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ХРОНIKIИКИCHRONICLES 1965–2015 50 ЛЕТ ИНСТИТУТА КОСМИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ Президент академии Academician артиллерийских наук, Anatoly A. Blagonravov, академик анатолий President of the Academy аркадьевич Благонравов of Artillery Sciences «теоретик Academician «Главный конструктор» Academician Sergey P. Korolev, КОСМОНАВТИКИ», Mstislav V. Keldysh, космической техники, “Chief Designer” for rocket президент академии “Theoretician академик сергей Павлович technology наук СССР, академик of Cosmonautics”, королёв Мстислав всеволодович President of the Academy келдыш of Sciences of the USSR Академическая наука была тесно связа- Academic science has been closely associ- на с ракетостроением с самого начала работ ated with space rocket technology from the first по созданию ракетно-космической техники. day when rocket science was created. In the Осенью 1948 года испытываются первые от- autumn of 1948 the first Soviet controlled bal- ечественные комплексы с управляемыми listic missile systems were tested, and in 1949 баллистическими ракетами, и уже в 1949 году scientists began to use them to explore the upper Заместитель с их помощью учёные приступили к изуче- atmosphere. In 1951 systematic biomedical re- председателя нию верхних слоёв атмосферы. В 1951 году search began that involved high-altitude rockets. специальной комиссии при начинаются систематические медико-био- S. P. Korolev supervises the experiments back to Президиуме ан СССР логические исследования на базе высотных back with an outstanding Soviet expert in me- по «объекту Д» — искусственному ракет. Руководит экспериментами вместе chanics, president of the Academy of Artillery спутнику Земли — с С. П. Королёвым крупнейший отечествен- Sciences, future director of the Institute of Me- Михаил клавдиевич тихонравов ный специалист в области механики, прези- chanical Engineering (Academy of Sciences Mikhail K. Tikhonravov, дент Академии артиллерийских наук, в даль- of the USSR), academician A. A. Blagonravov. Deputy Chairman нейшем директор Института машиноведения On August 27, 1957, the first successful of the special Commis- АН СССР академик А. А. Благонравов. launch of an intercontinental ballistic missile sion for Artificial Earth Satellites (“D” Object) of 27 августа 1957 года состоялся первый was made. It was the famous Korolev’s Semer- the Academy of Sciences успешный запуск межконтинентальной бал- ka (the Seven), which made the long-standing of the USSR — the first artificial satellite листической ракеты — знаменитой королёв- dreams of scientists to put scientific instru- ской «семёрки», открывшей возможность ments in space come true. Preparation for the реализации давней мечты учёных — достав- launch of the first artificial satellite began, the учёный секретарь ки научных приборов в космическое про- one which also was to become the first scientific специальной комиссии при странство. Начинается подготовка к запуску laboratory in space. A special working group, the Президиуме ан СССР искусственного спутника Земли, который Commission for Artificial Earth Satellites (“D” по «объекту Д» — искусственному одновременно должен был стать первой на- Object) of the Academy of Sciences, headed by спутнику учной космической лабораторией. Для ко- M. V. Keldysh, was established to coordinate Земли — Геннадий александрович ординации работ по созданию научных при- development of scientific instruments for the скуридин боров для спутника создаётся специальный spacecraft. S. P. Korolev, M. K. Tikhonravov Gennadyi A. Skuridin, рабочий орган при Президиуме АН СССР — were appointed his deputies and G. A. Skuri- academic secretary Специальная комиссия по осуществлению din — the scientific secretary. of the special Commis- sion for Artificial Earth научного руководства при создании объекта Satellites (“D” Object) of «Д» во главе с академиком М. В. Келдышем. the Academy of Sciences of the USSR — the first Его заместителями назначаются С. П. Ко- artificial satellite ролёв и М. К. Тихонравов, учёным секрета- рём — Г. А. Скуридин. 10 ХРОНИКИ / IKICHRONICLES / 1965–2015 Мягкая посадка Soft landing of the R 1 nose головной научно- cone with scientific equipment исследовательской and dogs — human части баллистической predecessors in space flights ракеты р-1 с собаками- предшественниками людей в полётах на ракетах Белка и кусачка Belka and Kusachka научно-исследовательские R 1 and R 2 scientific ballistic 27 августа 1957 года. August 27, 1957. The first перед стартом before the launch баллистические ракеты missiles and scientific payload Первый успешный successful launch р-1 и р-2 и схема полезной diagram старт тяжёлой ракеты of S. P. Korolev’s R 7 (8К71) нагрузки — контейнера с. П. королёва р-7 (8к71) heavy rocket с научной аппаратурой Белка и кусачка Belka and Kusachka после полёта after the flight непутёвый и ЗиБ Neputevyi and ZIB после полёта after the flight 11 50 ЛЕТ ИНСТИТУТА КОСМИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ 4 октября 1957 года — начало новой — космической эры в истории человечества October 4, 1957 — THE BEGINNING OF Space age OF HUMAN HistorY внизу: первая полоса справа: Первый газеты «Правда» искусственный спутник от 6 октября 1957 года Земли — первое с сообщением об успешном в истории Человечества запуске в СССР первого рукотворное космическое искусственного спутника тело Земли Right. Sputnik — the first Bottom. The first page of artificial satellite of the Earth 4 октября 1957 года. старт ракеты-носителя р-7 “Pravda” daily from October 6, and the first man-made space (8к71Пс) с первым искусственным спутником Земли 1957, announcing the successful