DOCSLIB.ORG

Civilian Satellite Remote Sensing: a Strategic Approach

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Civilian Satellite Remote Sensing: a Strategic Approach Civilian Satellite Remote Sensing: A Strategic Approach September 1994 OTA-ISS-607 NTIS order #PB95-109633 GPO stock #052-003-01395-9 Recommended citation: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Civilian Satellite Remote Sensing: A Strategic Approach, OTA-ISS-607 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1994). For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP. Washington, DC 20402-9328 ISBN 0-16 -045310-0 Foreword ver the next two decades, Earth observations from space prom- ise to become increasingly important for predicting the weather, studying global change, and managing global resources. How the U.S. government responds to the political, economic, and technical0 challenges posed by the growing interest in satellite remote sensing could have a major impact on the use and management of global resources. The United States and other countries now collect Earth data by means of several civilian remote sensing systems. These data assist fed- eral and state agencies in carrying out their legislatively mandated pro- grams and offer numerous additional benefits to commerce, science, and the public welfare. Existing U.S. and foreign satellite remote sensing programs often have overlapping requirements and redundant instru- ments and spacecraft. This report, the final one of the Office of Technolo- gy Assessment analysis of Earth Observations Systems, analyzes the case for developing a long-term, comprehensive strategic plan for civil- ian satellite remote sensing, and explores the elements of such a plan, if it were adopted. The report also enumerates many of the congressional de- cisions needed to ensure that future data needs will be satisfied. In undertaking this effort, OTA sought the contributions of a wide spectrum of knowledgeable individuals and organizations. Some provided information; others reviewed drafts. OTA gratefully acknowledges their contributions of time and intellectual effort. OTA also appreciates the help and cooperation of officials with the Department of Defense, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (7+AzQ. ROGER C. HERDMAN Director Advisory Panel Rodney Nichols, Chairman David Goodenough Alan Miller Chief Executive Officer Chief Research Scientist Director New York Academy of Sciences Pacific Forestry Center The Center for Global Change Forestry Canada University of Maryland James G. Anderson Professor Donald C. Latham Raymond E. Miller Department of Chemistry Vice President Professor Harvard University Loral Corp. Department of Computer Science University of Maryland William Brown Cecil E. Leith President Livermore, CA Kenneth Pederson ERIM Research Professor of International Affairs John H. McElroy Georgetown University Ronald Brunner Dean of Engineering Washington, DC Professor of Political Science The University of Texas at Center for Public Policy Research Arlington University of Colorado David T. Sandwell Molly Macauley Geological Research Division Scripps Institute of Oceanography Joanne Gabrynowicz Fellow Associate Professor Resources for the Future Department of Space Studies Dorm Walklet University of North Dakota Earl Merritt President President TerrNOVA Int. Alexander F. Goetz Space Systems Markets Director Albert Wheelon Center for Aerospace Sciences Montecito. CA University of Colorado iv Project Staff Peter Blair Ray Williamson CONTRIBUTOR Assistant Director, OTA Project Director Mark Suskin Industry, Commerce, and International Security Division Arthur Charo CONTRACTORS Alan Shaw Mark Goodman Director International Security and Cynthia Allen Space Program Paul Bowersox Leonard David Madeline Gross Russell Koffler Paula Kern Pamela L. Whitney ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF Jacqueline Robinson Boykin N. Ellis Lewis workshop Participants A National Strategy for Civilian Space-Based Remote Sensing Scott Pace, Chairman Ronald G. Isaacs Philip Schwartz Policy Analyst Vice-President for Applied Head The RAND Corporation Research Remote Sensing Division Atmospheric and Environmental Naval Research Laboratory Research, Inc. Ghassem Asrar EOS Program Scientist Brent Smith National Aeronautics and Space David Johnson Chief Administration Study Director International and Interagency Committee on National Weather Affairs Service Modernization Col. Bill Campbell National Environmental