Using Earth Observation Data to Improve Health in the United States Accomplishments and Future Challenges
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Optimized Autonomous Space In-Situ Sensor-Web for Volcano Monitoring
Optimized Autonomous Space In-situ Sensor-Web for Volcano Monitoring Wen-Zhan Song Behrooz Shirazi Renjie Huang Mingsen Xu Nina Peterson fsongwz, shirazi, renjie huang, mingsen xu, [email protected] Sensorweb Research Laboratory, Washington State University Rick LaHusen John Pallister Dan Dzurisin Seth Moran Mike Lisowski frlahusen, jpallist, dzurisin, smoran, [email protected] Cascades Volcano Observatory, U.S. Geological Survey Sharon Kedar Steve Chien Frank Webb Aaron Kiely Joshua Doubleday Ashley Davies David Pieri fsharon.kedar, steve.chien, frank.webb, aaron.b.kiely, jdoubled, ashley.davies, [email protected] Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology Abstract—In response to NASA’s announced requirement for situ Sensor-web (OASIS) has two-way communication ca- Earth hazard monitoring sensor-web technology, a multidis- pability between ground and space assets, use both space ciplinary team involving sensor-network experts (Washington and ground data for optimal allocation of limited bandwidth State University), space scientists (JPL), and Earth scientists (USGS Cascade Volcano Observatory (CVO)), have developed a resources on the ground, and uses smart management of prototype of dynamic and scalable hazard monitoring sensor-web competing demands for limited space assets [1]. and applied it to volcano monitoring. The combined Optimized This research responds to the NASA objective [2] to Autonomous Space - In-situ Sensor-web (OASIS) has two-way “conduct a program of research and technology development communication capability between ground and space assets, to advance Earth observation from space, improve scientific uses both space and ground data for optimal allocation of limited bandwidth resources on the ground, and uses smart understanding, and demonstrate new technologies with the management of competing demands for limited space assets. -
Earth Observation for Habitat and Biodiversity Monitoring
478 Earth Observation for Habitat and Biodiversity Monitoring Stefan LANG1, Christina CORBANE2 and Lena PERNKOPF1 1Department of Geoinformatics – Z_GIS, University of Salzburg/Austria · [email protected] 2Irstea, UMR TETIS, Montpellier/ France This contribution was double-blind reviewed as extended abstract. Abstract The special workshop “Earth observation for ecosystem and biodiversity monitoring – best practices in Europe and globally, at GI_Forum 2013, focused on the outcomes of the EU- funded projects MS.MONINA and BIO_SOS and related activities that highlight the potential of Earth observation data and technologies in support of biodiversity and ecosys- tem monitoring. In Europe, nature conservation rests upon a strong, yet ambitious policy framework with legally binding directives. Thus, geospatial information products are re- quired at all levels of implementation. With advances in Earth observation data availability and the forthcoming of powerful data analysis tools we enter a new dimension of satellite- based services. Recent achievements of such endeavours were showcased and challenges discussed, using best practice examples from both inside and outside Europe. This article summarizes the state-of-the-art of satellite-based habitat mapping and accommodates the paper contributions in the current scientific discourse. 1 Biodiversity – A Concept Strong but Challenging to Observe Biodiversity, the variety of life forms, has become a key word for shaping and bundling political will. By the end of 2010, it became clear that the former political commitment has failed, as the global society has not managed to halt the loss of biodiversity. But political aims need to be likewise strong as they need to be framed in simple terms to be conceivable by the public at large (LANG 2012). -
The Contribution of Earth Observation Technologies to Monitoring Strategies of Cultural Landscapes and Sites
