Complete List of Contents

Volume 1 Cape Canaveral and the Kennedy Space Center...... 213 Publisher’s Note...... vii Chandra X-Ray Observatory...... 223 Introduction...... ix Clementine Mission to the Moon...... 229 Preface to the Third Edition ...... xiii Commercial Crewed vehicles...... 235 Contributors...... xvii Compton Gamma Ray Observatory...... 240 List of Abbreviations...... xxi Cooperation in Space: U.S. and Russian...... 247 Complete List of Contents...... xxxiii Dawn Mission...... 254 Deep Impact...... 259 Air Traffic Control Satellites...... 1 Deep Space Network...... 264 Amateur Radio Satellites...... 6 Delta Launch Vehicles...... 271 Ames Research Center...... 12 Dynamics Explorers...... 279 Ansari X Prize...... 19 Early-Warning Satellites...... 284 Apollo Program...... 24 Earth Observing System Satellites...... 291 Apollo Program: Command and Electronic Intelligence Satellites...... 297 Service Module...... 36 Environmental Science Services Apollo Program: Developmental Flights...... 41 Administration Satellites...... 302 Apollo Program: Geological Results...... 47 Escape from Piloted Spacecraft...... 307 Apollo Program: Lunar Lander Training Vehicles...... 54 Ethnic and Gender Diversity Apollo Program: Lunar Module...... 58 in the Space Program...... 312 Apollo Program: Orbital and Lunar Europa Clipper...... 319 Surface Experiments...... 63 Explorers: Air Density...... 323 Apollo 1...... 70 Explorers: Astronomy...... 330 Apollo 7...... 75 Explorers: Atmosphere...... 337 Apollo 8...... 81 Explorers: Ionosphere...... 343 Apollo 9...... 87 Explorers: Micrometeoroid...... 349 Apollo 10...... 94 Explorers: Radio Astronomy...... 355 Apollo 11...... 103 Explorers: Solar...... 361 Apollo 12...... 114 Explorers 1-7...... 367 Apollo 13...... 123 Extravehicular Activity...... 374 Apollo 14...... 130 Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer...... 380 Apollo 15...... 136 Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer...... 386 Apollo 15’s Lunar Rover...... 142 Funding Procedures of Space Programs...... 390 Apollo 16...... 148 Galaxy Evolution Explorer...... 396 Apollo 17...... 156 Galileo: Jupiter...... 401 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project...... 164 Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope...... 410 Applications Technology Satellites...... 170 Gemini Program...... 416 Asteroid Redirect Mission ...... 176 Gemini Spacecraft...... 422 Astronauts and the U.S. Astronaut Program...... 180 Gemini 3...... 427 Atlas Launch Vehicles...... 188 Gemini IV...... 434 Atmospheric Laboratory for Gemini V...... 440 Applications and Science...... 195 Gemini VI-A and VII...... 446 Attack Satellites...... 201 Gemini VIII...... 452 Biosatellites...... 207 Gemini IX-A and X...... 460