Satellite, National Academy of Sciences Office of the Undersecretary of Data, and Information Service, Defense for Acquisition and National Oceanic and Technology Russell Koffler Atmospheric Administration Department of Defense Consultant Washington, DC William Townsend Gary Chesney Deputy Assistant Administrator Director of Business Development Berrien Moore for Mission to Planet Earth LORAL Corporation Director National Aeronautics and Space Institute for the Study of Earth, Administration Frank Eden Oceans, and Space Robert Watson EOS Project Scientist The University of New Hampshire Associate Director, Office of Martin Marietta Astrospace Science and Technology Policy Carl Schueler Executive Office of the President Manager John Hussey Advanced Development Programs Director Hughes Santa Barbara Research Milt Whitten Office of Systems Development Center Manager, DMSP/NOAA Programs National Environmental Satellite, Lockheed Missiles and Space Data, and Information Service Company National Oceanic and Chris Scolese Atmospheric Administration Office of Science and Technology Policy Executive Office of the President vi Acknowledgments This report has benefited from the advice of many individuals. In addition to members of the advisory panel and the workshops, the Office of Technology Assessment especially would like to thank the fol- lowing individuals for their assistance and support. The views expressed in this paper, however, are the sole responsibility of OTA. Richard Beck Linda Moodie Jack Sherman National Aeronautics and National Oceanic and National Oceanic and Space Administration Atmospheric Administration Atmospheric Administration Donald Blersch John Morgan Ashbindu Singh Anser Corp. Eumetsat GRID Dixon Butler Jeffrey Rebel Milton C. Trichel National Aeronautics and National Oceanic and ERIM Space Administration Atmospheric Administration Hassan Virji Barbara Cherry Eric Rodenberg START Secretariat National Aeronautics and World Resources Institute Space Administration Greg Withey Lisa Shaffer National Oceanic and Lt. Col. Laura Kennedy National Aeronautics and Space Atmospheric Administration U.S. Air Force Administration vii ———— .——-— c ontents Executive Summary 1 Elements of a Strategic Plan 1 Data Collection 3 1 Findings and Policy Options 5 Need for a Strategic Plan 10 Structural Elements of a Strategic Plan 13 Limitations of a Strategic Plan 21 Monitoring Weather and Climate 22 Land Remote Sensing 28 Ocean Remote Sensing 32 2 National Remote Sensing Needs and Capabilities 37 - National Uses of Remote Sensing 38 U.S. Remote Sensing Capabilities 44 Matching Capabilities to Needs 52 3 Planning for Future Remote Sensing Systems 57 A National Strategic Plan for Environmental Satellite Remote Sensing Systems 58 Monitoring Weather and Climate 63 Land Remote Sensing and Landsat 86 Ocean Remote Sensing 95 4 International Cooperation and Competition 101 International Remote Sensing Needs 103 The Benefits and Risks of International Cooperation 104 International Competition in Remote Sensing 110 National Security Issues 112 Options for International Cooperation 116 ix A NASA’s Mission to Planet Earth 129 B Survey of National and International Programs 131 c Convergence of U.S. POES Systems 142 D A Brief Policy History of Landsat 145 E Landsat Remote Sensing Strategy 148 F Clinton Administration Policy on Remote Sensing Licensing and Exports 152 G Abbreviations 155 E xecutive Summary ver the past two decades, data from Earth sensing satel- lites have become important in helping to predict the weather, improve public safety, map Earth’s features and infrastructure, manage natural resources, and study envi- ronmentalo change. In the future, the United States and other coun- tries are likely to increase their reliance on these systems to gather useful data about Earth. U.S. and foreign satellite remote sensing systems often have overlapping requirements and redundant capabilities. To im- prove the nation’s return on its investment in remote sensing technologies, to meet the needs of data users more effectively, and to take full advantage of other nations’ capabilities, Con- gress may wish to initiate a long-term, comprehensive plan for Earth observations. A national strategy for the development and operation of future remote sensing systems could help guide near-term decisions to ensure that future data needs will be satis- fied. By harmonizing individual agency priorities in a framework of overall national priorities, a strategic plan would help ensure that agencies meet broad-based national data needs with im- proved efficiency and reduced cost. ELEMENTS OF A STRATEGIC PLAN A comprehensive strategic plan would endeavor to: ■ incorporate the data needs of both government and nongovern- ment data users, ■ improve the efficiency and reduce the costs of space and data- handling systems, ■ involve private operators of remote sensing systems, n incorporate international civilian operational and experimental remote sensing programs, and 1 2 I Civilian Satellite Remote Sensing: A Strategic Approach ■ guide the development of new sensor and for future remote sensing systems, the federal spacecraft