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-2/W5, 2017 26th International CIPA Symposium 2017, 28 August–01 September 2017, Ottawa, Canada THE CONTRIBUTION OF EARTH OBSERVATION TECHNOLOGIES TO MONITORING STRATEGIES OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPES AND SITES B. Cuca a* a Dept. of Architecture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 31, 20133 Milan, Italy – [email protected] KEY WORDS: Cultural landscapes, Earth Observation, satellite remote sensing, GIS, Cultural Heritage policy, geo-hazards ABSTRACT: Coupling of Climate change effects with management and protection of cultural and natural heritage has been brought to the attention of policy makers since several years. On the worldwide level, UNESCO has identified several phenomena as the major geo-hazards possibly induced by climate change and their possible hazardous impact to natural and cultural heritage: Hurricane, storms; Sea-level rise; Erosion; Flooding; Rainfall increase; Drought; Desertification and Rise in temperature. The same document further referrers to satellite Remote Sensing (EO) as one of the valuable tools, useful for development of “professional monitoring strategies”. More recently, other studies have highlighted on the impact of climate change effects on tourism, an economic sector related to build environment and traditionally linked to heritage. The results suggest that, in case of emergency the concrete threat could be given by the hazardous event itself; in case of ordinary administration, however, the threat seems to be a “hazardous attitude” towards cultural assets that could lead to inadequate maintenance and thus to a risk of an improper management of cultural heritage sites. This paper aims to illustrate potential benefits that advancements of Earth Observation technologies can bring to the domain of monitoring landscape heritage and to the management strategies, including practices of preventive maintenance. -
A Researcher's Guide to Earth Observations
National Aeronautics and Space Administration A Researcher’s Guide to: Earth Observations This International Space Station (ISS) Researcher’s Guide is published by the NASA ISS Program Science Office. Authors: William L. Stefanov, Ph.D. Lindsey A. Jones Atalanda K. Cameron Lisa A. Vanderbloemen, Ph.D Cynthia A. Evans, Ph.D. Executive Editor: Bryan Dansberry Technical Editor: Carrie Gilder Designer: Cory Duke Published: June 11, 2013 Revision: January 2020 Cover and back cover: a. Photograph of the Japanese Experiment Module Exposed Facility (JEM-EF). This photo was taken using External High Definition Camera (EHDC) 1 during Expedition 56 on June 4, 2018. b. Photograph of the Momotombo Volcano taken on July 10, 2018. This active stratovolcano is located in western Nicaragua and was described as “the smoking terror” in 1902. The geothermal field that surrounds this volcano creates ideal conditions to produce thermal renewable energy. c. Photograph of the Betsiboka River Delta in Madagascar taken on June 29, 2018. This river is comprised of interwoven channels carrying sediment from the mountains into Bombetoka Bay and the Mozambique Channel. The heavy islands of built-up sediment were formed as a result of heavy deforestation on Madagascar since the 1950s. 2 The Lab is Open Orbiting the Earth at almost 5 miles per second, a structure exists that is nearly the size of a football field and weighs almost a million pounds. The International Space Station (ISS) is a testament to international cooperation and significant achievements in engineering. Beyond all of this, the ISS is a truly unique research platform. The possibilities of what can be discovered by conducting research on the ISS are endless and have the potential to contribute to the greater good of life on Earth and inspire generations of researchers to come. -
GST Responses to “Questions to Inform Development of the National Plan”
GST Responses to “Questions to Inform Development of the National Plan” Name (optional): Dr. Darrel Williams Position (optional): Chief Scientist, (240) 542-1106; [email protected] Institution (optional): Global Science & Technology, Inc. Greenbelt, Maryland 20770 Global Science & Technology, Inc. (GST) is pleased to provide the following answers as a contribution towards OSTP’s effort to develop a national plan for civil Earth observations. In our response we provide information to support three main themes: 1. There is strong science need for high temporal resolution of moderate spatial resolution satellite earth observation that can be achieved with cost effective, innovative new approaches. 2. Operational programs need to be designed to obtain sustained climate data records. Continuity of Earth observations can be achieved through more efficient and economical means. 