Fundamentals of Remote Sensing
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Using Earth Observation Data to Improve Health in the United States Accomplishments and Future Challenges
a report of the csis technology and public policy program Using Earth Observation Data to Improve Health in the United States accomplishments and future challenges 1800 K Street, NW | Washington, DC 20006 Tel: (202) 887-0200 | Fax: (202) 775-3199 Author E-mail: [email protected] | Web: www.csis.org Lyn D. Wigbels September 2011 ISBN 978-0-89206-668-1 Ë|xHSKITCy066681zv*:+:!:+:! a report of the csis technology and public policy program Using Earth Observation Data to Improve Health in the United States accomplishments and future challenges Author Lyn D. Wigbels September 2011 About CSIS At a time of new global opportunities and challenges, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) provides strategic insights and bipartisan policy solutions to decisionmakers in government, international institutions, the private sector, and civil society. A bipartisan, nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., CSIS conducts research and analysis and devel- ops policy initiatives that look into the future and anticipate change. Founded by David M. Abshire and Admiral Arleigh Burke at the height of the Cold War, CSIS was dedicated to finding ways for America to sustain its prominence and prosperity as a force for good in the world. Since 1962, CSIS has grown to become one of the world’s preeminent international policy institutions, with more than 220 full-time staff and a large network of affiliated scholars focused on defense and security, regional stability, and transnational challenges ranging from energy and climate to global development and economic integration. Former U.S. senator Sam Nunn became chairman of the CSIS Board of Trustees in 1999, and John J. -
Earth Observation for Habitat and Biodiversity Monitoring
478 Earth Observation for Habitat and Biodiversity Monitoring Stefan LANG1, Christina CORBANE2 and Lena PERNKOPF1 1Department of Geoinformatics – Z_GIS, University of Salzburg/Austria · [email protected] 2Irstea, UMR TETIS, Montpellier/ France This contribution was double-blind reviewed as extended abstract. Abstract The special workshop “Earth observation for ecosystem and biodiversity monitoring – best practices in Europe and globally, at GI_Forum 2013, focused on the outcomes of the EU- funded projects MS.MONINA and BIO_SOS and related activities that highlight the potential of Earth observation data and technologies in support of biodiversity and ecosys- tem monitoring. In Europe, nature conservation rests upon a strong, yet ambitious policy framework with legally binding directives. Thus, geospatial information products are re- quired at all levels of implementation. With advances in Earth observation data availability and the forthcoming of powerful data analysis tools we enter a new dimension of satellite- based services. Recent achievements of such endeavours were showcased and challenges discussed, using best practice examples from both inside and outside Europe. This article summarizes the state-of-the-art of satellite-based habitat mapping and accommodates the paper contributions in the current scientific discourse. 1 Biodiversity – A Concept Strong but Challenging to Observe Biodiversity, the variety of life forms, has become a key word for shaping and bundling political will. By the end of 2010, it became clear that the former political commitment has failed, as the global society has not managed to halt the loss of biodiversity. But political aims need to be likewise strong as they need to be framed in simple terms to be conceivable by the public at large (LANG 2012). -
Use of Hyperspectral/Multispectral Imaging in Gastroenterology
Journal of Clinical Medicine Review Use of Hyperspectral/Multispectral Imaging in Gastroenterology. Shedding Some–Different–Light into the Dark Samuel Ortega 1,* , Himar Fabelo 1 , Dimitris K. Iakovidis 2, Anastasios Koulaouzidis 3 and Gustavo M. Callico 1 1 Institute for Applied Microelectronics (IUMA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35017, Spain; [email protected] (H.F.); [email protected] (G.M.C.) 2 Dept. of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35131 Lamia, Greece; [email protected] 3 Endoscopy Unit, The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-928-451-220 Received: 26 November 2018; Accepted: 26 December 2018; Published: 1 January 2019 Abstract: Hyperspectral/Multispectral imaging (HSI/MSI) technologies are able to sample from tens to hundreds of spectral channels within the electromagnetic spectrum, exceeding the capabilities of human vision. These spectral techniques are based on the principle that every material has a different response (reflection and absorption) to different wavelengths. Thereby, this technology facilitates the discrimination between different materials. HSI has demonstrated good discrimination capabilities for materials in fields, for instance, remote sensing, pollution monitoring, field surveillance, food quality, agriculture, astronomy, geological mapping, and currently, also in medicine. HSI technology allows tissue observation beyond the limitations of the human eye. Moreover, many researchers are using HSI as a new diagnosis tool to analyze optical properties of tissue. Recently, HSI has shown good performance in identifying human diseases in a non-invasive manner. In this paper, we show the potential use of these technologies in the medical domain, with emphasis in the current advances in gastroenterology. -