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Systematic Review of Landsat Data for Change Detection Applications: 50 Years of Monitoring the Earth
    remote sensing Review A Systematic Review of Landsat Data for Change Detection Applications: 50 Years of Monitoring the Earth MohammadAli Hemati 1 , Mahdi Hasanlou 1 , Masoud Mahdianpari 2,3,* and Fariba Mohammadimanesh 2 1 School of Surveying and Geospatial Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 14174-66191, Iran; [email protected] (M.H.); [email protected] (M.H.) 2 C-CORE, 1 Morrissey Road, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X5, Canada; [email protected] 3 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: With uninterrupted space-based data collection since 1972, Landsat plays a key role in systematic monitoring of the Earth’s surface, enabled by an extensive and free, radiometrically consistent, global archive of imagery. Governments and international organizations rely on Landsat time series for monitoring and deriving a systematic understanding of the dynamics of the Earth’s surface at a spatial scale relevant to management, scientific inquiry, and policy development. In this study, we identify trends in Landsat-informed change detection studies by surveying 50 years of published applications, processing, and change detection methods. Specifically, a representative database was created resulting in 490 relevant journal articles derived from the Web of Science and Scopus. From these articles, we provide a review of recent developments, opportunities, and trends in Landsat change detection studies. The impact of the Landsat free and open data policy in 2008 is evident in the literature as a turning point in the number and nature of change detection Citation: Hemati, M.; Hasanlou, M.; studies.
    [Show full text]
  • NOAA TM GLERL-33. Categorization of Northern Green Bay Ice Cover
    NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-33 CATEGORIZATION OF NORTHERN GREEN BAY ICE COVER USING LANDSAT 1 DIGITAL DATA - A CASE STUDY George A. Leshkevich Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory Ann Arbor, Michigan January 1981 UNITED STATES NATIONAL OCEANIC AND Environmental Research DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AlMOSPHERlC ADMINISTRATION Laboratofks Philip M. Klutznick, Sacratary Richard A Frank, Administrator Joseph 0. Fletcher, Acting Director NOTICE The NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories do not approve, recommend, or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to the NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, or to this publication furnished by the NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, in any advertising or sales promotion which would indicate or imply that the NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories approve, recommend, or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material men- tioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertized product to be used or purchased because of this NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories publication. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract 1. INTRODUCTION 2. DATA SOURCE AND DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA 2.1 Data Source 2.2 Description of Study Area 3. DATA ANALYSIS 3.1 Equipment 3.2 Approach 5 4. RESULTS 8 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 15 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 17 7. REFERENCES 17 8. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 19 iii FIGURES Page 1. Area covered by LANDSAT 1 scene, February 13, 1975. 3 2. LANDSAT 1 false-color image, February 13, 1975, and trainin:: set locations (by group number). 4 3. Transformed variables (1 and 2) for snow covered land (group 13) plotted arouwl the group means for snow- covered ice (group 15).