3. We need programs to address the integration of remotely sensed data with in situ data. GST has carefully considered these important national Earth observation issues over the past few years and has submitted the following RFI responses: The USGS RFI on Landsat Data Continuity Concepts (April 2012), NASA’s Sustainable Land Imaging Architecture RFI (September 2013), and This USGEO RFI (November 2013) relative to OSTP’s efforts to develop a national plan for civil Earth observations. In addition to the above RFI responses, GST led the development of a mature, fully compliant flight mission concept in response to NASA’s Earth Venture-2 RFP in September 2011. Our capacity to address these critical national issues resides in GST’s considerable bench strength in Earth science understanding (Drs. Darrel Williams, DeWayne Cecil, Samuel Goward, and Dixon Butler) and in NASA systems engineering and senior management oversight (Drs. -
Study Guide Medical Terminology by Thea Liza Batan About the Author
Study Guide Medical Terminology By Thea Liza Batan About the Author Thea Liza Batan earned a Master of Science in Nursing Administration in 2007 from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio. She has worked as a staff nurse, nurse instructor, and level department head. She currently works as a simulation coordinator and a free- lance writer specializing in nursing and healthcare. All terms mentioned in this text that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Use of a term in this text shouldn’t be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Copyright © 2017 by Penn Foster, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to Copyright Permissions, Penn Foster, 925 Oak Street, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18515. Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS INSTRUCTIONS 1 READING ASSIGNMENTS 3 LESSON 1: THE FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 5 LESSON 2: DIAGNOSIS, INTERVENTION, AND HUMAN BODY TERMS 28 LESSON 3: MUSCULOSKELETAL, CIRCULATORY, AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TERMS 44 LESSON 4: DIGESTIVE, URINARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TERMS 69 LESSON 5: INTEGUMENTARY, NERVOUS, AND ENDOCRINE S YSTEM TERMS 96 SELF-CHECK ANSWERS 134 © PENN FOSTER, INC. 2017 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY PAGE III Contents INSTRUCTIONS INTRODUCTION Welcome to your course on medical terminology. You’re taking this course because you’re most likely interested in pursuing a health and science career, which entails proficiencyincommunicatingwithhealthcareprofessionalssuchasphysicians,nurses, or dentists. -
Carbon Earth Observatory for Carbon Dioxide Reduction Robert D
Carbon Earth Observatory for Carbon Dioxide Reduction Robert D. Cormia Foothill College GHG Emissions / NET Strategies Terrestrial Options for Negative Emissions Earth System Observation Data Platform Technology (NET) The messaging from IPCC is clear; without significant and sustained • Argo • OCO-2/OCO-3 Carbon Dioxide Reduction (CDR) strategies, there is no realistic • Afforestation and reforestation, stop deforestation, • Aqua • GOSAT 2 chance of avoiding potentially disastrous climate change. increase biomass of forest and soils for decades In addition to emission reduction, “drawdown” of atmospheric • Terra • ECOSTRESS carbon dioxide must begin soon and remain in place through the • Monitor and enhance grassland productivity and • CloudSat • GEDI end of the century. There are carbon sinks in the terrestrial carbon sequestration, including hydrology • CALIPSO • LandSat biosphere that have the potential to remove gigatons of carbon Improve soil microbial activity, carbon uptake in soils, dioxide each year, for decades or more. An earth observatory • • SMAP • TROPOMI system, for analysis of carbon cycle processes throughout the userecommended management practices • ICESat-2 • GeoCARB (2022) biosphere, could help measure, inform, and optimize terrestrial • Restore wetlands and connect to ocean inlet to increase carbon sequestration projects. salinity and decrease methane emissions NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) • Enhance Net Primary Productivity (NPP) of oceans Integrated toolset to help achieve CDR Goals NASA’s Earth Observatory tools are designed for accurate and precise measurements of atmospheric gases, geometric aspects of land and biomass, and can sense biochemical changes in plants and biomass that may result from climate change. If we are to be effective in optimizing carbon dioxide reduction projects, we need an integrated data platform with both spatial and temporal resolution. -