xxxiii xxxiv Complete List of Contents USA in Space

Gemini XI and XII...... 466 Jet Propulsion Laboratory...... 717 Geodetic Satellites...... 472 Johnson Space Center...... 726 Geostationary Operational Juno Probe...... 736 Environmental Satellites (GOES)...... 480 Kepler Space Telescope...... 739 Get-Away Special Experiments...... 484 Landsat 1, 2, and 3...... 742 Global Atmospheric Research Program...... 491 Landsat 4 and 5...... 749 Global Positioning System...... 496 Landsat 7...... 754 Goddard Space Flight Center...... 503 Langley Research Center...... 759 Gravity Probe B...... 509 Launch Vehicles...... 764 Heat Capacity Mapping Mission...... 514 Launch Vehicles: Reusable...... 775 High-Energy Astronomical Observatories...... 521 Lewis Field and Glenn Research Center...... 781 Hubble Space Telescope...... 528 Lifting Bodies...... 788 Hubble Space Telescope: Science...... 539 Lunar Exploration...... 792 Hubble Space Telescope: Servicing Missions...... 548 Lunar Orbiters...... 799 Huygens Lander...... 556 Lunar Prospector...... 806 Infrared Astronomical Satellite...... 561 Magellan: Venus...... 812 Intelsat Communications Satellites...... 567 Manned Maneuvering Unit...... 819 International Space Station: Crew Return Vehicles....574 Manned Orbiting Laboratory...... 825 International Space Station: Design and Uses...... 579 Mariner 1 and 2...... 832 International Space Station: Development...... 586 Mariner 3 and 4...... 839 International Space Station: Living and Mariner 5...... 845 Working Accommodations...... 595 Mariner 6 and 7...... 852 International Space Station: Modules and Nodes.....604 Mariner 8 and 9...... 858 International Space Station: U.S. Contributions...... 612 Mariner 10...... 866 International Space Station: 1998...... 618 Mars Climate Orbiter and Mars Polar Lander...... 873 International Space Station: 1999...... 623 Mars Exploration Rovers...... 880 International Space Station: 2000...... 628 Mars Global Surveyor...... 885 International Space Station: 2001...... 633 Mars InSight...... 891 International Space Station: 2002...... 637 Mars Observer...... 896 International Space Station: 2003...... 642 Mars Odyssey...... 902 International Space Station: 2004...... 647 Mars Pathfinder...... 906 International Space Station: 2005...... 651 Mars Phoenix...... 912 International Space Station: 2006...... 655 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter...... 916 International Space Station: 2007...... 661 Marshall Space Flight Center...... 922 International Space Station: 2008...... 666 Materials Processing in Space...... 930 International Space Station: 2009...... 672 Mercury Project...... 936 International Space Station: 2010...... 676 Mercury Project Development...... 943 International Space Station: 2011...... 680 Mercury Spacecraft...... 948 International Space Station: Utilization Years ...... 684 Mercury-Redstone 3...... 953 International Sun-Earth Explorers...... 690 Mercury-Redstone 4...... 961 Mercury-Atlas 6...... 967 Volume 2 Mercury-Atlas 7...... 973 Mercury-Atlas 8...... 978 Complete List of Contents...... vii Mercury-Atlas 9...... 983 MESSENGER...... 989 International Ultraviolet Explorer...... 695 Meteorological Satellites...... 994 Interplanetary Monitoring Platform Satellites...... 701 Meteorological Satellites: Military...... 1002 ITOS and NOAA Meteorological Satellites...... 706 Mission to Planet Earth...... 1007 James Webb Space Telescope...... 713 Mobile Satellite System...... 1013 USA in Space Complete List of Contents xxxv

