Index
animals in space Apollo missions. See Project • A • purpose of, 89–90 Apollo Soviet Union, 90–91 Apollo spacecraft ablate, explained, 124 Space Race, 12 American Moon missions, abort modes for Space Shuttle United States, 91–92 34, 36 launch, 201, 202 Ansarai, Anousheh (space Soyuz spacecraft, docking Abort Once Around abort tourist), 317 with, 14, 192 mode, 202 Ansari X Prize, 313, 317–319 Apollo Telescope Mount, 184 Abort to Orbit abort mode, 202 Apollo 1 Apollo-Soyuz fl ight, 14, 98, 177, Aditya mission, 312 design changes made in the 191–193 aeolipile, explained, 35 aftermath, 68 Ares I rocket, 36, 298, 299–301 aerobraking, 228, 236, 291 fast facts about, 69 Ares V rocket, 36, 37, 298, aerogel, 242 lethal fi re, 63, 66–68, 127 299–301 aeronautical engineering, Apollo 2, 13, 127 Armadillo Aerospace, 319 explained, 10 Apollo 3, 127 Armstrong, Neil (astronaut) aerospace engineering, Apollo 4, 127 Apollo 11, 13, 132–133, explained, 10 Apollo 5, 127 134, 135 aerostat, explained, 162 Apollo 6, 127 famous quote, 133 Agena spacecraft, 104, 105–106 Apollo 7, 128–129 Gemini 8 mission, 103, 106 air tanks for fi refi ghters, Apollo 8, 129–130 Artyukin, Yuri lightweight, 347 Apollo 9, 130 (cosmonaut), 186 airplane technology, 347 Apollo 10, 131–132 asteroid 25143 Itokawa, 308 alarm locator systems, 347 Apollo 11 asteroids Aldrin, Edwin “Buzz” fl ag, planting and returning density of, 341 (astronaut) home, 135–136 explained, 26–27 Apollo 11, 13, 132, 133, Moon, landing on, 13, Galileo mission, 247 134, 135 132–133 Hayabusa mission, 308 Gemini 12 mission, 103 Moon dust, working and NEAR mission, 241–242 aliens walking in, 134 Astrobiology Field appearance of, 343 Apollo 12, 118, 138–139 Laboratory, 305 communication modes, Apollo 13 Astronaut Candidate Program, 343–344 accidents in space, overview 52–54 Earth, on, 344 of, 11 astronauts. See also specifi c Allen, Paul (businessman), 318 changes made as a result astronauts Alpha Centauri, 327 of, 74 living and working in space, Altair Lunar Lander, 301 oxygen tank explosion, 72–74 57–62 Anders, William (astronaut),COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Apollo 14, 139–141, 140 preparation to become, 51–55 128 Apollo 15, 142–146, 144 requirements and working Anderson, Michael Apollo 16, 146–148, 147 conditions, 10–11 (astronaut), 78 Apollo 17, 149–151, 152 space mission crews, 55–57 Andromeda Galaxy, 32 Apollo Guidance astronomers, defi ned, 20 angular momentum, 24 Computer, 126 352 Space Exploration For Dummies
Atlantis (Space Shuttle) burn, explained, 40 Chandrayaan-1 mission, Compton Gamma Ray burn time, defi ned, 36 303, 315 Observatory, 218, 265 burnout, defi ned, 35 Chang’e, 303 fl ights of, 206, 207, 209 Bush, George H. W. (U.S. Chawla, Kalpana Galileo spacecraft, 216, 245 President), 236 (astronaut), 78 Magellan mission, 217, 233 Bush, George W. (U.S. China Shuttle-Mir program, 212 President), 297, 303 animals in space, 91 Atlas rockets, 163 Chang’e mission, 303 atmosphere space missions, 17–18 breathable, for humans, • C • space power, emergence of, 341–342 313–315 Cagle, Myrtle (Mercury 13), 99 extrasolar planets, 338 Yinghuo-1 mission, 312 Callisto (moon of Jupiter), 166, Jupiter, 247–248 Clark, Laurel (astronaut), 78 248, 335 in spacecrafts, and Apollo 1 clean room technology, Canadian Space Agency, 271 fi re, 67, 68 346–347 captured asteroids, Titan, 336 Clementine mission, 236–237 explained, 26 Titan Saturn System Close Encounters of the Third carbon dioxide “scrubbing” Mission, 307 Kind (movie), 344 apparatus, 73 Venus, 160 clothing carbon-assimilation Aurora 7, 98 improvements to, 349 experiment, 172 aurorae, explained, 167 space, for, 61 Carpenter, Scott (astronaut), automated sample return Cobb, Geraldyn “Jerrie” 96, 98 missions, 111 (Mercury 13), 99 Carr, Gerald (astronaut), 184 automobile engineering and cochlear implants, 346 Cassini spacecraft tires, 347 Cold War, 83–84 Cassini-Huygens mission, Collins, Michael (astronaut) 250, 251–254 Apollo 11, 132 Enceladus, 336 Gemini 10 mission, 103 • B • propellant, amount needed, Columbia bathing in space, 59–60, 281 42–43 Chandra X-Ray Observatory, Beagle 2 lander, 287 RTGs, 47 218, 266 Bean, Alan (astronaut) Titan, 336 changes made as a result of, Apollo 12, 138 Cassini-Huygens mission, 15, 78–79 Skylab 3 mission, 183 245, 250–256 fl ights of, 206, 207–208 Belyayev, Pavel Cassiopeia (constellation), 21 Hubble Space Telescope, 263 (cosmonaut), 100 centripetal force, 343 reentry disintegration, 77–78 BepiColumbo mission, 312 Ceres, 30 Space Shuttle Program, 198 Beregovoi, Georgi Cernan, Eugene A. (astronaut) Spacelab 1, 220 (cosmonaut), 108 Apollo 10, 131 thermal tiles, 78, 204 Big Dipper (constellation), 21 Apollo 17, 150, 151 Comet 9P/Tempel 1, 242, Binnie, Brian (pilot), 319 Gemini 9A mission, 103 243–244 biogenic elements, Chaffee, Roger (astronaut), 66 Comet Halley, 162 explained, 333 Challenger (Space Shuttle) Comet Hartley-2, 244 Bondarenko, Valentin changes made as a result of, Comet Kohoutek, 184 (cosmonaut), 69 76–77 Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, 247 booster rockets, 36, 37 explosion, 11, 75–76 Comet Wild 2, 242 Borman, Frank (astronaut) fl ights of, 199, 206, 207, comets Apollo 8, 128 208, 209 coma of a comet, 242 Gemini 7 mission, 102 Galileo launch delay, 216 life, fi nding, 337–338 Brand, Vance (astronaut), 192 Chandra X-Ray Observatory, sources of in our solar breccias, explained, 148 218, 266–268 system, 25 Brown, David (astronaut), 78 Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan commanders of space Buran Program, 211 (astrophysicist), 268 missions, 56 Index 353