body October 4, 1957. The launch of R 7 rocket launcher (8К71ПС) launch of the first artificial carrying the first Sputnik satellite of the Earth Мстислав всеволодович келдыш и сергей Павлович королёв на космодроме Байконур Mstislav V. Keldysh and Sergey P. Korolev at Baikonur cosmodrome 12 ХРОНИКИ / IKICHRONICLES / 1965–2015 компоновка Первого искусственного спутника Земли Пс-1 Inner configuration of the first artificial satellite of the Earth (PS 1) размещение аппаратуры Payload layout of the first в первом исЗ: artificial satellite of the Earth: 1 — сдвоенное терморе ле 1 — dual thermal switch of системы терморегулиро- the thermoregulation system вания Дтк-34; 2 — радио- DTK 34; 2 — radio transmit- передатчик Д-200; ting unit D 200; 3 — control 3 — контрольные термо- thermal switch and barometric реле и барореле; 4 — гер- switch; 4 — seal; 5 — antenna; мо вывод; 5 — антенна; 6 — power supply; 7 — plug- 6 — блок питания; and-socket joint; 8 — heel 7 — штеп сельный разъём; connection; 9 — fan; 10 — 8 — пяточный контакт; diffuser; 11 — remote switch; 9 — вентилятор; 10 — 12 — shield диф фузор; 11 — дистан- ционный пере ключатель; все хотели сами увидеть Everyone wanted to marvel снимок трека спутника, The image of the Sputnik’s track 12 — экран рукотворное чудо- at the moving star — сделанный в австралии made in Australia сПУТНИК — движущуюся the man-made Sputnik звёздочку Проблем с созданием и самого спутника, Many issues, which arose during construc- и научной аппаратуры для него возникло tion of the satellite itself and its instruments, достаточно много, и он был выведен в кос- postponed the launch as late as May 15, 1958. мос только 15 мая 1958 года. Тем не менее, Still, the USSR was the first to put a man-made наша страна первой доставила на околозем- celestial body into orbit. The so called “sim- ную орбиту рукотворное небесное тело. Им plest satellite” (or PS object) was launched on стал объект ПС — простейший спутник, за- October 4, 1957. It was followed by the second пущенный 4 октября 1957 года. Следующим spacecraft that for the first time brought a liv- 3 ноября 1957 года стартует второй косми- ing creature, Laika the dog, into space on No- ческий аппарат (КА), впервые доставивший vember 3, 1957. (Officially both launches were схема генерации сигналов Scheme depicting “beep-beep” в космос живое существо — собаку Лайку. dedicated to the International Geophysical «бип-бип» передатчиками generation by the Sputnik’s (Официально оба аппарата были запущены Year: July 1 1957 – December 31, 1958). And Первого спутника radio transmitters в рамках Международного геофизическо- only then it was the turn of the satellite, which го года — с 1 июля 1957 года по 31 декабря had originally had to be the first. Dubbed “The Первые полосы First pages of world 1958 года.) И только после этого подошла Third Sputnik”, it was already a full-fledged зарубежных газет newspapers очередь спутника, который первоначаль- spacecraft sporting all the systems inherent to но должен был стать первым. Это был уже modern ones. For the first time onboard devices полноценный аппарат, обладающий всеми received and executed commands sent from the системами, присущими современным кос- ground. Instruments built by seven different мическим разработкам. Впервые бортовые groups of Soviet scientists operated onboard the устройства принимали и исполняли коман- satellite. Research results were downlinked to ды, переданные с Земли. На спутнике рабо- the Earth. тали научные приборы, разработанные се- мью группами советских учёных. Результаты исследований передавались на Землю по радиоканалам. 13 50 ЛЕТ ИНСТИТУТА КОСМИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ третий спутник — объект Д — стал первой космической лабораторией, оснащённой обширным комплексом приборов: • магнитометр; • фотоумножители для регистрации корпускулярных потоков; • солнечные батареи; • прибор для регистрации фотонов в космических лучах; • магнитный и ионизационный манометры; • ионные ловушки; • электростатические флюксметры; • масс-спектрометрическая
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    Extrait de la publication ’aventure spatiale ne date pas Ld’hier. Tout a commencé avec un pigeon et des feux d’artifice avant que la Seconde Guerre mondiale puis la Guerre froide n’ouvrent l’âge des fusées et n’offrent à l’humanité de réaliser son vieux rêve : aller dans l’espace. L’espace est à la fois proche – cent kilomètres à peine au-dessus de nous – et presque hors de portée. En effet, ce sont cent kilomètres qu’il faut parcourir verticalement, en bravant la loi de la gravité. Quand s’arracher du sol quelques secondes n’est déjà pas une mince affaire, le quitter complètement est un défi, relevé depuis quelques décennies seulement. Aujourd’hui, alors qu’aller fureter dans le Système solaire paraît presque banal, chaque départ de lanceur reste un véritable exploit technologique et humain. Le livre de Yaël Nazé explique quels innom- brables problèmes il faut résoudre pour se lancer dans cette aventure : comment choisir la bonne route dans un univers où tout est en mouvement et où les lignes droites n’existent pas ? Pourquoi faut-il décoller à un moment, pas à un autre ? Quel est le prix de la conquête spatiale ? Quels en sont les risques pour les hommes et les machines ? Et d’ailleurs… pourquoi aller dans l’espace ? Un guide passionnant pour tous les amoureux de l’astronautique et des étoiles. Spécialiste des étoiles massives, récompensée plusieurs fois pour ses actions de vulgarisation scientifique, Yaël Nazé est astrophysicienne FNRS au « Liège Space Research Institute » de l’Université de Liège. JEU DISPONIBLE SUR LA VERSION PAPIER.