National Aeronautics and Space Administration...... 1019 Space Shuttle: Life Science Laboratories...... 1343 National AeroSpace Plane...... 1027 Space Shuttle: Living Accommodations...... 1349 National Commission on Space...... 1034 Space Shuttle: Microgravity Navigation Satellites...... 1041 Laboratories and Payloads...... 1357 New Horizons Pluto-Kuiper Belt Mission...... 1047 Space Shuttle: Radar Imaging Laboratories...... 1363 New Millennium Program...... 1052 Nimbus Meteorological Satellites...... 1057 Volume 3 Nuclear Detection Satellites...... 1064 Nuclear Energy in Space...... 1070 Complete List of Contents...... vii Ocean Surveillance Satellites...... 1076 Orbiting Astronomical Observatories...... 1080 Space Shuttle Mission STS-1...... 1369 Orbiting Geophysical Observatories...... 1086 Space Shuttle Mission STS-2...... 1378 Orbiting Solar Observatories...... 1091 Space Shuttle Flights, 1982...... 1385 OSIRIS-REx...... 1097 Space Shuttle Flights, 1983...... 1399 Parker Solar Probe...... 1102 Space Shuttle Mission STS-6...... 1413 Pegasus Launch Vehicles...... 1106 Space Shuttle Flights, 1984...... 1420 Pioneer Missions 1-5...... 1112 Space Shuttle Mission STS 41-B...... 1433 Pioneer Missions 6-E...... 1119 Space Shuttle Mission STS 41-C...... 1441 Pioneer 10...... 1125 Space Shuttle Mission STS 51-A...... 1449 Pioneer 11...... 1133 Space Shuttle Flights, January-June, 1985...... 1456 Pioneer Venus 1...... 1140 Space Shuttle Flights, July-December, 1985...... 1471 Pioneer Venus 2...... 1147 Space Shuttle Mission STS 51-I...... 1487 Planetary Exploration...... 1154 Space Shuttle Mission STS 61-C...... 1493 Private Industry and Space Exploration...... 1164 Space Shuttle Mission STS 51-L...... 1499 Ranger Program...... 1175 Space Shuttle Activity, 1986-1988...... 1508 Rocketry: Early History...... 1181 Space Shuttle Mission STS-26...... 1514 Rocketry: Modern History...... 1187 Space Shuttle Flights, 1989...... 1520 Russia’s Mir Space Station...... 1194 Space Shuttle Flights, 1990...... 1527 Saturn Launch Vehicles...... 1202 Space Shuttle Flights, 1991...... 1536 Search and Rescue Satellites...... 1208 Space Shuttle Flights, 1992...... 1544 Search for Extraterrestrial Life...... 1213 Space Shuttle Mission STS-49...... 1553 Seasat...... 1219 Space Shuttle Flights, 1993...... 1560 Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment...... 1225 Space Shuttle Mission STS-61...... 1569 Skylab 2...... 1230 Space Shuttle Flights, 1994...... 1577 Skylab 3...... 1236 Space Shuttle Flights, 1995...... 1585 Skylab 4...... 1241 Space Shuttle Mission STS-63...... 1593 Skylab Program...... 1247 Space Shuttle-Mir: Joint Missions...... 1600 Skylab Space Station...... 1253 Space Shuttle Mission STS-71/Mir Small Explorer Program...... 1259 Primary Expedition Eighteen...... 1607 SMS and GOES Meteorological Satellites...... 1265 Space Shuttle Flights, 1996...... 1614 Solar and Heliospheric Observatory...... 1271 Space Shuttle Flights, 1997...... 1622 Solar Maximum Mission...... 1276 Space Shuttle Flights, 1998...... 1629 Soyuz and Progress Spacecraft...... 1282 Space Shuttle Mission STS-95...... 1634 Soyuz Launch Vehicle...... 1289 Space Shuttle Flights, 1999...... 1641 Space Centers, Spaceports, Space Shuttle Mission STS-93...... 1648 and Launch Sites...... 1297 Space Shuttle Flights, 2000...... 1656 Space Shuttle...... 1306 Space Shuttle Flights, 2001...... 1660 Space Shuttle: Ancestors...... 1328 Space Shuttle Flights, 2002...... 1664 Space Shuttle: Approach and Space Shuttle Mission STS-107...... 1669 Landing Test Flights...... 1336 Space Shuttle Activity, 2003-2004...... 1675 xxxvi Complete List of Contents USA in Space

Space Shuttle Mission STS-114...... 1679 TIROS Meteorological Satellites...... 1855 Space Shuttle Mission STS-120...... 1686 Titan Launch Vehicles...... 1862 Space Shuttle Mission STS-125...... 1694 Tracking and Data-Relay Space Shuttle Mission STS-133, Communications Satellites...... 1869 Final flight of Discovery...... 1701 Ulysses: Solar Polar Mission...... 1876 Space Shuttle Mission STS-134, United Space Alliance...... 1882 Final Flight of Endeavour...... 1708 United States Space Command...... 1887 Space Shuttle Mission STS-135, Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite...... 1895 Final Flight of Atlantis...... 1713 Vandenberg Air Force Base...... 1901 Space Stations: Origins and Development...... 1720 Vanguard Program...... 1908 Space Suit Development...... 1725 Viking Program...... 1914 Space Task Group...... 1732 Viking 1 and 2...... 1921 Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network...... 1739 Voyager Program...... 1935 SPACEHAB...... 1744 Voyager 1: Jupiter...... 1943 Spacelab Program...... 1752 Voyager 1: Saturn...... 1950 SpaceShipOne...... 1759 Voyager 2: Jupiter...... 1957 SpaceX...... 1763 Voyager 2: Saturn...... 1964 Spitzer Space Telescope...... 1768 Voyager 2: Uranus...... 1971 Spy Satellites...... 1773 Voyager 2: Neptune...... 1979 Stardust Project...... 1783 Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe...... 1986 Strategic Defense Initiative...... 1788 X-15...... 1991 Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment...... 1794 X-20 Dyna-Soar...... 1996 Surveyor Program...... 1800 Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission...... 1807 Appendixes Telecommunications Satellites: Maritime...... 1812 Key Figures in the History of Space Exploration.....2003 Telecommunications Satellites: Military...... 1819 Glossary...... 2041 Telecommunications Satellites: Passive Relay...... 1825 Space Shuttle Missions...... 2085 Telecommunications Satellites: Private and Online Resources...... 2089 Commercial...... 1830 Personages Index ...... 2103 Telescopes: Air and Space...... 1837 Subject Index...... 2119 Tethered Satellite System...... 1848