Command/Service Modules, cryostat, explained, 270 122, 123–124, 128–129, Cunningham, Walter • E • 132, 135 (astronaut), 128 Earth commercial payload curiosity about space, key details of, 26 specialists, 57 satisfying, 323–325 understanding better, commercial spacefl ight, 324–325 317–319 view of, 114, 115 communication • D • Earth Departure Stage of a aliens, with, 343–344 da Vinci, Leonardo rocket, 301 laser communication (inventor), 10 Earth orbit rendezvous, 122 systems, 348 Daphnis (moon of Saturn), 252 Earth-trailing heliocentric Mars Odyssey, 286 data-relay satellites, 218 orbit, 270 Pioneer 10 and 11, 167–168 De revolutionibus orbium eating in space, 57–58 radio telescopes, 47–49 coelestium (On the Ecliptic plane, explained, 22 Voyager missions, 174–175, Revolutions of the Celestial education 175–176 Spheres) (Copernicus), 23 requirements for Compton, Arthur H. Deep Impact mission, 243–244 astronauts, 52 (scientist), 266 Deep Space 1 mission, 44 training, additional, 53 Compton Gamma Ray Deep Space Network, 47–49 education specialists, 56 Observatory, 16, 218, Defense Satellite Educator Astronaut 265–266 Communications Program, 77 computer-aided tomography System, 219 Einstein’s theory of special (CAT) scans, 345 Deimos (moon of Mars), relativity, 339–340 computers 26, 224 Eisele, Donn (astronaut), 128 Apollo Missions, 126 Delta II rocket, 268 Eisenhower, Dwight D. (U.S. technology improved by Dietrich, Jan (Mercury 13), 99 President), 120 space program, 348 Dietrich, Marion electromagnetic spectrum, 264 Conrad, Charles, Jr. (Mercury 13), 99 Eliot, T.S. (poet), 324 (astronaut) direct ascent fl ight design, 121 elliptical galaxies, 32 Apollo 12, 138 disaster, escaping, with space Enceladus (moon of Saturn), Gemini 5 mission, 102 travel, 326–327 27, 253, 336, 337 Gemini 11 mission, 103 Discovery (Space Shuttle) (Space Shuttle) Skylab 2 mission, 181 Endeavor fl ights of, 37, 199, 206, fl ights of, 206, 207 constellations, 20–22 207, 209 Hubble Space Telescope, 262 conventions used in the Hubble Space Telescope, 218 book, 2 Intelsat VI, 260, 263 International Space Cooper, L. Gordon, Jr. John Glenn, 100 Station, 276 (astronaut) Kibo Lab, 279 Kibo Lab, 279 Gemini 5 mission, 102 Shuttle-Mir program, 213 Shuttle Radar Topography Project Mercury, 96, 98 Ulysses spacecraft, launch Mission, 221 Copernicus, Nicolaus of, 218 198, 201, 206 (astronomer), 22–23 Enterprise, Discovery Program, 226 entertainment, improved, 350 cosmonauts, training for, Dobrovolski, Georgi Eris, 30 55. See also specifi c (cosmonaut), 71, 179 Europa (moon of Jupiter), 174, cosmonauts docking in space 248, 249, 334–335, 337 Cosmos 419 mission (Mars Project Gemini, 104–106 Europa Jupiter System 1971C), 158 Soyuz 11 mission, 71 Mission, 306–307 Cosmos 557 mission, 180 drag with rocket liftoff, 39 European Space Agency (ESA) Cosmos I, 44 drinking in space, 57–58 BepiColumbo mission, 312 COSTAR mirror, 262 Duke, Charles, Jr. (astronaut), Cassini-Huygens mission, 250 crew members of space 146, 147, 148 Hubble Space Telescope, missions, 55–57 dwarf planets, 30 216, 260 Crippen, Robert (astronaut), 207, 208 354 Space Exploration For Dummies
European Space Agency 433 Eros (asteroid), 241, 242 Glenn, John, Jr. (astronaut) (ESA) (continued) France, 91 chimpanzee astronaut James Webb Space Freedom 7, 98, 99 preceding, 92 Telescope, 271 Friendship 7, 98, 100 Discovery, 100 Mars Express mission, 287 frontier, and space fi rst spacefl ight, 12 SMART-1, 302 exploration, 324 Project Mercury, 96, 98, 100 Titan Saturn System fuel cells, 104 Goddard, Robert (rocket Mission, 307 fuel tanks, 37, 38 scientist), 34, 35 Venus Express mission, Funk, Wally (Mercury 13), 99 Goldin, Daniel (NASA 240, 334 administrator), 316 Evans, Ronald (astronaut), 150 Gorbachev, Mikhail (Soviet Event Horizon (movie), 340 • G • Premier), 84 Gordon, Richard F. (astronaut) exercising in space, 60–61 Gagarin, Yuri (cosmonaut), 12, Apollo 12, 138 expedition, explained, 280 94, 99–100, 120 Gemini 11 mission, 103 Explorer 1 galaxies, 32, 269 gravitational slingshot, 247 launch of, 34, 35–36 Galilean satellites, 27 gravity. See also microgravity results of, 89 Galilei, Galileo (scientist) Apollo 15 testing, 145 space exploration, beginning gravity, 145 movement, 342–343 of, 83 heliocentric view of the rocket liftoff, 39 Sputnik 1, response to, 87–88 universe, 23 solar system, origin of, 23–24 exposed facility of Kibo Lab, telescope, 34 Gravity Recovery and Interior 278, 279 Galileo mission, 15, 245–250 extrasolar planets Laboratory, 303 Galileo spacecraft, 47, 215, 216, gravity-assisted trajectory described, 30–31 245–250 Mariner 10, 165 Kepler spacecraft, 310–311 Gamma Ray Spectrometer