DOCSLIB.ORG

Beyond Earth a CHRONICLE of DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Beyond Earth a CHRONICLE of DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 Beyond Earth A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 Asif A. Siddiqi Beyond Earth A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 by Asif A. Siddiqi NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Office of Communications NASA History Division Washington, DC 20546 NASA SP-2018-4041 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Siddiqi, Asif A., 1966– author. | United States. NASA History Division, issuing body. | United States. NASA History Program Office, publisher. Title: Beyond Earth : a chronicle of deep space exploration, 1958–2016 / by Asif A. Siddiqi. Other titles: Deep space chronicle Description: Second edition. | Washington, DC : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Communications, NASA History Division, [2018] | Series: NASA SP ; 2018-4041 | Series: The NASA history series | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017058675 (print) | LCCN 2017059404 (ebook) | ISBN 9781626830424 | ISBN 9781626830431 | ISBN 9781626830431?q(paperback) Subjects: LCSH: Space flight—History. | Planets—Exploration—History. Classification: LCC TL790 (ebook) | LCC TL790 .S53 2018 (print) | DDC 629.43/509—dc23 | SUDOC NAS 1.21:2018-4041 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017058675 Original Cover Artwork provided by Ariel Waldman The artwork titled Spaceprob.es is a companion piece to the Web site that catalogs the active human-made machines that freckle our solar system. Each space probe’s silhouette has been paired with its distance from Earth via the Deep Space Network or its last known coordinates. This publication is available as a free download at http://www.nasa.gov/ebooks. ISBN 978-1-62683-043-1 90000 9 781626 830431 For my beloved father Dr. Hafiz G. A. Siddiqi Whose achievements I can only hope to emulate iii Contents Preface xi Introduction xiii A Note About Terminology xv Acknowledgments xvii Firsts in the History of Deep Space Exploration 1 1958 5 1 [Pioneer 0] 5 2 [Luna, Ye-1 no. 1] 5 3 Able 2 [Pioneer] 6 4 [Luna, Ye-1 no. 2] 7 5 Pioneer II 7 1961 21 6 [Luna, Ye-1 no. 3] 8 21 Heavy Satellite [Venera] 21 7 Pioneer III 8 22 Automatic Interplanetary Station [Venera 1] 21 23 Ranger I 22 11 1959 24 Ranger II 23 8 Soviet Space Rocket [Luna 1] 11 25 9 Pioneer IV 11 1962 10 [Luna, Ye-1A no. 5] 12 25 Ranger III 25 11 Second Soviet Space Rocket [Luna 2] 12 26 Ranger IV 25 12 Automatic Interplanetary Station [Luna 3] 13 27 Mariner I 26 13 Able IVB [Pioneer] 16 28 [Venera, 2MV-1 no. 3] 26 29 Mariner II 27 17 1960 30 [Venera, 2MV-1 no. 4] 29 14 Pioneer V 17 31 [Venera, 2MV-2 no. 1] 29 15 [Luna, Ye-3 no. 1] 17 32 Ranger V 30 16 [Luna, Ye no. 2] 18 33 [Mars, 2MV-4 no. 3] 30 17 Able VA [Pioneer] 18 34 Mars 1 31 18 [Mars, 1M no. 1] 18 35 [Mars, 2MV-3 no. 1] 32 19 [Mars, 1M no. 2] 19 33 20 Able VB [Pioneer] 20 1963 36 [Luna, Ye-6 no. 2] 33 37 [Luna, Ye-6 no. 3] 33 38 Luna 4 34 39 Kosmos 21 [Zond] 34 v vi BEYOND EARTH: A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 1964 37 40 Ranger VI 37 41 [Zond, 3MV-1A no. 4A] 37 42 [Luna, Ye-6 no. 6] 38 43 Kosmos 27 [Venera] 38 44 Zond 1 [Venera] 39 45 [Luna, Ye-6 no. 5] 39 46 Ranger VII 40 47 Mariner