The Soviet Robotic Lunar & Planetary Exploration Program Emphasis On
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Annotated List of Works Cited Primary Sources Newspapers “Apollo 11 se Vraci na Zemi.” Rude Pravo [Czechoslovakia] 22 July 1969. 1. Print. This was helpful for us because it showed how the U.S. wasn’t the only ones effected by this event. This added more to our project so we had views from outside the US. Barbuor, John. “Alunizaron, Bajaron, Caminaron, Trabajaron: Proeza Lograda.” Excelsior [Mexico] 21 July 1969. 1. Print. The front page of this newspaper was extremely helpful to our project because we used it to see how this event impacted the whole world not just America. Beloff, Nora. “The Space Race: Experts Not Keen on Getting a Man on the Moon.” Age [Melbourne] 24 April 1962. 2. Print. This was an incredibly important article to use in out presentation so that we could see different opinions. This article talked about how some people did not want to go to the moon; we didn’t find many articles like this one. In most everything we have read it talks about the advantages of going to the moon. This is why this article was so unique and important. Canadian Press. “Half-billion Watch the Moon Spectacular.” Gazette [Montreal] 21 July 1969. 4. Print. This source gave us a clear idea about how big this event really was, not only was it a big deal in America, but everywhere else in the world. This article told how Russia and China didn’t have TV’s so they had to find other ways to hear about this event like listening to the radio. -
Exploration of the Moon
Exploration of the Moon The physical exploration of the Moon began when Luna 2, a space probe launched by the Soviet Union, made an impact on the surface of the Moon on September 14, 1959. Prior to that the only available means of exploration had been observation from Earth. The invention of the optical telescope brought about the first leap in the quality of lunar observations. Galileo Galilei is generally credited as the first person to use a telescope for astronomical purposes; having made his own telescope in 1609, the mountains and craters on the lunar surface were among his first observations using it. NASA's Apollo program was the first, and to date only, mission to successfully land humans on the Moon, which it did six times. The first landing took place in 1969, when astronauts placed scientific instruments and returnedlunar samples to Earth. Apollo 12 Lunar Module Intrepid prepares to descend towards the surface of the Moon. NASA photo. Contents Early history Space race Recent exploration Plans Past and future lunar missions See also References External links Early history The ancient Greek philosopher Anaxagoras (d. 428 BC) reasoned that the Sun and Moon were both giant spherical rocks, and that the latter reflected the light of the former. His non-religious view of the heavens was one cause for his imprisonment and eventual exile.[1] In his little book On the Face in the Moon's Orb, Plutarch suggested that the Moon had deep recesses in which the light of the Sun did not reach and that the spots are nothing but the shadows of rivers or deep chasms. -
50. Obletnica Pristanka Na Luni in Pomen Osvajanja Vesolja Za Geodezijo 50Th Anniversary of the Moon Landing and the Importance
GEODETSKI VESTNIK | 63/4 | 50. OBLETNICA PRISTANKA 50TH ANNIVERSARY OF NA LUNI IN POMEN THE MOON LANDING AND OSVAJANJA VESOLJA ZA THE IMPORTANCE OF GEODEZIJO CONQUERING SPACE FOR GEODESY Sandi Berk STROKOVNE RAZPRAVE | PROFESSIONAL DISCUSSIONS RAZPRAVE STROKOVNE 1 UVOD Letos mineva petdeset let od prvega obiska človeka na edini Zemljini luni – Mesecu (v nadaljevanju kar: Luna). Ta »majhen korak za človeka, a velikanski skok za človeštvo« je bil storjen 20. julija 1969, ko sta Neil Armstrong in Edwin Aldrin v lunarnem modulu Eagle (tj. Orel) pristala poleg Malega zahodnega kraterja v Morju tišine (slika 1). Okrogla obletnica je priložnost, da se ozremo nazaj in osvežimo dogod- ke iz pionirskih časov osvajanja vesolja. Hkrati lahko osvetlimo pomen takratnih podvigov ter njihove učinke na tehnološki razvoj in tudi napredek geodezije. Slika 1: Armstrongova fotografija Aldrina ob nameščenem seizmografu; nad njim je reflektor za lasersko merjenje oddaljenosti od Zemlje, desno zgoraj pa je lunarni modul Eagle (vir: NASA, 2019). | 589 | | 63/4 | GEODETSKI VESTNIK Kje se