A Review of Earth Observation Methods for Detecting and Measuring Forest Change in the Tropics
THE HECTARES INDICATOR: A Review of Earth Observation Methods for Detecting and Measuring Forest Change in the Tropics Edward Mitchard THE HECTARES INDICATOR: A Review of Earth Observation Methods for Detecting and Measuring Forest Change in the Tropics November, 2016 Version 1.0 (Consultation Version) Author: Edward Mitchard School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF. This document describes current and emerging earth observation technologies based on satellites and other aerial data sources and an assessment of how these can be used to map forests and forest changes. The document is an output from DFID project P7408 “Measuring Avoided Forest Loss from International Climate Fund Investments”. The authors accept responsibility for any inaccuracies or errors in the report. While this report is part of a UK Aid funded project the opinions expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of DFID or official UK government policies. First published by Ecometrica in 2016 Copyright © Ecometrica, all rights reserved. ISBN: 978-0-9956918-1-0 This document is to be distributed free of charge. To contact the authors please write to Edward Mitchard, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF. Email: [email protected] Citation: Mitchard, E.T.A (2016) A Review of Earth Observation Methods for Detecting and Measuring Forest Change in the Tropics. Ecometrica. Edinburgh, UK. Cover design by: Ellis Main Printed by: Inkspotz Summary This document provides an introduction to the different types of Earth Observation (EO) data, and the different ways in which they can be used to map forests and forest change. -
Challenges in Using Earth Observation (EO) Data to Support Environmental Management in Brazil
sustainability Article Challenges in Using Earth Observation (EO) Data to Support Environmental Management in Brazil Mercio Cerbaro 1,* , Stephen Morse 1, Richard Murphy 1 , Jim Lynch 1 and Geoffrey Griffiths 2 1 Centre for Environment & Sustainability, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (R.M.); [email protected] (J.L.) 2 Department of Geography, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AB, UK; g.h.griffi[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 27 November 2020; Accepted: 10 December 2020; Published: 12 December 2020 Abstract: This paper presents the results of research designed to explore the challenges involved in the use of Earth Observation (EO) data to support environmental management Brazil. While much has been written about the technology and applications of EO, the perspective of end-users of EO data and their needs has been under-explored in the literature. A total of 53 key informants in Brasilia and the cities of Rio Branco and Cuiaba were interviewed regarding their current use and experience of EO data and the expressed challenges that they face. The research builds upon a conceptual model which illustrates the main steps and limitations in the flow of EO data and information for use in the management of land use and land cover (LULC) in Brazil. The current paper analyzes and ranks, by relative importance, the factors that users identify as limiting their use of EO. The most important limiting factor for the end-user was the lack of personnel, followed by political and economic context, data management, innovation, infrastructure and IT, technical capacity to use and process EO data, bureaucracy, limitations associated with access to high-resolution data, and access to ready-to-use product. -
The Spatial Distribution of Ocean Waves in Tropical Cyclones
AUGUST 2020 T A M I Z I A N D Y O U N G 2123 The Spatial Distribution of Ocean Waves in Tropical Cyclones ALI TAMIZI AND IAN R. YOUNG Department of Infrastructure Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Manuscript received 27 January 2020, in final form 28 May 2020) ABSTRACT The spatial structure of both the wind and wave fields within tropical cyclones is investigated using two large databases. The first of these was compiled from global overpasses of tropical cyclones by satellite altimeters. The second dataset consists of an extensive collection of North American buoy measurements during the passage of tropical cyclones (hurricanes). The combined datasets confirm the vortex structure of the tropical cyclone wind field with the strongest winds to the right (Northern Hemisphere) of