III 41 48 Mariner IV 41 49 Zond 2 43 1965 45 1967 65 50 Ranger VIII 45 78 Lunar Orbiter III 65 51 [Atlas Centaur 5] 45 79 Surveyor III 66 52 Kosmos 60 [Luna] 46 80 Lunar Orbiter IV 67 53 Ranger IX 46 81 Kosmos 159 [Luna] 67 54 [Luna, Ye-6 no. 8] 47 82 Venera 4 68 55 Luna 5 47 83 Mariner V 70 56 Luna 6 48 84 Kosmos 167 [Venera] 70 57 Zond 3 48 85 Surveyor IV 71 58 Surveyor Model 1 49 86 Explorer XXXV / Anchored International 59 Luna 7 49 Monitoring Platform 6 71 60 Venera 2 50 87 Lunar Orbiter V 72 61 Venera 3 51 88 Surveyor V 72 62 Kosmos 96 [Venera] 51 89 [Zond, 7K-L1 no. 4L] 73 63 Luna 8 52 90 Surveyor VI 74 64 Pioneer VI 53 91 [Zond, 7K-L1 no. 5L] 74 92 Pioneer VIII 75 1966 55 77 65 Luna 9 55 1968 66 Kosmos 111 [Luna] 56 93 Surveyor VII 77 67 Luna 10 57 94 [Luna, Ye-6LS no. 112] 78 68 Surveyor Model 2 58 95 Zond 4 78 69 Surveyor I 58 96 Luna 14 79 70 Explorer XXXIII 59 97 [Zond, 7K-L1 no. 7L] 79 71 Lunar Orbiter I 59 98 Zond 5 79 72 Pioneer VII 60 99 Pioneer IX 80 73 Luna 11 61 100 Zond 6 81 74 Surveyor II 61 75 Luna 12 62 76 Lunar Orbiter II 62 77 Luna 13 64 C ONTENTS vii 1969 83 1973 113 101 Venera 5 83 137 Luna 21 and Lunokhod 2 113 102 Venera 6 84 138 Pioneer 11 114 103 [Zond, 7K-L1 no. 13L] 84 139 Explorer 49 116 104 [Luna, Ye-8 no. 201] 85 140 Mars 4 117 105 [N1 launch test, 7K-L1S no. 2] 85 141 Mars 5 118 106 Mariner VI 86 142 Mars 6 119 107 [Mars, M-69 no. 521] 87 143 Mars 7 120 108 Mariner VII 87 144 Mariner 10 121 109 [Mars, M-69 no. 522] 88 123 110 [Luna, Ye-8-5 no. 402] 89 1974 111 [N1 test flight, 7K-L1S] 89 145 Luna 22 123 112 Luna 15 90 146 Luna 23 123 113 Zond 7 91 147 Helios 1 124 114 Pioneer 91 115 Kosmos 300 [Luna] 92 116 Kosmos 305 [Luna] 92 1970 93 117 [Luna, Ye-8-5 no. 405] 93 118 Venera 7 93 119 Kosmos 359 [Venera] 94 120 Luna 16 94 121 Zond 8 96 122 Luna 17 and Lunokhod 1 97 1971 99 123 Mariner 8 99 1975 127 124 Kosmos 419 [Mars] 99 125 Mars 2 100 148 Venera 9 127 126 Mars 3 101 149 Venera 10 128 127 Mariner 9 103 150 Viking 1 129 128 Apollo 15 Particle and Fields Subsatellite 104 151 Viking 2 132 129 Luna 18 104 152 [Luna] 134 130 Luna 19 105 1976 135 107 1972 153 Helios 2 135 131 Luna 20 107 154 Luna 24 136 132 Pioneer 10 108 137 133 Venera 8 110 1977 134 Kosmos 482 [Venera] 111 155 Voyager 2 137 135 Apollo 16 Particles and Fields Subsatellite 111 156 Voyager 1 142 136 [N1 launch test, 7K-LOK no. 6A] 112 viii BEYOND EARTH: A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 1978 147 157 Pioneer Venus 1 147 158 Pioneer Venus 2 148 159 ISEE-3 149 160 Venera 11 150 161 Venera 12 152 1981 155 162 Venera 13 155 163 Venera 14 156 1983 159 164 Venera 15 159 1995 189 165 Venera 16 160 181 SOHO 189 1984 161 191 166 Vega 1 161 1996 167 Vega 2 162 182 NEAR Shoemaker 191 183 Mars Global Surveyor 192 165 1985 184 Mars 8 / Mars 96 193 168 Sakigake 165 185 Mars Pathfinder 195 169 Giotto 165 197 170 Suisei 166 1997 186 ACE 197 169 1988 187 Cassini-Huygens 197 171 Fobos 1 169 188 Asiasat 3 / HGS 1 203 172 Fobos 2 170 1998 205 173 1989 189 Lunar Prospector 205 173 Magellan 173 190 Nozomi 205 174 Galileo 175 191 Deep Space 1 207 192 Mars Climate Orbiter 208 1990 179 209 175 Hiten and Hagoromo 179 1999 176 Ulysses 180 193 Mars Polar Lander and Deep Space 2 209 194 Stardust 210 1992 183 213 177 Geotail 183 2001 178 Mars Observer 184 195 2001 Mars Odyssey 213 196 Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP) 214 185 1994 197 Genesis 215 179 Clementine 185 217 180 Wind 186 2002 198 CONTOUR 217 C ONTENTS ix 2003 219 2008 259 199 Hayabusa 219 217 Chandrayaan-1 and MIP 259 200 Mars Express and Beagle 2 220 261 201 Spirit 222 2009 202 Opportunity 225 218 Kepler 261 203 SIRTF / Spitzer Space Telescope 227 219 Herschel 262 204 SMART-1 229 220 Planck 264 221 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) 265 231 2004 222 Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing 205 Rosetta and Philae 231 Satellite (LCROSS) 267 206 MESSENGER 233 2010 269 237 2005 223 Venus Climate Orbiter (VCO) / Akatsuki 269 207 Deep Impact 237 224 Shin’en 271 208 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 238 225 IKAROS 271 209 Venus Express 241 226 Chang’e 2 272 2006 243 2011 275 210 New Horizons 243 227 Juno 275 211 STEREO A and STEREO B 246 228 Ebb and Flow 277 229 Fobos-Grunt 278 249 2007 230 Yinghuo-1 280 212 Artemis P1 and Artemis P2 249 231 Curiosity 280 213 Phoenix 250 287 214 Kaguya 252 2013 215 Dawn 253 232 LADEE 287 216 Chang’e 1 256 233 Mangalyaan / Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) 288 234 MAVEN 289 235 Chang’e 3 and Yutu 291 236 Gaia 294 2014 297 237 Chang’e 5-T1 297 238 Hayabusa 2 298 239 PROCYON 299 240 Shin’en 2 300 241 DESPATCH / ArtSat-2 301 2015 303 242 DSCOVR 303 243 LISA Pathfinder 304 x BEYOND EARTH: A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 2016 307 244 ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter / Schiaparelli EDM Lander 307 245 OSIRIS-REx 308 Tables 311 1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • China's Touch on the Moon
    commentary China’s touch on the Moon Long Xiao As well as being a milestone in technology, the Chang’e lunar exploration programme establishes China as a contributor to space science. With much still to learn about the Moon, fieldwork beyond Earth’s orbit must be an international effort. hen China’s Chang’e 3 spacecraft geological history of the landing site. touched down on the lunar High-resolution images have shown rocky Wsurface on 14 December 2013, terrain with outcrops of porphyritic basalt, it was the first soft landing on the Moon such as Loong Rock (Fig. 2). Analysis since the Soviet Union’s Luna 24 mission of data collected by the penetrating in 1976. Following on from the decades- Chang’e 3 radar should lead to identification of the old triumphs of the Luna missions and underlying layers of regolith, impact breccia NASA’s Apollo programme, the Chang’e and basalt. lunar exploration programme is leading the China’s robotic field geologist Yutu has charge of a new generation of exploration Basalt outcrop Yutu rover stalled in its traverse of the lunar surface, on the lunar surface. Much like the earlier but plans for the Chang’e 5 sample-return space programmes, the China National mission are moving forward. The primary Space Administration (CNSA) has been objective of the mission will be to return developing its capabilities and technologies 100 m 2 kg of samples from the surface and depths step by step in a series of Chang’e missions UNIVERSITY STATE © NASA/GSFC/ARIZONA of up to 2 m, probably also in the relatively of increasing ambition: orbiting and Figure 1 | The Chinese Chang’e 3 spacecraft and smooth northern Mare Imbrium.