sploh prične vesolje – kako visoko je treba poleteti? Mejo med Zemljino atmosfero in vesoljskim prostorom (angl. outer space) imenujemo Kármánova ločnica in je približno sto kilometrov nad površjem Zemlje. Nad to višino za letenje ne veljajo več zakoni aerodinamike, ampak je mogoče zgolj še letenje po zakonih balistike, torej na raketni pogon. Pomembna je tudi v pravnem smislu, saj se tu konča zračni prostor držav in začne veljati mednarodno vesoljsko pravo. Kot vemo, letijo potniška letala na višini približno deset kilometrov. Nedavni rekordni polet z jadralnim letalom je dosegel višino 23 kilometrov nad morjem, vendar s pomočjo stratosferskih zavetrnih valov, ki nastajajo zaradi izredno močnih zračnih tokov med visokimi gorskimi vrhovi Andov (Ebbesen Jensen, 2019). -
Dr. Sergei Fedorovich Teselkin Lavochkin Association, Russian Federation, [email protected]
69th International Astronautical Congress 2018 Paper ID: 44581 oral IAF SPACE EXPLORATION SYMPOSIUM (A3) Solar System Exploration (5) Author: Dr. Sergei Fedorovich Teselkin Lavochkin Association, Russian Federation, [email protected] \TO VENUS TOGETHER": RUSSIAN-AMERICAN JOINT ENCORE OF VENUS RESEARCHES WITH ORBITER, LANDER AND ATMOSPHERIC PROBES IN THE PROJECT \VENUS-D" Abstract S. Lemeshevskii, Candidate of Economics, [email protected] O. Grafodatskiy, Doctor of Engineering Sci- ence,[email protected] Kh.Karchaev, Candidate of Economics, [email protected] S. Teselkin, Candi- date of PhysicsMathematics,[email protected] V. Vorontsov, Doctor of Engineering Science, [email protected] Lavochkin Association, Russia Mission "Venera-D" by Lavochkin Association implies a long-term study of Venus. International pay- load is to be installed on orbiter, lander and long-living station on Venus surface. The project is a basis for further large-scale international missions to Venus, previously carried out in 1960-80s and early 1990s by Soviet and American spacecraft. A large amount of data on structure, soil composition, atmosphere, cloud layers, wind speed on the surface were accumulated. Soviet Venus research program was completed in 1986 by landing of \VEGA" (Venus-Halley's comet), one of the most successful projects in Lavochkin history. Since 1994 (mapping with the NASA Magellan mission) Venus was studied by two spacecraft: \Venus Express" (ESA, 2005-2014) and \Akatsuki" (JAXA, launch - 2010, start of operation - 2015). The first steps of \Venera-D" appeared in the early 2000s with the idea to provide operations on the planet's surface for several hours and possibly days. With the latest developments, unification of design solutions and new technical tools used in-house Lavochkin experts consider the mission \VEGA" as a prototype for the next automatic interplanetary station destined to Venus. -
The Soviet Space Program
C05500088 TOP eEGRET iuf 3EEA~ NIE 11-1-71 THE SOVIET SPACE PROGRAM Declassified Under Authority of the lnteragency Security Classification Appeals Panel, E.O. 13526, sec. 5.3(b)(3) ISCAP Appeal No. 2011 -003, document 2 Declassification date: November 23, 2020 ifOP GEEAE:r C05500088 1'9P SloGRET CONTENTS Page THE PROBLEM ... 1 SUMMARY OF KEY JUDGMENTS l DISCUSSION 5 I. SOV.IET SPACE ACTIVITY DURING TfIE PAST TWO YEARS . 5 II. POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING FUTURE PROSPECTS . 6 A. General ............................................. 6 B. Organization and Management . ............... 6 C. Economics .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. 8 III. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL FACTORS ... 9 A. General .. .. .. .. .. 9 B. Launch Vehicles . 9 C. High-Energy Propellants .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 D. Manned Spacecraft . 12 E. Life Support Systems . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 F. Non-Nuclear Power Sources for Spacecraft . 16 G. Nuclear Power and Propulsion ..... 16 Te>P M:EW TCS 2032-71 IOP SECl<ET" C05500088 TOP SECRGJ:. IOP SECREI Page H. Communications Systems for Space Operations . 16 I. Command and Control for Space Operations . 17 IV. FUTURE PROSPECTS ....................................... 18 A. General ............... ... ···•· ................. ····· ... 18 B. Manned Space Station . 19 C. Planetary Exploration . ........ 19 D. Unmanned Lunar Exploration ..... 21 E. Manned Lunar Landfog ... 21 F. Applied Satellites ......... 22 G. Scientific Satellites ........................................ 24 V. INTERNATIONAL SPACE COOPERATION ............. 24 A. USSR-European Nations .................................... 24 B. USSR-United States 25 ANNEX A. SOVIET SPACE ACTIVITY ANNEX B. SOVIET SPACE LAUNCH VEHICLES ANNEX C. SOVIET CHRONOLOGICAL SPACE LOG FOR THE PERIOD 24 June 1969 Through 27 June 1971 TCS 2032-71 IOP SLClt~ 70P SECRE1- C05500088 TOP SEGR:R THE SOVIET SPACE PROGRAM THE PROBLEM To estimate Soviet capabilities and probable accomplishments in space over the next 5 to 10 years.' SUMMARY OF KEY JUDGMENTS A. -