    [Show full text]
  • Panagiotis Karampelas Thirimachos Bourlai Editors Technologies for Civilian, Military and Cyber Surveillance
    Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications Panagiotis Karampelas Thirimachos Bourlai Editors Surveillance in Action Technologies for Civilian, Military and Cyber Surveillance Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications Series editor Anthony J. Masys, Centre for Security Science, Ottawa, ON, Canada Advisory Board Gisela Bichler, California State University, San Bernardino, CA, USA Thirimachos Bourlai, WVU - Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, Morgantown, WV, USA Chris Johnson, University of Glasgow, UK Panagiotis Karampelas, Hellenic Air Force Academy, Attica, Greece Christian Leuprecht, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada Edward C. Morse, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA David Skillicorn, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada Yoshiki Yamagata, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan The series Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications comprises interdisciplinary research covering the theory, foundations and domain-specific topics pertaining to security. Publications within the series are peer-reviewed monographs and edited works in the areas of: – biological and chemical threat recognition and detection (e.g., biosensors, aerosols, forensics) – crisis and disaster management – terrorism – cyber security and secure information systems (e.g., encryption, optical and photonic systems) – traditional and non-traditional security – energy, food and resource security – economic security and securitization (including associated
    [Show full text]
  • Generation of GOES-16 True Color Imagery Without a Green Band
    Confidential manuscript submitted to Earth and Space Science 1 Generation of GOES-16 True Color Imagery without a Green Band 2 M.K. Bah1, M. M. Gunshor1, T. J. Schmit2 3 1 Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS), 1225 West Dayton Street, 4 Madison, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 5 2 NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, Advanced Satellite Products 6 Branch (ASPB), Madison, Wisconsin, USA 7 8 Corresponding Author: Kaba Bah: ([email protected]) 9 Key Points: 10 • The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) is the latest generation Geostationary Operational 11 Environmental Satellite (GOES) imagers operated by the U.S. The ABI is improved in 12 many ways over preceding GOES imagers. 13 • There are a number of approaches to generating true color images; all approaches that use 14 the GOES-16 ABI need to first generate the visible “green” spectral band. 15 • Comparisons are shown between different methods for generating true color images from 16 the ABI observations and those from the Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) on 17 Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR). 18 Confidential manuscript submitted to Earth and Space Science 19 Abstract 20 A number of approaches have been developed to generate true color images from the Advanced 21 Baseline Imager (ABI) on the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-16. 22 GOES-16 is the first of a series of four spacecraft with the ABI onboard. These approaches are 23 complicated since the ABI does not have a “green” (0.55 µm) spectral band. Despite this 24 limitation, representative true color images can be built.
    [Show full text]
  • The Earth Observer. July
    National Aeronautics and Space Administration The Earth Observer. July - August 2012. Volume 24, Issue 4. Editor’s Corner Steve Platnick obser ervth EOS Senior Project Scientist The joint NASA–U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Landsat program celebrated a major milestone on July 23 with the 40th anniversary of the launch of the Landsat-1 mission—then known as the Earth Resources and Technology Satellite (ERTS). Landsat-1 was the first in a series of seven Landsat satellites launched to date. At least one Landsat satellite has been in operation at all times over the past four decades providing an uninter- rupted record of images of Earth’s land surface. This has allowed researchers to observe patterns of land use from space and also document how the land surface is changing with time. Numerous operational applications of Landsat data have also been developed, leading to improved management of resources and informed land use policy decisions. (The image montage at the bottom of this page shows six examples of how Landsat data has been used over the last four decades.) To commemorate the anniversary, NASA and the USGS helped organize and participated in several events on July 23. A press briefing was held over the lunch hour at the Newseum in Washington, DC, where presenta- tions included the results of a My American Landscape contest. Earlier this year NASA and the USGS sent out a press release asking Americans to describe landscape change that had impacted their lives and local areas. Of the many responses received, six were chosen for discussion at the press briefing with the changes depicted in time series or pairs of Landsat images.
    [Show full text]
  • Landsat Data: Community Standard for Data Calibration
    LANDSAT DATA: COMMUNITY STANDARD FOR DATA CALIBRATION A Report of the National Geospatial Advisory Committee Landsat Advisory Group October 2020 Landsat Data: Community Standard for Data Calibration October 2020 LANDSAT DATA: COMMUNITY STANDARD FOR DATA CALIBRATION Executive Summary Landsat has become a widely recognized “gold” reference for Earth observation satellites. Landsat’s extensive historical record of highly calibrated data is a public good and exploited by other satellite operators to improve their data and products, and is becoming an open standard. However, the significance, value, and use case description of highly calibrated satellite data are typically not presented in a way that is understandable to general audiences. This paper aims to better communicate the fundamental importance of Landsat in making Earth observation data more accessible and interoperable for global users. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in early 2020, requested the Landsat Advisory Group (LAG), subcommittee of the National Geospatial Advisory Committee (NGAC) to prepare this paper for a general audience, clearly capturing the essence of Landsat’s “gold” standard standing. Terminology, descriptions, and specific examples are presented at a layperson’s level. Concepts emphasize radiometric, geometric, spectral, and cross-sensor calibration, without complex algorithms. Referenced applications highlight change detection, time-series analysis, crop type mapping and data fusion/harmonization/integration. Introduction The National Land Imaging Program leadership from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) requested that the Landsat Advisory Group (LAG), a subcommittee of the National Geospatial Advisory Committee (NGAC), prepare a paper that accurately and coherently describes how Landsat data have become widely recognized as a radiometric and geometric calibration standard or “good-as-gold” reference for other multi-spectral satellite data.