    [Show full text]
  • New Voyage to Rendezvous with a Small Asteroid Rotating with a Short Period
    Hayabusa2 Extended Mission: New Voyage to Rendezvous with a Small Asteroid Rotating with a Short Period M. Hirabayashi1, Y. Mimasu2, N. Sakatani3, S. Watanabe4, Y. Tsuda2, T. Saiki2, S. Kikuchi2, T. Kouyama5, M. Yoshikawa2, S. Tanaka2, S. Nakazawa2, Y. Takei2, F. Terui2, H. Takeuchi2, A. Fujii2, T. Iwata2, K. Tsumura6, S. Matsuura7, Y. Shimaki2, S. Urakawa8, Y. Ishibashi9, S. Hasegawa2, M. Ishiguro10, D. Kuroda11, S. Okumura8, S. Sugita12, T. Okada2, S. Kameda3, S. Kamata13, A. Higuchi14, H. Senshu15, H. Noda16, K. Matsumoto16, R. Suetsugu17, T. Hirai15, K. Kitazato18, D. Farnocchia19, S.P. Naidu19, D.J. Tholen20, C.W. Hergenrother21, R.J. Whiteley22, N. A. Moskovitz23, P.A. Abell24, and the Hayabusa2 extended mission study group. 1Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA ([email protected]) 2Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kanagawa, Japan 3Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan 4Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan 5National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan 6Tokyo City University, Tokyo, Japan 7Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo, Japan 8Japan Spaceguard Association, Okayama, Japan 9Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan 10Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea 11Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 12University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 13Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan 14University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan 15Chiba Institute of Technology, Chiba, Japan 16National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Iwate, Japan 17National Institute of Technology, Oshima College, Yamaguchi, Japan 18University of Aizu, Fukushima, Japan 19Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA 20University of Hawai’i, Manoa, HI, USA 21University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 22Asgard Research, Denver, CO, USA 23Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ, USA 24NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA 1 Highlights 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Security & Defence European
    a 7.90 D 14974 E D European & Security ES & Defence 6/2019 International Security and Defence Journal COUNTRY FOCUS: AUSTRIA ISSN 1617-7983 • Heavy Lift Helicopters • Russian Nuclear Strategy • UAS for Reconnaissance and • NATO Military Engineering CoE Surveillance www.euro-sd.com • Airborne Early Warning • • Royal Norwegian Navy • Brazilian Army • UAS Detection • Cockpit Technology • Swiss “Air2030” Programme Developments • CBRN Decontamination June 2019 • CASEVAC/MEDEVAC Aircraft • Serbian Defence Exports Politics · Armed Forces · Procurement · Technology ANYTHING. In operations, the Eurofighter Typhoon is the proven choice of Air Forces. Unparalleled reliability and a continuous capability evolution across all domains mean that the Eurofighter Typhoon will play a vital role for decades to come. Air dominance. We make it fly. airbus.com Editorial Europe Needs More Pragmatism The elections to the European Parliament in May were beset with more paradoxes than they have ever been. The strongest party which will take its seats in the plenary chambers in Brus- sels (and, as an expensive anachronism, also in Strasbourg), albeit only for a brief period, is the Brexit Party, with 29 seats, whose programme is implicit in their name. Although EU institutions across the entire continent are challenged in terms of their public acceptance, in many countries the election has been fought with a very great deal of emotion, as if the day of reckoning is dawning, on which decisions will be All or Nothing. Some have raised concerns about the prosperous “European Project”, which they see as in dire need of rescue from malevolent sceptics. Others have painted an image of the decline of the West, which would inevitably come about if Brussels were to be allowed to continue on its present course.