Spacecraft Deliberately Crashed on the Lunar Surface
A Summary of Human History on the Moon Only One of These Footprints is Protected The narrative of human history on the Moon represents the dawn of our evolution into a spacefaring species. The landing sites - hard, soft and crewed - are the ultimate example of universal human heritage; a true memorial to human ingenuity and accomplishment. They mark humankind’s greatest technological achievements, and they are the first archaeological sites with human activity that are not on Earth. We believe our cultural heritage in outer space, including our first Moonprints, deserves to be protected the same way we protect our first bipedal footsteps in Laetoli, Tanzania. Credit: John Reader/Science Photo Library Luna 2 is the first human-made object to impact our Moon. 2 September 1959: First Human Object Impacts the Moon On 12 September 1959, a rocket launched from Earth carrying a 390 kg spacecraft headed to the Moon. Luna 2 flew through space for more than 30 hours before releasing a bright orange cloud of sodium gas which both allowed scientists to track the spacecraft and provided data on the behavior of gas in space. On 14 September 1959, Luna 2 crash-landed on the Moon, as did part of the rocket that carried the spacecraft there. These were the first items humans placed on an extraterrestrial surface. Ever. Luna 2 carried a sphere, like the one pictured here, covered with medallions stamped with the emblem of the Soviet Union and the year. When Luna 2 impacted the Moon, the sphere was ejected and the medallions were scattered across the lunar Credit: Patrick Pelletier surface where they remain, undisturbed, to this day. -
Apollo Over the Moon: a View from Orbit (Nasa Sp-362)
chl APOLLO OVER THE MOON: A VIEW FROM ORBIT (NASA SP-362) Chapter 1 - Introduction Harold Masursky, Farouk El-Baz, Frederick J. Doyle, and Leon J. Kosofsky [For a high resolution picture- click here] Objectives [1] Photography of the lunar surface was considered an important goal of the Apollo program by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The important objectives of Apollo photography were (1) to gather data pertaining to the topography and specific landmarks along the approach paths to the early Apollo landing sites; (2) to obtain high-resolution photographs of the landing sites and surrounding areas to plan lunar surface exploration, and to provide a basis for extrapolating the concentrated observations at the landing sites to nearby areas; and (3) to obtain photographs suitable for regional studies of the lunar geologic environment and the processes that act upon it. Through study of the photographs and all other arrays of information gathered by the Apollo and earlier lunar programs, we may develop an understanding of the evolution of the lunar crust. In this introductory chapter we describe how the Apollo photographic systems were selected and used; how the photographic mission plans were formulated and conducted; how part of the great mass of data is being analyzed and published; and, finally, we describe some of the scientific results. Historically most lunar atlases have used photointerpretive techniques to discuss the possible origins of the Moon's crust and its surface features. The ideas presented in this volume also rely on photointerpretation. However, many ideas are substantiated or expanded by information obtained from the huge arrays of supporting data gathered by Earth-based and orbital sensors, from experiments deployed on the lunar surface, and from studies made of the returned samples. -
The Soviet Moon Program