The Contribution of Earth Observation Technologies to Monitoring Strategies of Cultural Landscapes and Sites
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-2/W5, 2017 26th International CIPA Symposium 2017, 28 August–01 September 2017, Ottawa, Canada THE CONTRIBUTION OF EARTH OBSERVATION TECHNOLOGIES TO MONITORING STRATEGIES OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPES AND SITES B. Cuca a* a Dept. of Architecture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 31, 20133 Milan, Italy – [email protected] KEY WORDS: Cultural landscapes, Earth Observation, satellite remote sensing, GIS, Cultural Heritage policy, geo-hazards ABSTRACT: Coupling of Climate change effects with management and protection of cultural and natural heritage has been brought to the attention of policy makers since several years. On the worldwide level, UNESCO has identified several phenomena as the major geo-hazards possibly induced by climate change and their possible hazardous impact to natural and cultural heritage: Hurricane, storms; Sea-level rise; Erosion; Flooding; Rainfall increase; Drought; Desertification and Rise in temperature. The same document further referrers to satellite Remote Sensing (EO) as one of the valuable tools, useful for development of “professional monitoring strategies”. More recently, other studies have highlighted on the impact of climate change effects on tourism, an economic sector related to build environment and traditionally linked to heritage. The results suggest that, in case of emergency the concrete threat could be given by the hazardous event itself; in case of ordinary administration, however, the threat seems to be a “hazardous attitude” towards cultural assets that could lead to inadequate maintenance and thus to a risk of an improper management of cultural heritage sites. This paper aims to illustrate potential benefits that advancements of Earth Observation technologies can bring to the domain of monitoring landscape heritage and to the management strategies, including practices of preventive maintenance. -
Generation of GOES-16 True Color Imagery Without a Green Band
Confidential manuscript submitted to Earth and Space Science 1 Generation of GOES-16 True Color Imagery without a Green Band 2 M.K. Bah1, M. M. Gunshor1, T. J. Schmit2 3 1 Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS), 1225 West Dayton Street, 4 Madison, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 5 2 NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, Advanced Satellite Products 6 Branch (ASPB), Madison, Wisconsin, USA 7 8 Corresponding Author: Kaba Bah: ([email protected]) 9 Key Points: 10 • The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) is the latest generation Geostationary Operational 11 Environmental Satellite (GOES) imagers operated by the U.S. The ABI is improved in 12 many ways over preceding GOES imagers. 13 • There are a number of approaches to generating true color images; all approaches that use 14 the GOES-16 ABI need to first generate the visible “green” spectral band. 15 • Comparisons are shown between different methods for generating true color images from 16 the ABI observations and those from the Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) on 17 Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR). 18 Confidential manuscript submitted to Earth and Space Science 19 Abstract 20 A number of approaches have been developed to generate true color images from the Advanced 21 Baseline Imager (ABI) on the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-16. 22 GOES-16 is the first of a series of four spacecraft with the ABI onboard. These approaches are 23 complicated since the ABI does not have a “green” (0.55 µm) spectral band. Despite this 24 limitation, representative true color images can be built. -
The Cracked Colonial Foundations of a Neo-Colonial Constitution
1 THE CRACKED COLONIAL FOUNDATIONS OF A NEO-COLONIAL CONSTITUTION Klearchos A. Kyriakides This working paper is based on a presentation delivered at an academic event held on 18 November 2020, organised by the School of Law of UCLan Cyprus and entitled ‘60 years on from 1960: A Symposium to mark the 60th anniversary of the establishment of the Republic of Cyprus’. The contents of this working paper represent work in progress with a view to formal publication at a later date.1 A photograph of the Press and Information Office, Ministry of the Interior, Republic of Cyprus, as reproduced on the Official Twitter account of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cyprus, 16 August 2018, https://twitter.com/cyprusmfa/status/1030018305426432000 ©️ Klearchos A. Kyriakides, Larnaca, 27 November 2020 1 This working paper reproduces or otherwise contains Crown Copyright materials and other public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0, details of which may be viewed on the website of the National Archives of the UK, Kew Gardens, Surrey, at www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/opengovernment-licence/version/3/ This working paper also reproduces or otherwise contains British Parliamentary Copyright material and other Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence, details of which may be viewed on the website of the Parliament of the UK at www.parliament.uk/site-information/copyright/ 2 Introduction This working paper has one aim. It is to advance a thesis which flows from a formidable body of evidence. At the moment when the Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus (‘the 1960 Constitution’) came into force in the English language at around midnight on 16 August 1960, it stood on British colonial foundations, which were cracked and, thus, defective. -