    [Show full text]
  • View Conducted by Its Standing Review Board (SRB)
    Science Committee Report Dr. Wes Huntress, Chair 1 Science Committee Members Wes Huntress, Chair Byron Tapley, (Vice Chair) University of Texas-Austin, Chair of Earth Science Alan Boss, Carnegie Institution, Chair of Astrophysics Ron Greeley, Arizona State University, Chair of Planetary Science Gene Levy, Rice University , Chair of Planetary Protection Roy Torbert, University of New Hampshire, Chair of Heliophysics Jack Burns, University of Colorado Noel Hinners, Independent Consultant *Judith Lean, Naval Research Laboratory Michael Turner, University of Chicago Charlie Kennel, Chair of Space Studies Board (ex officio member) * = resigned July 16, 2010 2 Agenda • Science Results • Programmatic Status • Findings & Recommendations 3 Unusual Thermosphere Collapse • Deep drop in Thermospheric (50 – 400 km) density • Deeper than expected from solar cycle & CO2 4 Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) unlocking the secrets of Noctilucent Clouds (NLCs) Form 50 miles above surface in polar summer vs ~ 6 miles for “norm79al” clouds. NLCs getting brighter; occurring more often. Why? Linked to global change? AIM NLC Image June 27, 2009 - AIM measured the relationship between cloud properties and temperature - Quantified for the first time, the dramatic response to small changes, 10 deg C, in temperature - T sensitivity critical for study of global change effects on mesosphere Response to Gulf Oil Spill UAVSAR 23 June 2010 MODIS 31 May 2010 ASTER 24 May 2010 Visible Visible/IR false color Satellite instruments: continually monitoring the extent of
    [Show full text]
  • PCEC V2.3 (For Real This Time)
    PCEC v2.3 (For Real This Time) 2021 NASA Cost & Schedule Symposium 14 Apr 2021 Brian Alford Mark Jacobs Booz Allen Hamilton TGS Consultants Shawn Hayes Richard Webb TGS Consultants KAR Enterprises NASA MSFC Victory MIPSSSolutions Team SB Diversity Outline • PCEC Overview • Robotic SC Updates • CASTS Updates • PCEC v2.3 Interface Updates • Closing Victory Solutions MIPSS Team 2 What is PCEC? • The Project Cost Estimating Capability (PCEC) is the primary NASA in-house developed parametric tool for estimating the cost of robotic missions, launch vehicles, crewed vehicles, etc. – Overarching tool for creating an estimate that spans the full NASA WBS – CERs included out-of-the-box for estimating the costs of a flight system (e.g., thermal) and support functions (e.g., project management) – Connects to other NASA-sponsored specialized tools to cover the complete NASA WBS (e.g., NICM, MOCET) – Excel-based (presented as add-in in the Ribbon) with completely visible calculations and code – Consists of the PCEC Interface (the Ribbon and supporting code) and the PCEC Library (the artifacts used to estimate cost) – Available to the General Public Victory Solutions MIPSS Team 3 What is PCEC? Cont’d • PCEC comprises two primary ‘models’, offered seamlessly to the user under a single, integrated tool – Robotic Spacecraft (Robotic SC) – Crewed and Space Transportation Systems (CASTS) • These models have separate data normalizations, collections of CERs, core WBSs, modeling approaches, estimating template worksheets, and scope – Estimating artifacts constitute
    [Show full text]
  • Highlights in Space 2010
    International Astronautical Federation Committee on Space Research International Institute of Space Law 94 bis, Avenue de Suffren c/o CNES 94 bis, Avenue de Suffren UNITED NATIONS 75015 Paris, France 2 place Maurice Quentin 75015 Paris, France Tel: +33 1 45 67 42 60 Fax: +33 1 42 73 21 20 Tel. + 33 1 44 76 75 10 E-mail: : [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Fax. + 33 1 44 76 74 37 URL: www.iislweb.com OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS URL: www.iafastro.com E-mail: [email protected] URL : http://cosparhq.cnes.fr Highlights in Space 2010 Prepared in cooperation with the International Astronautical Federation, the Committee on Space Research and the International Institute of Space Law The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs is responsible for promoting international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space and assisting developing countries in using space science and technology. United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs P. O. Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43-1) 26060-4950 Fax: (+43-1) 26060-5830 E-mail: [email protected] URL: www.unoosa.org United Nations publication Printed in Austria USD 15 Sales No. E.11.I.3 ISBN 978-92-1-101236-1 ST/SPACE/57 *1180239* V.11-80239—January 2011—775 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS UNITED NATIONS OFFICE AT VIENNA Highlights in Space 2010 Prepared in cooperation with the International Astronautical Federation, the Committee on Space Research and the International Institute of Space Law Progress in space science, technology and applications, international cooperation and space law UNITED NATIONS New York, 2011 UniTEd NationS PUblication Sales no.