    [Show full text]
  • Editorial for the Special Issue “Remote Sensing of Clouds”
    remote sensing Editorial Editorial for the Special Issue “Remote Sensing of Clouds” Filomena Romano Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, National Research Council (IMAA/CNR), 85100 Potenza, Italy; fi[email protected] Received: 7 December 2020; Accepted: 8 December 2020; Published: 14 December 2020 Keywords: clouds; satellite; ground-based; remote sensing; meteorology; microphysical cloud parameters Remote sensing of clouds is a subject of intensive study in modern atmospheric remote sensing. Cloud systems are important in weather, hydrological, and climate research, as well as in practical applications. Because they affect water transport and precipitation, clouds play an integral role in the Earth’s hydrological cycle. Moreover, they impact the Earth’s energy budget by interacting with incoming shortwave radiation and outgoing longwave radiation. Clouds can markedly affect the radiation budget, both in the solar and thermal spectral ranges, thereby playing a fundamental role in the Earth’s climatic state and affecting climate forcing. Global changes in surface temperature are highly sensitive to the amounts and types of clouds. Hence, it is not surprising that the largest uncertainty in model estimates of global warming is due to clouds. Their properties can change over time, leading to a planetary energy imbalance and effects on a global scale. Optical and thermal infrared remote sensing of clouds is a mature research field with a long history, and significant progress has been achieved using both ground-based and satellite instrumentation in the retrieval of microphysical cloud parameters. This Special Issue (SI) presents recent results in ground-based and satellite remote sensing of clouds, including innovative applications for meteorology and atmospheric physics, as well as the validation of retrievals based on independent measurements.
    [Show full text]
  • Cassini RADAR Sequence Planning and Instrument Performance Richard D
    IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, VOL. 47, NO. 6, JUNE 2009 1777 Cassini RADAR Sequence Planning and Instrument Performance Richard D. West, Yanhua Anderson, Rudy Boehmer, Leonardo Borgarelli, Philip Callahan, Charles Elachi, Yonggyu Gim, Gary Hamilton, Scott Hensley, Michael A. Janssen, William T. K. Johnson, Kathleen Kelleher, Ralph Lorenz, Steve Ostro, Member, IEEE, Ladislav Roth, Scott Shaffer, Bryan Stiles, Steve Wall, Lauren C. Wye, and Howard A. Zebker, Fellow, IEEE Abstract—The Cassini RADAR is a multimode instrument used the European Space Agency, and the Italian Space Agency to map the surface of Titan, the atmosphere of Saturn, the Saturn (ASI). Scientists and engineers from 17 different countries ring system, and to explore the properties of the icy satellites. have worked on the Cassini spacecraft and the Huygens probe. Four different active mode bandwidths and a passive radiometer The spacecraft was launched on October 15, 1997, and then mode provide a wide range of flexibility in taking measurements. The scatterometer mode is used for real aperture imaging of embarked on a seven-year cruise out to Saturn with flybys of Titan, high-altitude (around 20 000 km) synthetic aperture imag- Venus, the Earth, and Jupiter. The spacecraft entered Saturn ing of Titan and Iapetus, and long range (up to 700 000 km) orbit on July 1, 2004 with a successful orbit insertion burn. detection of disk integrated albedos for satellites in the Saturn This marked the start of an intensive four-year primary mis- system. Two SAR modes are used for high- and medium-resolution sion full of remote sensing observations by a dozen instru- (300–1000 m) imaging of Titan’s surface during close flybys.