The Moon Race [July 1969] – down to the wire! JAMES OBERG JULY 17, 2019 SPACE CENTER HOUSTON APOLLO-11 FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY WWW.JAMESOBERG.COM [email protected] OVERVIEW– JULY 1969 Unexpected last-minute drama was added to Apollo-11 by the appearance of a robot Soviet moon probe that might have returned lunar samples to Earth just before the astronauts got back. We now know that even more dramatic Soviet moon race efforts were ALSO aimed at upstaging Apollo, hoping it would fail. But it was the Soviet program that failed -- and they did their best to keep it secret. These Soviet efforts underscored their desperation to nullify the worldwide significance of Apollo-11 and its profound positive impact, as JFK had anticipated, on international assessments of the relative US/USSR balance of power across the board -- military, commercial, cultural, technological, economic, ideological, and scientific. These were the biggest stakes in the entire Cold War, whose final outcome hung in the balance depending on the outcome of the July 1969 events in space. On July 13, 1969, three days before Apollo-11, the USSR launched a robot probe to upstage it DAY BEFORE APOLLO-11 LANDING – BOTH SPACECRAFT ORBITING MOON IN CRISS-CROSS ORBITS THE SOVIET PROBE GOT TO THE MOON FIRST & WENT INTO ORBIT AROUND IT AS APOLLO BEGAN ITS MISSION https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/T6UAAOSwDJ9crVLo/s-l1600.jpg https://youtu.be/o16I8S3MMo4 A FEW YEARS LATER, ONCE A NEW MISSION HAD SUCCEEDED, MOSCOW RELEASED DRAWINGS OF THE VEHICLE AND HOW IT OPERATED TO LAND, RETRIEVE SAMPLES, AND RETURN TO EARTH Jodrell Bank radio telescope in Britain told the world about the final phase of the Luna 15 drama, in a news release: "Signals ceased at 4.50 p.m. -
Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: a Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 | Asifa
dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 1 Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology ofDeep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 |Asif A.Siddiqi National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA SP-2002-4524 A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 Asif A. Siddiqi NASA SP-2002-4524 Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 2 Cover photo: A montage of planetary images taken by Mariner 10, the Mars Global Surveyor Orbiter, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2, all managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Included (from top to bottom) are images of Mercury, Venus, Earth (and Moon), Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and its Moon, and Mars) and the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are roughly to scale to each other. NASA SP-2002-4524 Deep Space Chronicle A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 ASIF A. SIDDIQI Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 June 2002 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of External Relations NASA History Office Washington, DC 20546-0001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Siddiqi, Asif A., 1966 Deep space chronicle: a chronology of deep space and planetary probes, 1958-2000 / by Asif A. Siddiqi. p.cm. – (Monographs in aerospace history; no. 24) (NASA SP; 2002-4524) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Space flight—History—20th century. I. Title. II. Series. III. NASA SP; 4524 TL 790.S53 2002 629.4’1’0904—dc21 2001044012 Table of Contents Foreword by Roger D. -
Хроники / Ikichronicles / 1965–2015
ХРОНIKIИКИCHRONICLES 1965–2015 50 ЛЕТ ИНСТИТУТА КОСМИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ Президент академии Academician артиллерийских наук, Anatoly A. Blagonravov, академик анатолий President of the Academy аркадьевич Благонравов of Artillery Sciences «теоретик Academician «Главный конструктор» Academician Sergey P. Korolev, КОСМОНАВТИКИ», Mstislav V. Keldysh, космической техники, “Chief Designer” for rocket президент академии “Theoretician академик сергей Павлович technology наук СССР, академик of Cosmonautics”, королёв Мстислав всеволодович President of the Academy келдыш of Sciences of the USSR Академическая наука была тесно связа- Academic science has been closely associ- на с ракетостроением с самого начала работ ated with space rocket technology from the first по созданию ракетно-космической техники. day when rocket science was created. In the Осенью 1948 года испытываются первые от- autumn of 1948 the first Soviet controlled bal- ечественные комплексы с