Voyager missions, 172 life, fi nding, 333, 338 (GRS), 286 Great Dark Spot of Uranus, 174 extravehicular activity (EVA), Ganymede (moon of Jupiter), Great Observatories explained, 54, 62. See also 26, 248, 249, 306, 335 Program, 259 moonwalk; spacewalk garbage, International Space Great Red Spot of Jupiter, Extravehicular Mobility Station, 282 27, 249 Units, 62 Garriott, Owen Grissom, Virgil “Gus” eyesight requirements for (astronaut), 183 (astronaut) astronauts, 52 Garriot, Richard (space Apollo 1 fi re, 66 tourist), 317 Gemini 3 mission, 102, 103 gas giants, 24 Mercury-Redstone 4 mission, • F • gas-exchange experiment, 172 63, 64–65 Gaspra (asteroid), 247 Fabian, John (astronaut), 208 Project Mercury, 97, 98 Gemini 3 mission, 102, fabrics, advanced, 349–350 Gubarev, Aleksei 103–104, 105 Faith 7, 98 (cosmonaut), 187 Far Ultraviolet Camera/ Gemini 7 mission, 102, 105 Spectrograph, 148 Gemini 8 mission, 103, 105–106 Fei Junlong (taikonaut), 314 generation space ships, 327 Finland, 312 geocentric view of the • H • First Lagrangian Point, 239 universe, 22 habitable zone fl ammable materials, 67, 68 geologic activity on moons, explained, 311 fl uvial processes, 253, 337 extrasolar planets, 338 explained, 290 geologic traverses, 138, 148 Haise, Fred (astronaut), 72 foam insulation on Columbia, geysers on Enceladus, 253, 336 hard landings, 110, 113 77–78 Gibson, Edward Hart, Janey (Mercury 13), 99 food (astronaut), 184 hatch design astronauts, for, 58 Gidzenko, Yuri Apollo 1 fi re, 68 NASA improvements, 349 (cosmonaut), 280 Mercury-Redstone 4, 64, glasnost, 84 65–66 Index 355
Hauck, Frederick intellectual property Japan (astronaut), 208 rights, 275 animals in space, 91 Hawking, Stephen Intelsat VI, 218 Hayabusa missions, 308, 312 (astrophysicist), 326 Intercontinental Ballistic Japanese Aerospace Hayabusa mission, 308 Missiles, 43, 86 Exploration Agency, 308 Hayabusa 2 mission, 312 Intercosmos program, 189 Mercury Magnetospheric height requirements for International Astronomical Orbiter, 312 astronauts, 52 Union, 20, 29 SELENE (“Kaguya”), 302 heliocentric view of the International Geophysical Japanese Experiment Module universe, 22–23 Year, 85, 87 (Kibo Lab), 277–279 Hero (inventor), 35 International Lunar Jarvis, Gregory (astronaut), 76 Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy Network, 304 Jessen, Gene Nora (TV show), 343 International Space (Mercury 13), 99 Hixson, Jean (Mercury 13), 99 Station (ISS) Jie Haisheng (taikonaut), 314 Homer (poet), 20 Chinese spacecraft Jovian system. See also Jupiter Hubble, Edwin compatibility, 315 Galileo mission, 216, 245 (astronomer), 261 Columbia tragedy, 79 Outer Planet Flagship Hubble Space Telescope future of, predicting, 283–284 Missions, 306–307 Discovery, 207 goals and Web site, 273 Juno mission, 312 galaxies, number of, 32 layout and modules, 275–279 Juno 1 rocket, 36, 88 launching of, 215, 216–217 modern space exploration, 16 Jupiter. See also Jovian system modern space exploration, 16 movement in, 342–343 Callisto, 166, 248, 335 origins of, 260–261 ownership concerns, 275 Europa, 174, 248, 249, service missions for, 262–264 payloads for construction 334–335, 337 technology of, 261–262 of, 218 formation of, 24 Huygens probe, 15, 250, planning, 274–275 Galileo mission, 216, 245–250 254–255 R-7 Sputnik rocket, 87 Ganymede, 26, 248, 249, hybrid chemicals for solar panels, 46 306, 335 propellants, 43 Space Shuttle retirement, 298 Io, 173, 248, 249, 253, 337 hydrostatic equilibrium of a tourism in space, 313, 316 Juno mission, 312 planet, 29 working and living aboard, key details of, 27 hygiene, personal, in space, 11, 280 Pioneer Project, 166–167 59–60, 281 inter-orbit communication Voyager missions, 172–174 hyperdrive, 340 system of Kibo Lab, Jupiter Europa, 306 278, 279 Jupiter-C rocket, 36, 88 Io (moon of Jupiter), 173, 248, • I • 249, 253, 337 ion propulsion, 44 Iapetus (moon of Saturn), 252 • K • ionosphere, explained, 86 ice. See water Kennedy, John F. (U.S. Iranian space program, 315 ice giants (planets), 24 President), 117, 119, irregular galaxies, 32 icons used in the book, 5 120–121 Irwin, James (astronaut), 142, Ida (asteroid), 247 Kepler spacecraft, 310–311 144, 145, 146 Imaging Science Kerwin, Joseph ISS. See International Space Subsystem, 251 (astronaut), 181 Station (ISS) India Kizim, Leonid Italian Space Agency, 250 Aditya mission, 312 (cosmonaut), 211 Chandrayaan-1, 303 Klimuk, Pyotr space program, 315 (cosmonaut), 187 infrared energy, 268 • J • Komarov, Vladimir infrared radiation, 268 J missions (Apollo 15, 16, and (cosmonaut), 69, 70, 108 integrated circuits, 17), 142 Korolev, Sergei (scientist), explained, 126 James Webb Space Telescope, 35, 151 270–271 356 Space Exploration For Dummies