    [Show full text]
  • Apollo 13 Mission Review
    APOLLO 13 MISSION REVIEW HEAR& BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES UNITED STATES SENATE NINETY-FIRST CONGRESS SECOR’D SESSION JUR’E 30, 1970 Printed for the use of the Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 47476 0 WASHINGTON : 1970 COMMITTEE ON AEROKAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES CLINTON P. ANDERSON, New Mexico, Chairman RICHARD B. RUSSELL, Georgia MARGARET CHASE SMITH, Maine WARREN G. MAGNUSON, Washington CARL T. CURTIS, Nebraska STUART SYMINGTON, bfissouri MARK 0. HATFIELD, Oregon JOHN STENNIS, Mississippi BARRY GOLDWATER, Arizona STEPHEN M.YOUNG, Ohio WILLIAM B. SAXBE, Ohio THOJfAS J. DODD, Connecticut RALPH T. SMITH, Illinois HOWARD W. CANNON, Nevada SPESSARD L. HOLLAND, Florida J4MES J. GEHRIG,Stad Director EVERARDH. SMITH, Jr., Professional staffMember Dr. GLENP. WILSOS,Professional #tad Member CRAIGVOORHEES, Professional Staff Nember WILLIAMPARKER, Professional Staff Member SAMBOUCHARD, Assistant Chief Clerk DONALDH. BRESNAS,Research Assistant (11) CONTENTS Tuesday, June 30, 1970 : Page Opening statement by the chairman, Senator Clinton P. Anderson-__- 1 Review Board Findings, Determinations and Recommendations-----_ 2 Testimony of- Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, Administrator of NASA, accompanied by Edgar M. Cortright, Director, Langley Research Center and Chairman of the dpollo 13 Review Board ; Dr. Charles D. Har- rington, Chairman, Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel ; Dr. Dale D. Myers, Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, and Dr. Rocco A. Petrone, hpollo Director -___________ 21, 30 Edgar 11. Cortright, Chairman, hpollo 13 Review Board-------- 21,27 Dr. Dale D. Mvers. Associate Administrator for Manned SDace 68 69 105 109 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOSS 1. Internal coinponents of oxygen tank So. 2 ---_____-_________________ 22 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Los Motores Aeroespaciales, A-Z
    Sponsored by L’Aeroteca - BARCELONA ISBN 978-84-608-7523-9 < aeroteca.com > Depósito Legal B 9066-2016 Título: Los Motores Aeroespaciales A-Z. © Parte/Vers: 1/12 Página: 1 Autor: Ricardo Miguel Vidal Edición 2018-V12 = Rev. 01 Los Motores Aeroespaciales, A-Z (The Aerospace En- gines, A-Z) Versión 12 2018 por Ricardo Miguel Vidal * * * -MOTOR: Máquina que transforma en movimiento la energía que recibe. (sea química, eléctrica, vapor...) Sponsored by L’Aeroteca - BARCELONA ISBN 978-84-608-7523-9 Este facsímil es < aeroteca.com > Depósito Legal B 9066-2016 ORIGINAL si la Título: Los Motores Aeroespaciales A-Z. © página anterior tiene Parte/Vers: 1/12 Página: 2 el sello con tinta Autor: Ricardo Miguel Vidal VERDE Edición: 2018-V12 = Rev. 01 Presentación de la edición 2018-V12 (Incluye todas las anteriores versiones y sus Apéndices) La edición 2003 era una publicación en partes que se archiva en Binders por el propio lector (2,3,4 anillas, etc), anchos o estrechos y del color que desease durante el acopio parcial de la edición. Se entregaba por grupos de hojas impresas a una cara (edición 2003), a incluir en los Binders (archivadores). Cada hoja era sustituíble en el futuro si aparecía una nueva misma hoja ampliada o corregida. Este sistema de anillas admitia nuevas páginas con información adicional. Una hoja con adhesivos para portada y lomo identifi caba cada volumen provisional. Las tapas defi nitivas fueron metálicas, y se entregaraban con el 4 º volumen. O con la publicación completa desde el año 2005 en adelante. -Las Publicaciones -parcial y completa- están protegidas legalmente y mediante un sello de tinta especial color VERDE se identifi can los originales.
