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Хроники / Ikichronicles / 1965–2015 ХРОНIKIИКИCHRONICLES 1965–2015 50 ЛЕТ ИНСТИТУТА КОСМИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ Президент академии Academician артиллерийских наук, Anatoly A. Blagonravov, академик анатолий President of the Academy аркадьевич Благонравов of Artillery Sciences «теоретик Academician «Главный конструктор» Academician Sergey P. Korolev, КОСМОНАВТИКИ», Mstislav V. Keldysh, космической техники, “Chief Designer” for rocket президент академии “Theoretician академик сергей Павлович technology наук СССР, академик of Cosmonautics”, королёв Мстислав всеволодович President of the Academy келдыш of Sciences of the USSR Академическая наука была тесно связа- Academic science has been closely associ- на с ракетостроением с самого начала работ ated with space rocket technology from the first по созданию ракетно-космической техники. day when rocket science was created. In the Осенью 1948 года испытываются первые от- autumn of 1948 the first Soviet controlled bal- ечественные комплексы с управляемыми listic missile systems were tested, and in 1949 баллистическими ракетами, и уже в 1949 году scientists began to use them to explore the upper Заместитель с их помощью учёные приступили к изуче- atmosphere. In 1951 systematic biomedical re- председателя нию верхних слоёв атмосферы. В 1951 году search began that involved high-altitude rockets. специальной комиссии при начинаются систематические медико-био- S. P. Korolev supervises the experiments back to Президиуме ан СССР логические исследования на базе высотных back with an outstanding Soviet expert in me- по «объекту Д» — искусственному ракет. Руководит экспериментами вместе chanics, president of the Academy of Artillery спутнику Земли — с С. П. Королёвым крупнейший отечествен- Sciences, future director of the Institute of Me- Михаил клавдиевич тихонравов ный специалист в области механики, прези- chanical Engineering (Academy of Sciences Mikhail K. Tikhonravov, дент Академии артиллерийских наук, в даль- of the USSR), academician A. A. Blagonravov. Deputy Chairman нейшем директор Института машиноведения On August 27, 1957, the first successful of the special Commis- АН СССР академик А. А. Благонравов. launch of an intercontinental ballistic missile sion for Artificial Earth Satellites (“D” Object) of 27 августа 1957 года состоялся первый was made. It was the famous Korolev’s Semer- the Academy of Sciences успешный запуск межконтинентальной бал- ka (the Seven), which made the long-standing of the USSR — the first artificial satellite листической ракеты — знаменитой королёв- dreams of scientists to put scientific instru- ской «семёрки», открывшей возможность ments in space come true. Preparation for the реализации давней мечты учёных — достав- launch of the first artificial satellite began, the учёный секретарь ки научных приборов в космическое про- one which also was to become the first scientific специальной комиссии при странство. Начинается подготовка к запуску laboratory in space. A special working group, the Президиуме ан СССР искусственного спутника Земли, который Commission for Artificial Earth Satellites (“D” по «объекту Д» — искусственному одновременно должен был стать первой на- Object) of the Academy of Sciences, headed by спутнику учной космической лабораторией. Для ко- M. V. Keldysh, was established to coordinate Земли — Геннадий александрович ординации работ по созданию научных при- development of scientific instruments for the скуридин боров для спутника создаётся специальный spacecraft. S. P. Korolev, M. K. Tikhonravov Gennadyi A. Skuridin, рабочий орган при Президиуме АН СССР — were appointed his deputies and G. A. Skuri- academic secretary Специальная комиссия по осуществлению din — the scientific secretary. of the special Commis- sion for Artificial Earth научного руководства при создании объекта Satellites (“D” Object) of «Д» во главе с академиком М. В. Келдышем. the Academy of Sciences of the USSR — the first Его заместителями назначаются С. П. Ко- artificial satellite ролёв и М. К. Тихонравов, учёным секрета- рём — Г. А. Скуридин. 10 ХРОНИКИ / IKICHRONICLES / 1965–2015 Мягкая посадка Soft landing of the R 1 nose головной научно- cone with scientific equipment исследовательской and dogs — human части баллистической predecessors in space flights ракеты р-1 с собаками- предшественниками людей в полётах на ракетах Белка и кусачка Belka and Kusachka научно-исследовательские R 1 and R 2 scientific ballistic 27 августа 1957 года. August 27, 1957. The first перед стартом before the launch баллистические ракеты missiles and scientific payload Первый успешный successful launch р-1 и р-2 и схема полезной diagram старт тяжёлой ракеты of S. P. Korolev’s R 7 (8К71) нагрузки — контейнера с. П. королёва р-7 (8к71) heavy rocket с научной аппаратурой Белка и кусачка Belka and Kusachka после полёта after the