Krikalev, Sergei (cosmonaut), liquid-fueled rockets, 34, 35 Lunar Prospector mission, 236, 213, 280 Liu Boming (taikonaut), 315 237–238 Kubasov, Valeri LK lunar lander, 153–154 Lunar Reconnaissance (cosmonaut), 192 Long-Duration Station (DOS) Orbiter, 303 Kuiper Belt units, 178 lunar rovers comet origins, 244 Lousma, Jack (astronaut), Apollo 15, 142, 143, 144–145 Kuiper Belt Objects, 25 183, 184 Lunokhod 1 and 2, 112 New Horizons mission, 310 Lovelace, William lunar surface rendezvous fl ight Pluto’s orbit in, 30 (physician), 99 design, 121–122 Lovell, James (astronaut) Lunar Surveyor Program Apollo 8, 128 Apollo 12 mission, 118 • L • Apollo 13, 72 early Moon exploration, 13 Gemini 7 mission, 102 Moon surface details, labeled-release Gemini 12 mission, 103 117–118 experiment, 172 Lowell Observatory, 28 purpose of, 116–117 laser communication Lowell, Percival soft-landing techniques, systems, 348 (astronomer), 28 testing, 117 laser surgeries, 345–346 Lucid, Shannon Lunokhod 1, 112 Lastochka spacecraft, 94, 95 (astronaut), 213 Lunokhod 2, 112 Launch and Entry Suits, 61 Luna 1, 110 laws of motion, 34 Luna 2, 110 Leonov, Alexei (cosmonaut), Luna 3, 110 62, 100, 192 • M • Luna 9, 34, 110, 111 Leverton, Irene (Mercury 13), Magellan mission, 15, 217, Luna 15, 111 99 233–236 Luna 16, 111 Liberty Bell 7, 64, 65, 98 Makarov, Oleg Luna 17, 112 life, extraterrestrial (cosmonaut), 187 Luna 20, 111 Callisto, 335 Mallory, George (mountain Luna 21, 112 comets, 337–338 climber), 324 Luna Program, 13, 109–112 Enceladus, 336 Mariner 1, 164 Luna-Glob 1 mission, 304 Europa, 334–335 Mariner 2, 164 Lunar Atmosphere and Dust extrasolar planets, 338 Mariner 3, 164 Environment Explorer, 303 Ganymede, 335 Mariner 4, 164 Lunar Crater Observation and Mars, 334 Mariner 5, 164 Sensing Satellite, 303 Titan, 336 Mariner 6, 164 lunar excursion module (LEM), Triton, 337 Mariner 7, 164 124–125 Venus, 333–334 Mariner 8, 165 Lunar Modules Viking missions, 170–172 Mariner 9, 165 Apollo 5, 127 life raft technology, 347 Mariner 10, 165 Apollo 11, 132, 133, 135 lift, explained, 39 Mariner Program, 163–165 Apollo missions, 122, 124–125 liftoff of rockets, explained, Mars lunar orbit rendezvous, 39–40 Deimos, 26, 224 121, 130 light, speed of future robotic missions, 312 Lunar Orbiter 1, 114, 115 radio telescopes, 48 key details of, 26 Lunar Orbiter 2, 114 travel speeds, 339–340 latest views of, 16–17 Lunar Orbiter 3, 114 lightning, warning devices life, fi nding, 334 Lunar Orbiter 4, 114 for, 347 Mariner Program, 164, 165 Lunar Orbiter 5, 114 light-year, explained, 327 Mars 96 mission, 230–231 Lunar Orbiter Project liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen Mars Climate Orbiter, 231–232 early Moon exploration, 13 propellant, 43, 300 Mars Express mission, Earth, view of, 114, 115 liquid oxygen and Apollo 13, 72 287–288 Moon mapping, 114–115 liquid oxygen and kerosene Mars Global Surveyor, 223, photos from, digitizing, 116 propellant, 43 226, 228–229 purpose of, 113–114 liquid propellants, 43 Mars Observer, 223, 225 Index 357
Mars Odyssey, 285–286 Mattingly, Ken (astronaut), 146 microwave radiation Mars Pathfi nder, 15, 223, MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere detectors, 347 226–228 and Volatile Evolution) Milky Way Galaxy, 32, 269 Mars Polar Lander, 231, 232 mission, 311 MINERVA lander, 308, 312 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, McAuliffe, Christa (teacher/ Mir Space Station 291–292 astronaut), 75, 76, 77 American astronauts, MAVEN mission, 311 McCool, William 211–213 missions to, overview of, 15 (astronaut), 78 Atlantis, 207 Phobos, 26, 164, 224, 231 McDivitt, James A. (astronaut) building, 210–211 Phobos 1 and 2 spacecraft, Apollo 9, 130 living conditions, 213–214 223, 224–225 Gemini 4 mission, 102 purpose of, 197, 209 Phoenix Mars Lander, McNair, Ronald (astronaut), 76 return to Earth, 214 292–294 MECA (Microscopy, Space Shuttle docking robotic missions to, 304–306 Electrochemistry, missions, 218 Spirit and Opportunity and Conductivity Space Shuttle-Mir program, rovers, 16–17, 46, 112, Analyzer), 294 14–15 289–291, 292 medical technology, 345–346 mission specialist- Viking missions, 168–172, Melvill, Mike (pilot), 319 educators, 56 223–224 Mercury mission specialists, 56 Mars 2 mission, 156, 157 BepiColumbo mission, 312 Mission to Mars (movie), 342 Mars 3 mission, 156 key details of, 26 Mitchell, Edgar (astronaut), Mars 4 mission, 158 Mariner Program, 165 139, 140, 141 Mars 5 mission, 156 MESSENGER mission, modular equipment Mars 6 mission, 158 308–309 transporter, 140, 141 Mars 7 mission, 158 Mercury Magnetospheric Moon Mars 96 mission, 230–231 Orbiter, 312 Apollo 11, 132–133 Mars 1969 A and B, 158 Mercury Planetary Orbiter, 312 Apollo 12, 138–139 Mars 1971C (Cosmos 419 Mercury spacecraft, 97 Apollo 14, 139–141 mission), 158 Mercury-Atlas 5 mission, 92 Apollo 15, 142–146 Mars Climate Orbiter, 231–232 Mercury-Fieldstone rocket, 36 Apollo 16, 146–148 Mars Exploration Rovers Mercury-Redstone 4 mission, Apollo 17, 149–152 radio signal time delay, 48 63, 64–66 Clementine mission, 236–237 solar panels, 46 MESSENGER (MErcury Surface, early unmanned missions, 13 Spirit and Opportunity, 16–17, Space ENvironment, fi rst manned fl ight to, race 46, 112, 289–291, 292 GEochemistry, and for, 120–121 Mars Express mission, 287–288 Ranging) mission, 308–309 fi rst person on, 133 Mars Global Surveyor mission, Messier, Charles fl ight to, design for, 121–122 223, 226, 228–229 (astronomer), 32 formation of, 26 Mars Observer, 223, 225 metallic glass alloy, 350 human exploration, overview