  • Cosmic Ray Investigation in Stratosphere and Space: Some Results from Instruments on Russian Satellites and Balloons

    Cosmic Ray Investigation in Stratosphere and Space: Some Results from Instruments on Russian Satellites and Balloons

    Cosmic Ray investigation in stratosphere and space: some results from instruments on Russian satellites and balloons. Yu. I. Logachev (1), L.L. Lazutin (1) and K. Kudela (2) 1 Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia. 2 Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia (IEP SAS) Abstract. Selected activities with the aim to describe cosmic ray fluxes and to contribute the understanding of the mechanisms behind, over long time period with using the space research tools in the former USSR and in Russia, are reviewed, and some of the results obtained are listed. Selection is connected with the institutes where the authors are working. Thus it has to be assumed as a partial review on the wide topic. 1. Some milestones until mid of the last century. Investigation of cosmic rays began in 1900-1901, i.e. more than 100 years ago. First ten years the reserchers did not know they study cosmic rays. All began from the time of measurements of conductivity of various gases including the air, when there was observed some "residual" ionization, i.e. a weak “dark current” observed even without ionising sources. First publications of those experiments relate to period 1900-1901 [1]. One of the first researchers of “dark current” was Ch. Wilson, well known as the inventor of Wilson chamber (1912), which was widely used for studies of various types of radiation, including also cosmic rays. Later, in 1927, Ch. Wilson for this finding was awarded the Nobel Prize. Due to those experiments it became clear that at sea level always exists some not large but strongly penetrating radiation (that was observed also in strongly screened chambers).
  • NASA-TM-112507 OBSERVATIONS of 4U 1700-37 with BATSE ABSTRACT the Eclipsing Binary X-Ray Source 4U 1700-37 Has Been Continually

    NASA-TM-112507 OBSERVATIONS of 4U 1700-37 with BATSE ABSTRACT the Eclipsing Binary X-Ray Source 4U 1700-37 Has Been Continually

    NASA-TM-112507 THE ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 459:259-270, 1996 March l ,¢_ 1996 The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved• Printed in US.A. OBSERVATIONS OF 4U 1700-37 WITH BATSE B. C. RUBIN, 1 M. H. FINGER, 1'2 B. A. HARMON, W. S. PACIESAS, 3 G. J. FISHMAN, R. B. WILSON, C. A. WILSON, M. N. BROCK, M. S. BRIGGS, 3 AND G. N. PENDLETON 3 NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812 AND L. R. COMINSKY AND M. S. ROBERTS 4 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928 Received 1995 June 7: accepted 1995 September 5 ABSTRACT The eclipsing binary X-ray source 4U 1700-37 has been continually monitored by the BATSE experi- ment on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory since the spring of 1991. Using source measurements at times of Earth occultation, we observe an average (uneclipsed) flux of 0.23 crab in the 20-120 keV band. The flux is highly variable, with occasional flaring behavior on timescales from hundreds of seconds to several hours and intensities as bright as 1 crab. The uneclipsed spectrum is well represented by an opti- cally thin thermal bremsstrahlung model with a temperature of 25 keV independent of source intensity or orbital phase. An upper limit of 4% on the pulse fraction has been obtained for pulse periods between 2 and 700 s. Average orbital light curves from almost 1000 days of occultation measurements have been constructed. These profiles are used to measure (1) the eclipse semiangle, 0E = 28.°6 ___2°.1 in the 20-120 keV band, and (2) the decrease in orbital period, I)/P = -(3.3 + 0.6) x 10 -6 yr 1.