управляемыми listic missile systems were tested, and in 1949 баллистическими ракетами, и уже в 1949 году scientists began to use them to explore the upper Заместитель с их помощью учёные приступили к изуче- atmosphere. In 1951 systematic biomedical re- председателя нию верхних слоёв атмосферы. В 1951 году search began that involved high-altitude rockets. специальной комиссии при начинаются систематические медико-био- S. P. Korolev supervises the experiments back to Президиуме ан СССР логические исследования на базе высотных back with an outstanding Soviet expert in me- по «объекту Д» — искусственному ракет. Руководит экспериментами вместе chanics, president of the Academy of Artillery спутнику Земли — с С. П. Королёвым крупнейший отечествен- Sciences, future director of the Institute of Me- Михаил клавдиевич тихонравов ный специалист в области механики, прези- chanical Engineering (Academy of Sciences Mikhail K. Tikhonravov, дент Академии артиллерийских наук, в даль- of the USSR), academician A. -
Espinsights the Global Space Activity Monitor
ESPInsights The Global Space Activity Monitor Issue 3 July–September 2019 CONTENTS FOCUS ..................................................................................................................... 1 A new European Commission DG for Defence Industry and Space .............................................. 1 SPACE POLICY AND PROGRAMMES .................................................................................... 2 EUROPE ................................................................................................................. 2 EEAS announces 3SOS initiative building on COPUOS sustainability guidelines ............................ 2 Europe is a step closer to Mars’ surface ......................................................................... 2 ESA lunar exploration project PROSPECT finds new contributor ............................................. 2 ESA announces new EO mission and Third Party Missions under evaluation ................................ 2 ESA advances space science and exploration projects ........................................................ 3 ESA performs collision-avoidance manoeuvre for the first time ............................................. 3 Galileo's milestones amidst continued development .......................................................... 3 France strengthens its posture on space defence strategy ................................................... 3 Germany reveals promising results of EDEN ISS project ....................................................... 4 ASI strengthens -
ILWS Report 137 Moon
Returning to the Moon Heritage issues raised by the Google Lunar X Prize Dirk HR Spennemann Guy Murphy Returning to the Moon Heritage issues raised by the Google Lunar X Prize Dirk HR Spennemann Guy Murphy Albury February 2020 © 2011, revised 2020. All rights reserved by the authors. The contents of this publication are copyright in all countries subscribing to the Berne Convention. No parts of this report may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, in existence or to be invented, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the authors, except where permitted by law. Preferred citation of this Report Spennemann, Dirk HR & Murphy, Guy (2020). Returning to the Moon. Heritage issues raised by the Google Lunar X Prize. Institute for Land, Water and Society Report nº 137. Albury, NSW: Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University. iv, 35 pp ISBN 978-1-86-467370-8 Disclaimer The views expressed in this report are solely the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect the views of Charles Sturt University. Contact Associate Professor Dirk HR Spennemann, MA, PhD, MICOMOS, APF Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 789, Albury NSW 2640, Australia. email: [email protected] Spennemann & Murphy (2020) Returning to the Moon: Heritage Issues Raised by the Google Lunar X Prize Page ii CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1. INTRODUCTION 2 2. HUMAN ARTEFACTS ON THE MOON 3 What Have These Missions Left BehinD? 4 Impactor Missions 10 Lander Missions 11 Rover Missions 11 Sample Return Missions 11 Human Missions 11 The Lunar Environment & ImpLications for Artefact Preservation 13 Decay caused by ascent module 15 Decay by solar radiation 15 Human Interference 16 3.