Mars Odyssey, 285–286 metals, sources of in of, 13 Mars Orbiter Camera, 228 space, 330 last person on, 151 Mars Orbiter Laser methane Luna Program, 109–112 Altimeter, 228 Mars Express mission, 287 Lunar Orbiter Project, Mars Pathfi nder mission, 15, Titan, 254, 336 113–116 223, 226–228 MetNet mission, 312 Lunar Prospector mission, Mars Polar Lander, 231, 232 microgravity 237–238 Mars Radiation Environment astronaut training, 54 Lunar Surveyor Program, Experiment (MARIE), 286 International Space 116–118 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Station, 281 mapping, 114–115 291–292 movement in, 342–343 Moon dust, 134 Mars Science Laboratory, Spacelab experiments, 220 Project Constellation, 304–305 U.S. Microgravity Payloads, 301–302 Marsnik 1 (Korabl 4), 157 220–221 purposes for exploration, 137 Marsnik 2 (Korabl 5), 157 microlasers, 348 Ranger Program, 113 358 Space Exploration For Dummies
Moon (continued) Triton, 253, 337 robotic missions, recent, Voyager missions, 172, 174 • P • 302–304 Neutral Buoyancy Lab, 54 pacemakers, programmable, Soviet exploration New Horizons mission, 47, 310 346 preparations, 152–154 Newton, Isaac (physicist) 44 surface details, 117–118 gravity, 145 PanAmSat 5 spacecraft, parabolic trajectory, 54 Zond missions, 112 laws of motion, 34 parachutes moons. See also Titan (moon Nixon, Richard (U.S. drogue parachute, 70, 124 of Saturn) President), 135, 198 crash, 70 Callisto (moon of Jupiter), noise in space, 340–341 Soyuz 1 Space Shuttle, 205 166, 248, 335 nose cones of rockets, 38 Venus, landing on, 160 Daphnis (moon of Vostok 1 mission, 94 Saturn), 252 Patsayev, Viktor (cosmonaut), Deimos (moon of Mars), • O • 71, 179 26, 224 Oberth, Hermann (rocket payload Enceladus (moon of Saturn), scientist), 35 Apollo 15, 142 27, 253, 336, 337 ocular screening, 345 Cassini-Huygens mission, 250 Europa (moon of Jupiter), Olsen, Gregory (space defi ned, 36, 56 174, 248, 249, 334–335, 337 tourist), 317 ISS construction, 218 Ganymede (moon of Jupiter), “One small step for man. . .”, Mars Express mission, 287 26, 248, 249, 306, 335 133 N1 rocket, 154 geologic activity on moons, Onizuka, Ellison Project Constellation, 298 253, 337 (astronaut), 76 rockets, parts of, 38 Iapetus (moon of Saturn), 252 Oort Cloud, 25 Space Shuttle, 198, 203, 218 Io (moon of Jupiter), 173, 248, Opportunity Mars Exploration payload specialists, 56–57, 249, 253, 337 Rover, 16–17, 46, 112, 209, 220 Phobos (moon of Mars), 26, 289–291, 292 comic strip, 132 164, 224, 231 Peanuts orbit insertion, explained, 40 Pegasus (constellation), 21 Phoebe (moon of Saturn), 252 orbital maneuver, 84 Triton (moon of Neptune), perestroika, explained, 104 Perseus (constellation), 21 28, 174, 253, 337 orbital modules on Soyuz Phobos (moon of Mars), 26, moonwalk, 133, 138 spacecraft, 107 164, 224, 231 Morgan, Barbara (teacher/ Orbital Piloted Station (OPS) Phobos 1 and 2 missions, 223, astronaut), 77 units, 178 224–225 orbital resonance, Phobos-Grunt mission, explained, 249 231, 312 • N • orbits Phoebe (moon of Saturn), 252 N1 rocket, 152–153, 154 Neptune, 29 Phoenix Mars Lander, National Aeronautics and Pluto, 29 292–294, 334 Space Administration Triton, 28, 337 photography, 110, 111, 114–116 (NASA), 10, 89 O-ring seals, 75 photometer, 311 National Air and Space Orion (constellation), 21 photovoltaic arrays, 277 Museum, 185, 201. See Orion spacecraft, 17 physical requirements also specifi c exploration International Space astronauts, for, 52 projects, missions, and Station, 284 training, additional, 53–54 astronauts Project Constellation, physics, laws of, 38–41 NEAR (Near-Earth Asteroid 298–299 pilots of space missions, 56 Rendezvous), 226, 241–242 solar panels, 46 Pioneer 10, 166–168 nebulae, 31, 32 Outer Planet Flagship Pioneer 11, 166–168 Neptune Missions, 47, 306–307 Pioneer Project, 166–168 formation of, 24 Outland (movie), 342 Planet X, 28 key details of, 28 oxidizer tanks on rockets, orbit of, 29 37, 38 Index 359 planetary protection concerns non-Moon-landing, 128–132 Ranger 8, 13, 113 Galileo mission, 249 politics of, 119–122 Ranger 9, 13, 113 Lunar Surveyor Program, 118 Project Constellation, 17, Ratley, Sarah (Mercury 13), 99 Mars robotic missions, 306 297–302 Reagan, Ronald (U.S. Viking missions, 171 Project Gemini President), 76, 84 planetesimals, 24 goals for, 101–102 red giant phase of the Sun, planets. See also specifi c manned fl ights, 102–104 328–329 planets rendezvous and docking in Redstone rocket, 34, 35 defi nition of, 29 space, 104–106 Redundant Launch Set dwarf planets, defi ned, 30 Project Mercury Sequencer abort early observation of, 19 American sent into space, 34 mode, 202 plastics, advanced, 349–350 astronauts in the program, refrigeration improvements, 349 plugs-out test, explained, 66 96–97 remote manipulator systems Pluto chimpanzee astronaut, 92 Kibo Lab, 278, 279 dwarf planet, 30 described, 96 Space Shuttles, 204 formation of, 24–25 Mercury spacecraft, 97 Resnick, Judith (astronaut), 76 New Horizons mission, 310 missions of, 97–100 resonance, explained, 26 orbit of, 29 Space Race, 12 Return to Launch Site abort planetary status, 28–30 Project Orbiter, 87 mode, 202 