A Researcher's Guide to Earth Observations
National Aeronautics and Space Administration A Researcher’s Guide to: Earth Observations This International Space Station (ISS) Researcher’s Guide is published by the NASA ISS Program Science Office. Authors: William L. Stefanov, Ph.D. Lindsey A. Jones Atalanda K. Cameron Lisa A. Vanderbloemen, Ph.D Cynthia A. Evans, Ph.D. Executive Editor: Bryan Dansberry Technical Editor: Carrie Gilder Designer: Cory Duke Published: June 11, 2013 Revision: January 2020 Cover and back cover: a. Photograph of the Japanese Experiment Module Exposed Facility (JEM-EF). This photo was taken using External High Definition Camera (EHDC) 1 during Expedition 56 on June 4, 2018. b. Photograph of the Momotombo Volcano taken on July 10, 2018. This active stratovolcano is located in western Nicaragua and was described as “the smoking terror” in 1902. The geothermal field that surrounds this volcano creates ideal conditions to produce thermal renewable energy. c. Photograph of the Betsiboka River Delta in Madagascar taken on June 29, 2018. This river is comprised of interwoven channels carrying sediment from the mountains into Bombetoka Bay and the Mozambique Channel. The heavy islands of built-up sediment were formed as a result of heavy deforestation on Madagascar since the 1950s. 2 The Lab is Open Orbiting the Earth at almost 5 miles per second, a structure exists that is nearly the size of a football field and weighs almost a million pounds. The International Space Station (ISS) is a testament to international cooperation and significant achievements in engineering. Beyond all of this, the ISS is a truly unique research platform. The possibilities of what can be discovered by conducting research on the ISS are endless and have the potential to contribute to the greater good of life on Earth and inspire generations of researchers to come. -
Multispectral Imaging for Medical and Industrial Machine Vision Systems
1 | Tech Guide: Multispectral imaging for medical and industrial machine vision systems Tech Guide: Multispectral Imaging Multispectral imaging for medical and industrial machine vision systems 2 | Tech Guide: Multispectral imaging for medical and industrial machine vision systems Table of contents Introduction Chapter 1: What is multispectral imaging? Chapter 2: Multispectral imaging applications Chapter 3: Multispectral camera technologies Chapter 4: Key considerations when selecting camera technology for multispectral imaging Chapter 5: Hyperspectral and the future of multispectral imaging 3 | Tech Guide: Multispectral imaging for medical and industrial machine vision systems Introduction Just as machine vision systems have evolved from traditional monochrome cameras to many systems that now utilize full color imaging information, there has also been an evolution from systems that only captured broadband images in the visible spectrum, to those that can utilize targeted spectral bands in both visible and non- visible spectral regions to perform more sophisticated inspection and analysis. The color output of the cameras used in the machine vision industry today is largely based on Bayer-pattern or trilinear sensor technology. But imaging is moving well beyond conventional color where standard RGB is not enough to carry out inspection tasks. Some applications demand unconventional RGB wavelength bands while others demand a combination of visible and non-visible wavelengths. Others require exclusively non-visible wavelengths such as UV, NIR or SWIR, with no wavebands in the visible spectrum. Complex metrology and imaging applications are beginning to demand higher numbers of spectral channels or possibilities to select application-specific spectral filtering at high inspection throughputs. With the traditional machine vision industry merging with intricate measurement technologies, consistent, reliable, high-fidelity color and multispectral imaging are playing key roles in industrial quality control. -
Editorial for the Special Issue “Remote Sensing of Clouds”
remote sensing Editorial Editorial for the Special Issue “Remote Sensing of Clouds” Filomena Romano Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, National Research Council (IMAA/CNR), 85100 Potenza, Italy; fi[email protected] Received: 7 December 2020; Accepted: 8 December 2020; Published: 14 December 2020 Keywords: clouds; satellite; ground-based; remote sensing; meteorology; microphysical cloud parameters Remote sensing of clouds is a subject of intensive study in modern atmospheric remote sensing. Cloud systems are important in weather, hydrological, and climate research, as well as in practical applications. Because they affect water transport and precipitation, clouds play an integral role in the Earth’s hydrological cycle. Moreover, they impact the Earth’s energy budget by interacting with incoming shortwave radiation and outgoing longwave radiation. Clouds can markedly affect the radiation budget, both in the solar and thermal spectral ranges, thereby playing a fundamental role in the Earth’s climatic state and affecting climate forcing. Global changes in surface temperature are highly sensitive to the amounts and types of clouds. Hence, it is not surprising that the largest uncertainty in model estimates of global warming is due to clouds. Their properties can change over time, leading to a planetary energy imbalance and effects on a global scale. Optical and thermal infrared remote sensing of clouds is a mature research field with a long history, and significant progress has been achieved using both ground-based and satellite instrumentation in the retrieval of microphysical cloud parameters. This Special Issue (SI) presents recent results in ground-based and satellite remote sensing of clouds, including innovative applications for meteorology and atmospheric physics, as well as the validation of retrievals based on independent measurements. -