flight непутёвый и ЗиБ Neputevyi and ZIB после полёта after the flight 11 50 ЛЕТ ИНСТИТУТА КОСМИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ 4 октября 1957 года — начало новой — космической эры в истории человечества October 4, 1957 — THE BEGINNING OF Space age OF HUMAN HistorY внизу: первая полоса справа: Первый газеты «Правда» искусственный спутник от 6 октября 1957 года Земли — первое с сообщением об успешном в истории Человечества запуске в СССР первого рукотворное космическое искусственного спутника тело Земли Right. Sputnik — the first Bottom. The first page of artificial satellite of the Earth 4 октября 1957 года. старт ракеты-носителя р-7 “Pravda” daily from October 6, and the first man-made space (8к71Пс) с первым искусственным спутником Земли 1957, announcing the successful body October 4, 1957. The launch of R 7 rocket launcher (8К71ПС) launch of the first artificial carrying the first Sputnik satellite of the Earth Мстислав всеволодович келдыш и сергей Павлович королёв на космодроме Байконур Mstislav V. Keldysh and Sergey P. Korolev at Baikonur cosmodrome 12 ХРОНИКИ / IKICHRONICLES / 1965–2015 компоновка Первого искусственного спутника Земли Пс-1 Inner configuration of the first artificial satellite of the Earth (PS 1) размещение аппаратуры Payload layout of the first в первом исЗ: artificial satellite of the Earth: 1 — сдвоенное терморе ле 1 — dual thermal switch of системы терморегулиро- the thermoregulation system вания Дтк-34; 2 — радио- DTK 34; 2 — radio transmit- передатчик Д-200; ting unit D 200; 3 — control 3 — контрольные термо- thermal switch and barometric реле и барореле; 4 — гер- switch; 4 — seal; 5 — antenna; мо вывод; 5 — антенна; 6 — power supply; 7 — plug- 6 — блок питания; and-socket joint; 8 — heel 7 — штеп сельный разъём; connection; 9 — fan; 10 — 8 — пяточный контакт; diffuser; 11 — remote switch; 9 — вентилятор; 10 — 12 — shield диф фузор; 11 — дистан- ционный пере ключатель; все хотели сами увидеть Everyone wanted to marvel снимок трека спутника, The image of the Sputnik’s track 12 — экран рукотворное чудо- at the moving star — сделанный в австралии made in Australia сПУТНИК — движущуюся the man-made Sputnik звёздочку Проблем с созданием и самого спутника, Many issues, which arose during construc- и научной аппаратуры для него возникло tion of the satellite itself and its instruments, достаточно много, и он был выведен в кос- postponed the launch as late as May 15, 1958. мос только 15 мая 1958 года. Тем не менее, Still, the USSR was the first to put a man-made наша страна первой доставила на околозем- celestial body into orbit. The so called “sim- ную орбиту рукотворное небесное тело. Им plest satellite” (or PS object) was launched on стал объект ПС — простейший спутник, за- October 4, 1957. It was followed by the second пущенный 4 октября 1957 года. Следующим spacecraft that for the first time brought a liv- 3 ноября 1957 года стартует второй косми- ing creature, Laika the dog, into space on No- ческий аппарат (КА), впервые доставивший vember 3, 1957. (Officially both launches were схема генерации сигналов Scheme depicting “beep-beep” в космос живое существо — собаку Лайку. dedicated to the International Geophysical «бип-бип» передатчиками generation by the Sputnik’s (Официально оба аппарата были запущены Year: July 1 1957 – December 31, 1958). And Первого спутника radio transmitters в рамках Международного геофизическо- only then it was the turn of the satellite, which го года — с 1 июля 1957 года по 31 декабря had originally had to be the first. Dubbed “The Первые полосы First pages of world 1958 года.) И только после этого подошла Third Sputnik”, it was already a full-fledged зарубежных газет newspapers очередь спутника, который первоначаль- spacecraft sporting all the systems inherent to но должен был стать первым. Это был уже modern ones. For the first time onboard devices полноценный аппарат, обладающий всеми received and executed commands sent from the системами, присущими современным кос- ground. Instruments built by seven different мическим разработкам. Впервые бортовые groups of Soviet scientists operated onboard the устройства принимали и исполняли коман- satellite. Research results were downlinked to ды, переданные с Земли. На спутнике рабо- the Earth. тали научные приборы, разработанные се- мью группами советских учёных. Результаты исследований передавались на Землю по радиоканалам. 13 50 ЛЕТ ИНСТИТУТА КОСМИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ третий спутник — объект Д — стал первой космической лабораторией, оснащённой обширным комплексом приборов: • магнитометр; • фотоумножители для регистрации корпускулярных потоков; • солнечные батареи; • прибор для регистрации фотонов в космических лучах; • магнитный и ионизационный манометры; • ионные ловушки; • электростатические флюксметры; • масс-спектрометрическая
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