariner VI 86 142 Mars 6 119 107 [Mars, M-69 no. 521] 87 143 Mars 7 120 108 Mariner VII 87 144 Mariner 10 121 109 [Mars, M-69 no. 522] 88 123 110 [Luna, Ye-8-5 no. 402] 89 1974 111 [N1 test flight, 7K-L1S] 89 145 Luna 22 123 112 Luna 15 90 146 Luna 23 123 113 Zond 7 91 147 Helios 1 124 114 Pioneer 91 115 Kosmos 300 [Luna] 92 116 Kosmos 305 [Luna] 92 1970 93 117 [Luna, Ye-8-5 no. 405] 93 118 Venera 7 93 119 Kosmos 359 [Venera] 94 120 Luna 16 94 121 Zond 8 96 122 Luna 17 and Lunokhod 1 97 1971 99 123 Mariner 8 99 1975 127 124 Kosmos 419 [Mars] 99 125 Mars 2 100 148 Venera 9 127 126 Mars 3 101 149 Venera 10 128 127 Mariner 9 103 150 Viking 1 129 128 Apollo 15 Particle and Fields Subsatellite 104 151 Viking 2 132 129 Luna 18 104 152 [Luna] 134 130 Luna 19 105 1976 135 107 1972 153 Helios 2 135 131 Luna 20 107 154 Luna 24 136 132 Pioneer 10 108 137 133 Venera 8 110 1977 134 Kosmos 482 [Venera] 111 155 Voyager 2 137 135 Apollo 16 Particles and Fields Subsatellite 111 156 Voyager 1 142 136 [N1 launch test, 7K-LOK no. 6A] 112 viii BEYOND EARTH: A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 1978 147 157 Pioneer Venus 1 147 158 Pioneer Venus 2 148 159 ISEE-3 149 160 Venera 11 150 161 Venera 12 152 1981 155 162 Venera 13 155 163 Venera 14 156 1983 159 164 Venera 15 159 1995 189 165 Venera 16 160 181 SOHO 189 1984 161 191 166 Vega 1 161 1996 167 Vega 2 162 182 NEAR Shoemaker 191 183 Mars Global Surveyor 192 165 1985 184 Mars 8 / Mars 96 193 168 Sakigake 165 185 Mars Pathfinder 195 169 Giotto 165 197 170 Suisei 166 1997 186 ACE 197 169 1988 187 Cassini-Huygens 197 171 Fobos 1 169 188 Asiasat 3 / HGS 1 203 172 Fobos 2 170 1998 205 173 1989 189 Lunar Prospector 205 173 Magellan 173 190 Nozomi 205 174 Galileo 175 191 Deep Space 1 207 192 Mars Climate Orbiter 208 1990 179 209 175 Hiten and Hagoromo 179 1999 176 Ulysses 180 193 Mars Polar Lander and Deep Space 2 209 194 Stardust 210 1992 183 213 177 Geotail 183 2001 178 Mars Observer 184 195 2001 Mars Odyssey 213 196 Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP) 214 185 1994 197 Genesis 215 179 Clementine 185 217 180 Wind 186 2002 198 CONTOUR 217 C ONTENTS ix 2003 219 2008 259 199 Hayabusa 219 217 Chandrayaan-1 and MIP 259 200 Mars Express and Beagle 2 220 261 201 Spirit 222 2009 202 Opportunity 225 218 Kepler 261 203 SIRTF / Spitzer Space Telescope 227 219 Herschel 262 204 SMART-1 229 220 Planck 264 221 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) 265 231 2004 222 Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing 205 Rosetta and Philae 231 Satellite (LCROSS) 267 206 MESSENGER 233 2010 269 237 2005 223 Venus Climate Orbiter (VCO) / Akatsuki 269 207 Deep Impact 237 224 Shin’en 271 208 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 238 225 IKAROS 271 209 Venus Express 241 226 Chang’e 2 272 2006 243 2011 275 210 New Horizons 243 227 Juno 275 211 STEREO A and STEREO B 246 228 Ebb and Flow 277 229 Fobos-Grunt 278 249 2007 230 Yinghuo-1 280 212 Artemis P1 and Artemis P2 249 231 Curiosity 280 213 Phoenix 250 287 214 Kaguya 252 2013 215 Dawn 253 232 LADEE 287 216 Chang’e 1 256 233 Mangalyaan / Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) 288 234 MAVEN 289 235 Chang’e 3 and Yutu 291 236 Gaia 294 2014 297 237 Chang’e 5-T1 297 238 Hayabusa 2 298 239 PROCYON 299 240 Shin’en 2 300 241 DESPATCH / ArtSat-2 301 2015 303 242 DSCOVR 303 243 LISA Pathfinder 304 x BEYOND EARTH: A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 2016 307 244 ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter / Schiaparelli EDM Lander 307 245 OSIRIS-REx 308 Tables 311 1.
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    University of Hawai‘i, Institute for Astronomy Publications in Calendar Year 2000 PUBLICATIONS Investigating the Link between Cometary and Interstellar Material. A&A, 353, 1101–1114 (2000) The following articles and books were published dur- ing calendar year 2000. The names of IfA authors Boehnhardt, H.; Hainaut, O.; Delahodde, C.; West, R.; are in boldface. For an html version of this list Meech, K.; Marsden, B. A Pencil-Beam Search for Dis- with links, go to http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/publications/ tant TNOs at the ESO NTT. In Minor Bodies in the Outer 2000pubs.html. More recent publications are listed at Solar System, ed. A. Fitzsimmons, D. Jewitt, & R. M. http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/publications/preprints/. West. ESO Astrophysics Symposia (Springer), 117–123 (2000) Barger, A. J.; Cowie, L. L.; Richards, E. A. Mapping the Evolution of High-Redshift Dusty Galaxies with Submil- Boesgaard, A. M. Review of Stellar Abundance Results from limeter Observations of a Radio-selected Sample. AJ, Large Telescopes. Proc. SPIE, 4005, 142–149 (2000) 119, 2092–2109 (2000) Boesgaard, A. M.; Stephens, A.; King, J. R.; Deliyannis, Barucci, M. A.; Romon, J.; Doressoundiram, A.; Tholen, C. P. Chemical Abundances in Globular Cluster Turn-Off D. J. Compositional Surface Diversity in the Trans-Nep- Stars from Keck/HIRES Observations. Proc. SPIE, 4005, tunian Objects. AJ, 120, 496–500 (2000) 274–284 (2000) Baudoz, P.; Mouillet, D.; Beuzit, J.-L.; Mekarnia, D.; Rab- Brandner, W.; Grebel, E. K.; Chu, Y.; Dottori, H.; Brandl, bia, Y.; Gay, J.; Schneider, J.-L. First Results of the B.; Richling, S.; Yorke, H.