plutonium propellant Ride, Sally (astronaut), 208 Cassini-Huygens mission, 251 amount needed, 42–43 rings around planets Galileo spacecraft, 246 defi ned, 35 Jupiter, 174, 249 power source, 46–47 explained, 41–42 Neptune, 28 Pogue, William tanks for, 37, 38 Saturn, 27, 173, 252–253, 341 (astronaut), 184 types of, 43 Uranus, 27, 174 politics propulsion power robotic exploration, future manned lunar exploration, future of, 43–44 Mars missions, 304–306 119–122 interstellar travel, 327 Moon missions, 302–304 Space Race, end of, 177 propellants, 41–43 outer planets, 306–307 Popovich, Pavel Proton rockets, 275 robotic missions. See also (cosmonaut), 186 protoplanetary disk, 24 solar system exploration, population overfl ow and space Ptolemy (astronomer), 20 unmanned travel, 325–326 Apollo 4, 5, and 6, 126–127 posigrade rockets, 97 future space exploration, 17 power • R • Luna Program, 109–112 life-support and instruments, Lunar Surveyor Program, 116 R-7 Sputnik rocket, 86–87 45–47 Lunokhod 1 and 2, 112 radar propulsion for rockets, 41–44 Moon exploration, 13 Cassini mission, 251, 254 prebiotic materials, propellant, amount needed, Magellan mission, 233–235 explained, 338 42–43 Radio Detection and Ranging presolar nebula, 24 RTG, 47 (RADAR) instrument, Pressurized Module of Kibo Salyut 6, 189 251, 254 Lab, 278, 279 solar panels, 45 radio telescopes, 47–49 primates in space, 91–92 rocket engines, 37, 38 radioisotope thermoelectric Progress supply ships, 282, 298 rocket fl ight, phases of, 40–41 generator (RTG) Project Apollo Rocket Racing, 319 Cassini-Huygens mission, 251 Apollo 11 Moon landing, rocket (spacecraft) science Galileo spacecraft, 246 132–136 communications between Mars robotic missions, 305 components of, 122–125 spacecraft and Earth, robotic exploration, 47 groundwork for, laying, 47–49 Viking missions, 169 125–127 history of, 34–37 Ramon, Ilan (astronaut), 78 lunar exploration, 36 overview of, 10, 33–34 Ranger 3, 113 Lunar Surveyor missions, 117 Ranger 7, 13, 113 360 Space Exploration For Dummies
rocket (spacecraft) science Salyut 6, 189–190 noise, 340–341 (continued) Salyut 7, 190–191, 211 people exploding, 342 physics concepts and forces Salyut Program speed of travel, 339–340 governing, 38–41 early, 178–180 walking in zero gravity, power for propulsion, 41–44 later, 185–191 342–343 power for the spacecraft Space Race, leading to end wormholes, 340 interior, 45–47 of, 14 Scobee, Dick (astronaut), 76 rockets, essential SAmbulation Module Scott, David (astronaut) components of, 37–38 (SAM), 346 Apollo 9, 130 Rocketplane, 319 satellites Apollo 15, 142, 144, 145, 146 rockets. See also specifi c Earth-orbiting, 46 Gemini 8 mission, 103 rockets natural, 25 SELENE (Selenological and early military use, 34, 35 Space Shuttle launching, Engineering Explorer) forces acting upon, 39–40 218–219 (“Kaguya”), 302 parts of, 37–38 Saturn. See also Titan semiconductors reuse of, 37 Cassini-Huygens mission, NASA improvements, 348 Rocketship X-M (movie), 341 245, 250–256 Wake Shield Facility, 221 Roosa, Stuart (astronaut), Daphnis, 252 Sevastyanov, Vitali 139, 141 Enceladus, 27, 253, 336, 337 (cosmonaut), 187 rotation of planets formation of, 24 Shenzhou program, 313, Mercury, 26 Iapetus, 252 314–315 Uranus, 27 key details of, 27 Shepard, Alan, Jr. (astronaut) RTG. See radioisotope Phoebe, 252 Apollo 14, 139, 140, 141 thermoelectric generator Pioneer Project, 166–167 chimpanzee astronaut (RTG) Voyager missions, 172, preceding, 92 Russian Federal Space Agency. 173, 174 fi rst American in space, 12 See also Soviet Union Saturn V rockets Gemini 3 mission, 104 Europa lander, 306 American Moon missions, Project Mercury, 97, 98, International Space Station, 34, 36 99–100 79, 214 Apollo missions, 122, 123, 127 Shepherd, Bill (astronaut), 280 Luna-Glob 1 mission, 304 propellant, amount Shuttle Radar Topography Mars exploration, needed, 42 Mission, 221–222 discontinuing, 225 Savitskaya, Svetlana Shuttle-Mir program, 212 tourism in space, 313, 316 (cosmonaut), 190 Shuttleworth, Mark (space rust- and scratch-resistant Schirra, Walter, Jr. (astronaut) tourist), 317 metal coatings, 350 Apollo 7, 128 Sigma 7, 98 Rutan, Burt (aerospace Gemini 6A mission, 102 Simonyi, Charles (space engineer), 318, 319 Project Mercury, 97, 98 tourist), 317 Schmitt, Harrison (astronaut), skycrane, 305 150, 151 Skylab • S • Schultz, Charles backup model, 185 (cartoonist), 132 launch of, 34, 180–181 safety Schweickart, Rusty return to Earth, 184 Space Shuttle, 201–202 (astronaut), 130 Space Race, leading to end tragedies, effect on, 63–64 science fi ction errors of, 14 Sagan, Carl (astronomer), 175 alien communication, Skylab 1 mission, 181 Salyut 1 343–344 Skylab 2 mission, 181–183 overview of, 178–179 aliens, appearance of, 343 Skylab 3 mission, 183–184 Soyuz 11, docking with, 71 aliens on Earth, 344 Skylab 4 mission, 184, 185 Salyut 2, 179–180 asteroid fi elds, density Slayton, Donald (astronaut) Salyut 3, 185–187 of, 341 Apollo-Soyuz, 98, 192 Salyut 4, 187–188 breathable atmosphere, Project Mercury, 97 Salyut 5, 188–189 341–342 Index 361 sleeper spaceships, 327 solar system, outer Soyuz spacecraft sleeping in space, 