    [Show full text]
  • Updated Inflight Calibration of Hayabusa2's Optical Navigation Camera (ONC) for Scientific Observations During the C
    Updated Inflight Calibration of Hayabusa2’s Optical Navigation Camera (ONC) for Scientific Observations during the Cruise Phase Eri Tatsumi1 Toru Kouyama2 Hidehiko Suzuki3 Manabu Yamada 4 Naoya Sakatani5 Shingo Kameda6 Yasuhiro Yokota5,7 Rie Honda7 Tomokatsu Morota8 Keiichi Moroi6 Naoya Tanabe1 Hiroaki Kamiyoshihara1 Marika Ishida6 Kazuo Yoshioka9 Hiroyuki Sato5 Chikatoshi Honda10 Masahiko Hayakawa5 Kohei Kitazato10 Hirotaka Sawada5 Seiji Sugita1,11 1 Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 2 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan 3 Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan 4 Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Chiba, Japan 5 Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kanagawa, Japan 6 Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan 7 Kochi University, Kochi, Japan 8 Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan 9 Department of Complexity Science and Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan 10 The University of Aizu, Fukushima, Japan 11 Research Center of the Early Universe, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 6105552364 Abstract The Optical Navigation Camera (ONC-T, ONC-W1, ONC-W2) onboard Hayabusa2 are also being used for scientific observations of the mission target, C-complex asteroid 162173 Ryugu. Science observations and analyses require rigorous instrument calibration. In order to meet this requirement, we have conducted extensive inflight observations during the 3.5 years of cruise after the launch of Hayabusa2 on 3 December 2014. In addition to the first inflight calibrations by Suzuki et al. (2018), we conducted an additional series of calibrations, including read- out smear, electronic-interference noise, bias, dark current, hot pixels, sensitivity, linearity, flat-field, and stray light measurements for the ONC.
    [Show full text]
  • Apollo 13--200,000Miles from Earth
    Apollo13"Houston,we'vegota ­ problem." ­ EP-76,ProducedbytheO fficeofPublicA ffairs ­ NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration ­ W ashington,D.C.20546 ­ U.S.GOVERNM ENT PRINTING OFFICE,1970384-459 ­ NOTE:Nolongerinprint. ­ .pdf version by Jerry Woodfill of the Automation, Robotics, and Simulation Division, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058 . James A. Lovell, Jr., Commander... Fred W. Haise, Jr., Lunar Module Pilot... John L. Swigeft, Jr., Command Module Pilot. SPACECRAFT--Hey, we've got a problem here. Thus, calmly, Command Module Pilot JackSwigert gave the first intimation of serious trouble for Apollo 13--200,000miles from Earth. CAPSULECOMMUNICATOR--ThisisHouston;say again, please. SC--Houston, we've hada problem. We've hada MainBbusundervolt. By "undervolt"Swigert meant a drop in power in one of the Command/Service Module's two main electrical circuits. His report to the ground began the most grippingepisode in man's venture into space. One newspaper reporter called it the most public emergency and the most dramatic rescue in the history of exploration. SC--Andwe hada pretty large bang associatedwith the cautionandwarning here. Lunar Module Pilot Fred Haise was now on the voice channel from the spacecraft to the Mission Control Center at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Manned Spacecraft Center in Texas. Commander Jim Lovell would shortly be heard, then again Swigert--the backup crewman who had been thrust onto the first team only two days before launch when doctors feared that Tom Mattingly of the primary crew might come down with German measles. Equally cool, the men in Mission Control acknowledged the report and began the emergency procedures that grew into an effort by hundreds of ground controllers and thousands of technicians and scientists in NaSA contractor plants and On university campuses to solve the most complexand urgent problem yet encountered in space flight.