the storm. The wave field largely mirrors the wind field but with greater right–left asymmetry that results from the extended fetch to the right of the translating tropical cyclone. The extensive in situ buoy database confirms previous studies indi- cating that the one-dimensional spectra are generally unimodal. The directional spectra are, however, di- rectionally skewed, consisting of remotely generated waves radiating out from the center of the storm and locally generated wind sea. The one-dimensional wave spectra have many similarities to fetch-limited cases, although for a given peak frequency the spectra contain less energy than for a fetch-limited case. This result is consistent with the fact that much of the wave field is dominated by remotely generated waves. 1. Introduction This paper attempts to build an extensive database of observations of tropical cyclone wave conditions In tropical and subtropical regions, tropical cyclones from a number of sources. -
Fundamentals of Remote Sensing
Fundamentals of Remote Sensing A Canada Centre for Remote Sensing Remote Sensing Tutorial Natural Resources Ressources naturelles Canada Canada Fundamentals of Remote Sensing - Table of Contents Page 2 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1.1 What is Remote Sensing? 5 1.2 Electromagnetic Radiation 7 1.3 Electromagnetic Spectrum 9 1.4 Interactions with the Atmosphere 12 1.5 Radiation - Target 16 1.6 Passive vs. Active Sensing 19 1.7 Characteristics of Images 20 1.8 Endnotes 22 Did You Know 23 Whiz Quiz and Answers 27 2. Sensors 2.1 On the Ground, In the Air, In Space 34 2.2 Satellite Characteristics 36 2.3 Pixel Size, and Scale 39 2.4 Spectral Resolution 41 2.5 Radiometric Resolution 43 2.6 Temporal Resolution 44 2.7 Cameras and Aerial Photography 45 2.8 Multispectral Scanning 48 2.9 Thermal Imaging 50 2.10 Geometric Distortion 52 2.11 Weather Satellites 54 2.12 Land Observation Satellites 60 2.13 Marine Observation Satellites 67 2.14 Other Sensors 70 2.15 Data Reception 72 2.16 Endnotes 74 Did You Know 75 Whiz Quiz and Answers 83 Canada Centre for Remote Sensing Fundamentals of Remote Sensing - Table of Contents Page 3 3. Microwaves 3.1 Introduction 92 3.2 Radar Basic 96 3.3 Viewing Geometry & Spatial Resolution 99 3.4 Image distortion 102 3.5 Target interaction 106 3.6 Image Properties 110 3.7 Advanced Applications 114 3.8 Polarimetry 117 3.9 Airborne vs Spaceborne 123 3.10 Airborne & Spaceborne Systems 125 3.11 Endnotes 129 Did You Know 131 Whiz Quiz and Answers 135 4. -
Assessment of Phytoremediation As an In-Situ Technique for Cleaning Oil-Contaminated Sites
Assessment of Phytoremediation as an In-Situ Technique for Cleaning Oil-Contaminated Sites Prepared by: C.M. Frick, R.E. Farrell and J.J. Germida Department of Soil Science University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK Canada S7N 5A8 Submitted to: Petroleum Technology Alliance of Canada (PTAC) Calgary, AB [email protected] [email protected] December 29, 1999 Support for this project was provided through an initiative sponsored by the Petroleum Technology Alliance Canada (PTAC). Funding was provided by Environment Canada, Quest/Amoco, the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP), and the Saskatchewan Agriculture & Food strategic research program in Soil Biology & Conservation. This document was developed as a literature review and technology assessment of phytoremediation and its alternatives. As such, the stakeholders do not endorse the use of any specific technology, nor do they assume any liabilities with respect to the use of, or damages resulting from the use of, any information, apparatus, method, or process discussed in this document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation of use. Requests for reprints of this report should be addressed to: PTAC Dr. R.E. Farrell Petroleum Technology Alliance Canada University of Saskatchewan 17th Floor, One Palliser Square Department of Soil Science 125 9th Avenue S.E. 51 Campus Drive Calgary, Alberta T2G 0P8 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8 Canada Canada Cover photographs courtesy of Trevor Carlson (Federated Co-Operatives, Ltd., Saskatoon, SK). ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Phytoremediation, the use of plants and their associated microorganisms for the in situ treatment of contaminated soils, is a steadily emerging technology with potential for the effective and inexpensive cleanup of a broad range of organic and inorganic wastes.