59 Cassini-Huygens mission, Apollo capsule, docking with, SMART-1 (Small Missions for 245, 250–256 14, 98, 177, 191–193 Advanced Research in described, 27–28 International Space Station, Technology), 302 exploration, overview of, 15 275, 284, 298 Smith, Michael (astronaut), 76 formation of, 24–25 overview of, 106–108 Smithsonian Air and Space Galileo mission, 245–250 Soyuz rocket size Museum, 319 Pioneer Project, 166–168 comparison, 36 snow line in the solar radioactive power supply, Soyuz T, 108 system, 24 46–47 Soyuz T-15 mission, 211 soft landing solar system exploration, Soyuz TM, 108 Luna spacecraft, 110, 111 unmanned. See also Soyuz TMA, 108 Lunar Surveyor missions, 117 robotic missions; specifi c Soyuz/Fregat launch Sojourner rover, 15, unmanned missions vehicle, 287 226–228, 289 James Webb Space Space Adaptation Solar and Heliospheric Telescope, 270–271 Syndrome, 61 Observatory (SOHO), 15, Mariner Program, 163–165 Space Adventures, 319 236, 238–239 overview of, 155 space exploration. See also solar nebula, explained, 24 Pioneer Program, 166–168 specifi c topics solar power Soviet Mars probes, early, accidents in space, 11 life-support and onboard 156–158 astronauts, 10–11 instruments, 45–46 Soviet Venera and Vega future of, 17–18 solar panels, operation of, Programs, 158–162 long-term commitment 45–46 Viking Program, 168–172 to, 197 solar photovoltaic cells, 45 Voyager Program, 172–176 modern space exploration, solar sails, 44 solar wind, 148 16–17 solar system solid propellant, 43 practical applications, asteroids, 26–27 Solovyov, Vladimir 329–330 components of, 30 (cosmonaut), 211 reasons to continue, 18 early discoveries, 22–23 sound waves in a vacuum, rocket science, 10 future necessity of space 340–341 second generation of travel, 327–329 Soviet Union. See also Space missions, 14–15 missions to other parts of, Race; specifi c missions and space, increased access to, 13–14 cosmonauts 17–18 organization of, 23–30 animals in space, 90–91 Space Race, 12–14 origin of, 23–25 early Mars probes, 156–158 universe, formation of, 9–10 Pluto, planetary status of, lunar exploration Space Frontier Foundation, 76 28–30 preparations, 152–154 space hotels, 321–322 solar system, inner Soyuz 1 mission, 69–70, 108 space motion sickness, 61 Deep Impact, 243–244 Soyuz 3 mission, 108 Space Race described, 25–26 Soyuz 7K-L1, 108 Apollo-Soyuz as end of, 14, exploration, overview of, 15 Soyuz 7K-T, 108 177, 191–193 Magellan mission, 233–236 Soyuz 7K-TM, 108 Cold War, 83–84 Moon, investigating, 236–238 Soyuz 10 mission, 179 fi rst people in space, 12 NEAR, 241–242 Soyuz 11 mission human exploration of the planet formation, 24 atmosphere failure, 71–72 Moon, 13 solar panels, 46 Salyut 1, docking with, robots sent to the Moon, 13 Stardust mission, 242–243 178, 179 solar system, missions to Sun, investigating, 236, Soyuz 17 mission, 187 other parts of, 13–14 238–239 Soyuz 18 mission, 187 Sputnik 1 and animals in Venus Express, 240 Soyuz 21 mission, 188 space, 12 Soyuz 24 mission, 188 362 Space Exploration For Dummies
Space Shuttle Program spacesuits, components of, 61 steam-powered, rocketlike birth of, 197, 198–200 spacewalk engine, 34, 35 booster rockets, 36, 37 Apollo 9, 130 strap-ons for booster early days of, 206–209 China’s fi rst, 315 rockets, 37 Hubble Space Telescope, 260, Endeavour, 207, 218 structural analysis 261, 262–264 explained, 62 software, 348 International Space Hubble Space Telescope, 263 STS-2 mission, 207–208 Station, 275, 298 International Space suborbital fl ights, explained, 64 landing, 204–205 Station, 281 suborbital vehicles, liquid oxygen/liquid LK lunar lander, 154 commercial, 317 hydrogen propellant, 43 Skylab 1 mission, 181 Sun living and working aboard, Soyuz 1 planned Aditya mission, 312 203–204 experiment, 69 fi nite nature of, 327–329 major missions, 215–219 training for, 54 Ulysses spacecraft, 218 orbiter fl eet, 206–207 Voskhod 2 mission, 100 sunglasses, UV-blocking, 350 Project Constellation spiral galaxies, 32 supernovas, 265 following, 298 Spirit Mars Exploration Rover, Surveyor 1, 116 propellant, amount 16–17, 46, 289–291, 292 Surveyor 2, 116, 117 needed, 42 Spitzer, Lyman Surveyor 3, 116, 118, 138, 139 reuse of, 37 (astrophysicist), 260, 269 Surveyor 4, 116, 117 science payloads, 219–222 Spitzer Space Telescope, 16, Surveyor 5, 116 shutdown after Challenger 268–270 Surveyor 6, 116 tragedy, 76–77 splashdown, explained, 124 Surveyor 7, 116 shutdown after Columbia Sputnik 1 Swigert, Jack (astronaut), 72 tragedy, 78–79 aerospace engineering, 10 Synthetic Aperture Radar, 234 size comparison, 36 developing, 85–87 solid propellant, 43 launch of, 34, 36 solid rocket boosters, 34, 37 reason for creation of, 84–87 • T • typical mission of, 200–205 space exploration, beginning taikonauts Space Shuttle-Mir program, of, 83 explained, 315 14–15 Space Race, 12 space missions, 17–18 space shuttles, Soviet, 211 Sputnik 2, 90 training for, 55 space stations. See also Sputnik 5, 91 tail fi ns on rockets, 38 International Space Sputnik Mars missions, Teacher in Space Program, 75, Station (ISS); Mir Space 157–158 76, 77, 209 Station Stafford, Thomas P. telescopes