User's Manual for Nuance 3.0.2 Notice
Nuance MULTISPECTRAL IMAGING SYSTEM User's Manual for Nuance 3.0.2 Notice The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by PerkinElmer, Inc. PerkinElmer assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document. This manual is believed to be complete and accurate at the time of publication. In no event shall PerkinElmer be liable for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising from the use of this manual. This manual describes system operation using Nuance version 3.0.2 software. For more information contact: PerknElmer, Inc. 68 Elm Street, Hopkinton, MA, 01748, USA Phone: 800-762-4000 or +1 203-925-4602 Fax: +1 203-944-4904 Email: [email protected] Web site: http://www.perkinelmer.com US Patent 5,892,612; 5,953,087; 7,655,898; and patents pending. Document Part No. 130765 Rev. 01 Table of Contents Part I Welcome To Nuance 6 Part II Introduction to Multispectral Imaging 7 1 Light...................................................................................................................................... 7 2 Human...................................................................................................................................... Perception of Light Intensity and of Color 8 3 Light ......................................................................................................................................Absorbance and Reflection 9 4 Fluorescence..................................................................................................................................... -
Robotic Grasping and Manipulation
Chapter 1 Robotic Grasping and Manipulation In this chapter, we consider problems that arise in designing, building, planning, and controlling operations of robotic hands and end–effectors. The purpose of such devices is often manifold, and it typically includes grasping and fine manipulation of ojects in an accurate, delicate yet firm way. We survey the state-of-the-art reached by scientific research and literature about the problems engendered by these often conflicting requirements, and the work that has been done in this area over the last two decades. Because of space limitations, the chapter does not attempt at providing a survey of the technology of robot hands, but rather it is oriented towards covering the theoretical framework, analytical results, and open problems in robotic manipulation. 1.1 Introduction In many roboticists, the admiration for what nature accomplishes in everiday’s functions of human beings and animals is the original stimulus for their research in emulating these capabilities in artificial life. Among the many awesome realizations of nature, few of the human abilities distinguish man from animals as deeply as manipulation and speech. Indeed, there are animals that can see, hear, walk, swim, etc. more effcicently than men - but language and manipulation skills are peculiar of our race, and constitute a continuing source of amazement for scientists. In this chapter, we will consider in detail the implementation of artificial systems to replicate in part the manipulating ability of the human hand. The three most important functions of the human hand are to explore, to restrain, and to precisely move objects. -
Classification of Compressed Remote Sensing Multispectral Images Via
Journal of Imaging Article Classification of Compressed Remote Sensing Multispectral Images via Convolutional Neural Networks Michalis Giannopoulos 1,2,*,† , Anastasia Aidini 1,2,† , Anastasia Pentari 1,2 , Konstantina Fotiadou 1,2 and Panagiotis Tsakalides 1,2 1 Signal Processing Lab (SPL), Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), 70013 Crete, Greece; [email protected] (A.A.); [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (K.F.); [email protected] (P.T.) 2 Computer Science Department, University of Crete, 70013 Crete, Greece * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors contributed equally to this work. Received: 17 January 2020; Accepted: 15 April 2020; Published: 18 April 2020 Abstract: Multispectral sensors constitute a core Earth observation image technology generating massive high-dimensional observations. To address the communication and storage constraints of remote sensing platforms, lossy data compression becomes necessary, but it unavoidably introduces unwanted artifacts. In this work, we consider the encoding of multispectral observations into high-order tensor structures which can naturally capture multi-dimensional dependencies and correlations, and we propose a resource-efficient compression scheme based on quantized low-rank tensor completion. The proposed method is also applicable to the case of missing observations due to environmental conditions, such as cloud cover. To quantify the performance of compression, we consider both typical image quality metrics as well as the impact on state-of-the-art deep learning-based land-cover classification schemes. Experimental analysis on observations from the ESA Sentinel-2 satellite reveals that even minimal compression can have negative effects on classification performance which can be efficiently addressed by our proposed recovery scheme.