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey of the Planets Mercury Difficult to Observe
    A Survey of the Planets Earth [Slides] N ,O ,H 0 atmosphere Mercury 2 2 2 Difficult to observe - never more than Surface area 71% H20 28 degree angle from the Sun. Prograde rotation 23hr 56min 04.1sec Mariner 10 flyby (1974) =>Why do we use a 24 hour clock? Found cratered terrain. Weathered, tectonic, volcanic, Messenger Orbiter (Launch 2004; Orbit 2009) and cratered surface. Rotation is 59 days (discovered by MIT) Thin sodium (Na) atmosphere - recent discovery One satellite (large relative to its primary). No Moons. Moon Venus Cratered surface - formed by impacts A near twin to Earth in size and mass Mare - (“seas”) formed by lava flows Dense CO atmosphere 2 Regolith - soil Surface pressure ~90 bars (earth atm = 1 bar) Age: 4.5 Gy - same as rest of solar system Surface temperature ~750 K (0 K = -273 C) 9 Retrograde rotation, 243 days (Gy = 10 years) 0 - 0.5 Gy -heavy bombardment (Prograde rotation is West -> East) (Retrograde rotation is East ->West) 1.0 - 2.5 Gy - lava flows forming Mare Surface volcanic features, vast resurfacing 2.5-4.5 Gy - less frequent bombardment of entire planet about 1 billion years ago. Origin of the Moon? No Moons. Mariner, Pioneer, Venera: Flybys, orbiters, landers (1960s, 1970s) Magellan Mission 1989 - Radar mapping to 100m resolution (headed by MIT). 1 2 Mars Asteroids First one (Ceres) discovered in 1801 Thin CO2 atmosphere Surface Pressure ~6 mbar (0.6% of Earth) Location (2.8 AU) fit Bode!s Rule There are >10,000 known asteroids Surface Temperature: 190 to 240 K (-83 C to -33 C) Most orbit between Mars and Jupiter, region called the “asteroid belt” Rotation is 24.5 hours, prograde Sizes range from boulders - 1000 km A Disrupted planet? <----No Cratered surface, volcanoes, chasms Probably left-over planetesimals from Evidence for water flow! (Where is it now?) formation of the solar system.
    [Show full text]
  • Also Available in PDF
    University of Hawai‘i, Institute for Astronomy Publications in Calendar Year 2000 PUBLICATIONS Investigating the Link between Cometary and Interstellar Material. A&A, 353, 1101–1114 (2000) The following articles and books were published dur- ing calendar year 2000. The names of IfA authors Boehnhardt, H.; Hainaut, O.; Delahodde, C.; West, R.; are in boldface. For an html version of this list Meech, K.; Marsden, B. A Pencil-Beam Search for Dis- with links, go to http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/publications/ tant TNOs at the ESO NTT. In Minor Bodies in the Outer 2000pubs.html. More recent publications are listed at Solar System, ed. A. Fitzsimmons, D. Jewitt, & R. M. http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/publications/preprints/. West. ESO Astrophysics Symposia (Springer), 117–123 (2000) Barger, A. J.; Cowie, L. L.; Richards, E. A. Mapping the Evolution of High-Redshift Dusty Galaxies with Submil- Boesgaard, A. M. Review of Stellar Abundance Results from limeter Observations of a Radio-selected Sample. AJ, Large Telescopes. Proc. SPIE, 4005, 142–149 (2000) 119, 2092–2109 (2000) Boesgaard, A. M.; Stephens, A.; King, J. R.; Deliyannis, Barucci, M. A.; Romon, J.; Doressoundiram, A.; Tholen, C. P. Chemical Abundances in Globular Cluster Turn-Off D. J. Compositional Surface Diversity in the Trans-Nep- Stars from Keck/HIRES Observations. Proc. SPIE, 4005, tunian Objects. AJ, 120, 496–500 (2000) 274–284 (2000) Baudoz, P.; Mouillet, D.; Beuzit, J.-L.; Mekarnia, D.; Rab- Brandner, W.; Grebel, E. K.; Chu, Y.; Dottori, H.; Brandl, bia, Y.; Gay, J.; Schneider, J.-L. First Results of the B.; Richling, S.; Yorke, H.
    [Show full text]