Chinese, 315 (astronaut) Chandra X-Ray Observatory, politics, 177 Apollo 10, 131 266–268 Salyut Program, early, Apollo-Soyuz, 192 Compton Gamma Ray 178–180 Gemini 6A mission, 102 Observatory, 265–266 Salyut Program, later, Gemini 9A mission, 103 early, 34 185–191 stages of rockets, defi ned, 36 Galileo, 23 Skylab, 180–185 star clusters, 32 Great Observatories Space Transportation System Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Program, 259 (STS), 198. See also Space (TV series), 340 Hubble Space Telescope, Shuttle Program Star Trek series, 340, 342, 343 260–264 space travel Star Wars movies, 340, 341, James Webb Space commercial, 317–319 342, 343 Telescope, 270–271 future necessity of, 325–329 Stardust mission, 242–243, 244 modern space exploration, 16 reasons for, 323–325 Starman (movie), 344 Spitzer Space Telescope, Spacelab, 219–220 stars, described, 31 268–270 SpaceShipOne, 43, 318 Steadman, Bernice Tereshkova, Valentina SpaceShipTwo, 319 (Mercury 13), 99 (cosmonaut), 95, 99 Index 363 terrestrial planets, Tsander, Fridik (rocket Venera 15 mission, 161–162 explained, 25 scientist), 35 Venera 16 mission, 161–162 tethered spacewalk, 62 twinning of spacecraft, 162 Venera lander, 159 Thagard, Norman 2001: A Space Odyssey (movie), Venera Program, 158–162 (astronaut), 208 341, 342, 343 Venus Thermal Emission Imaging key details of, 26 System (THEMIS), 286 life, fi nding, 333–334 thermal insulation fabric, 350 • U • Magellan mission, 233–236 thermal tiles, 78, 204 Magellan spacecraft, 217 Ulysses solar explorer, 207, 218 thrust Mariner Program, 164, 165 United States. See Space Race; defi ned, 35 missions to, overview of, 15 specifi c topics explained, 38–39 Venus universe tidal heating, explained, surveying surface early human understanding 248, 249 conditions, 160 of, 19–23 Tier One, 318 Venera and Vega Programs, extrasolar planets, 30–31 Titan (moon of Saturn) 158–162 formation, overview of, 9–10 atmosphere of, 27 Venus Express mission, 15, galaxies, 32 Cassini-Huygens mission, 240, 287, 334 solar system organization, 245, 254–255 viewing window of Mercury 23–30 geologic activity, 337 capsules, 64 stars, 31 life, fi nding, 336 Viking 1, 168–172 untethered spacewalk, 62 Mercury, larger than, 26 Viking 2, 168–172 Uranus Titan Saturn System Mission, Viking landers, 292 formation of, 24 307, 336 Viking missions, 223–224 key details of, 27 Voyager 1, 173 Viking rocket, 32 Voyager missions, 172, 174 Tito, Dennis (space Virgin Galactic, 319 Ursa Major (constellation), 21 tourist), 316 virtual reality software, 348 U.S. Geological Survey, 116 toilets on spacecraft, 60 Visible and Infrared Mapping U.S. Microgravity Payloads, Tombaugh, Clyde Spectrometer, 251 220–221 (astronomer), 28 Volkov, Vladislav (cosmonaut), USS Hornet, 136, 171 tourism in space 71, 179 USSR. See Soviet Union future of, 321–322 Volna rocket, 44 history of, 316–319 von Braun, Wernher (rocket requirements for travelers, scientist), 35 320–321 • V • Voskhod 2 mission, 62, tragedies in space V-2 rockets, 34, 35, 90 100–101 Apollo 1, 63, 66–69 vacuum environment Vostok 1 mission, 94–95 Apollo 13, 63, 72–74 defi ned, 341 Vostok 6 mission, 95–96 Challenger, 63, 75–77 humans exploding in, 342 Vostok Program, 12, 34, 36 Columbia, 63, 77–79 Wake Shield Facility, 221 Vostok spacecraft, 93–96 Mercury-Redstone 4, 63, Van Allen, James (scientist), 88 Voyager missions 64–66 Van Allen radiation belt, 89 communications, 175–176 overview of, 11 Vanguard 1 satellite, 46 gold-plated record, 174–175 safety enhancements, 63–64 Vega 1 mission, 162 purpose of, 172 Soyuz 1 and Soyuz 11, 63, Vega 2 mission, 162 Voyager 1, 173, 336 69–72 Vega Program, 159, 162 Voyager 2, 174 training programs for Venera 7 mission, 159 astronauts, 52–54 Venera 9 mission, 160–161 Transoceanic Abort Landing Venera 10 mission, 160, 161 • W • abort mode, 202 Venera 11 mission, 161 Wake Shield Facility, 221 Triton (moon of Neptune), 28, Venera 12 mission, 161 wandering stars, 29 174, 253, 337 Venera 13 mission, 160, 161 warp speed, 340 Truhill, Jerri (Mercury 13), 99 Venera 14 mission, 160, 161 364 Space Exploration For Dummies
water wheelchairs, voice- Earth and Mars, 26 activated, 346 • Y • Europa, 248 White, Edward H. (astronaut) Yang Liwei (taikonaut), 314 Europa Jupiter System Apollo 1 fi re, 66 Yinghuo-1 mission, 312 Mission, 306 Gemini 4 mission, 102 Young, John (astronaut) exploration for, overview White Knight aircraft, 318 Apollo 10, 131 of, 15 wireless earphones and Apollo 16, 146, 148 life, fi nding, 334, 335, 336, 337 headsets, 350 Gemini 3 mission, 102, 103 Mars Exploration Rovers, Woltman, Rhea (Mercury 13), Gemini 10 mission, 103, 105 289, 290 99 STS-1 mission, 207 Mars Odyssey, 285–286 Worden, Alfred Phoenix Mars Lander, (astronaut), 142 292–293 wormholes, 340 recycling in spacecraft, • Z • 59–60, 282 Zholobov, Vitali sources of in space, 330 • X • (cosmonaut), 188 water-repellent fabric, 349–350 158 X Prize Foundation, 318 Zond 2, wavelength, explained, 264 112 Xcor Aerospace, 319 Zond 5, weightlessness. See 112 xenon propellant, 44 Zond 6, microgravity Zond 7, 112 The X-Files (TV series), 344 Weitz, Paul (astronaut), 181 Zond 8, 112