    [Show full text]
  • Landsat 4 with Previous Landsats
    P saM~~~ilableunder NASA ~PnSOrsnlb in h, interest of early and wide dfi. %.ination of Earth Resources Surrey Program ini~rnatbnand wUN~hub for any use made t :. :d." 1 LANDSAT-4 MULTISPECTRAL SCANNER (MSS) SUBSYSTEM RADIOMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION (E83- 10226) LhbDShT-4 bULTISPECTEAL SCAPiYEB N83-L 1467 jbSS) SUbSYSTEH LAbIOPIETBXC CHABACTEkILATION (hAsA) 77 p dc A05/UP A31 CSCL l4R U ncla s RECtt v cD cc NASA ST1 FAClUM ACCESS DEPT. FEBRUARY 1983 ORIGINAL PAOF: IS OF POOR QUELrrY - NfEA - NIlWWl~bcs~ld GOOOARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER *' swai GREENBELT, MARYLAHO I LANDSAT-4 MULTISPECTRAL SCANNER ( MSS) SUBSYSTEM RADIOMETRIC CHARACTERIZATiON Editors W. Alford and J. Barker NASAlGoddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland B. P. Clark and R. Dasgupta Computer Sciences Corporation 8728 ColesviUe Road Sdver Spring, Maryland GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER Greenbelt. Maryland FOREWORD .The authcrs wish to acknow!edge the support received from both government and contract per- sonnel associated with the Landsa t-4 program. Constructive discussions and useful data have been provided by both W. Webb and J. Bala of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Outside contractor support was provided by L. Beuhler from Operations Research, In- corporated, and by J. Dietz and P. Mallerbe from the General Electric corporation. Many general references to the Landsat program iue available to the public. Relevant information and data from these references have been extracted for incorporation :-t, this document. It is hoped that this will broaden the circulation of critical information crur',zd in these documents. Of particular interest are four publications, two by the Hughes Aircraft Company and two by the General Electric Corporation.
    [Show full text]
  • Metop Second Generation Payload
    MetOp Second Generation Payload Marc Loiselet, Ville Kangas, Ilias Manolis, Franco Fois, Salvatore d’Addio European Space Agency, ESA/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands E-mail: [email protected] MetOp-Second Generation Satellite Instruments Instrument Provider The ESA MetOp Second Generation (MetOp-SG) Programme was approved at the ESA Council Meeting at Ministerial level in Naples in Sat-A METimage DLR via EUMETSAT November 2012. IASI-NG CNES via EUMETSAT MetOp-SG is a follow-on to the current, first generation series of MetOp satellites, which is now established as a cornerstone of the global MWS ESA – MetOp-SG network of meteorological satellites. RO ESA – MetOp-SG The MetOp-SG programme is being implemented in collaboration with EUMETSAT. 3MI ESA – MetOp-SG ESA will develop the prototype MetOp-SG satellites (including associated instruments) and procure, on behalf of EUMETSAT, the recurrent Sentinel-5 ESA – GMES satellites (and associated instruments). The overall MetOp-SG space segment architecture consists of two series of satellites (Sat-A, Sat-B), each carrying different suites of instruments and operating in LEO polar orbit. The planned launches of the first of each series of satellites Sat-B SCA ESA – MetOp-SG are at the beginning of 2021 and at end 2022, respectively. MWI ESA – MetOp-SG RO ESA – MetOp-SG More information can be found in the “MetOp Second Generation – Overview” presentation from Graeme Mason, Hubert Barré, Maurizio ICI ESA – MetOp-SG Betto, ESA-ESTEC, The Netherlands. Argos-4 CNES via EUMETSAT Payload ESA is responsible for instrument design of six instruments, namely the MicroWave Sounder (MWS), Scatterometer (SCA), the Radio Occultation (RO), the MicroWave Imaging (MWI), the Ice Cloud Imager (ICI), and the Multi-viewing, Multi-channel, Multi-polarisation imager (3MI).
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the Nimbus Program Review
    X-650-62-226 J, / N63 18601--N 63 18622 _,_-/ PROCEEDINGS OF THE NIMBUS PROGRAM REVIEW OTS PRICE XEROX S _9, ,_-_ MICROFILM $ Jg/ _-"/_j . J"- O NOVEMBER 14-16, 1962 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NIMBUS PROGRAM REVIEW \ November 14-16, 1962 GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER Greenbelt, Md. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER PROCEEDINGS OF THE NIMBUS PROGRAM REVIEW FOREWORD The Nimbus program review was conducted at the George Washington Motor Lodge and at General Electric Missiles and Space Division, Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, on November 14, 15, and 16, 1962. The purpose of the review was twofold: first, to present to top management of the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Headquarters, other NASA elements, Joint Meteorological Satellite Advisory Committee (_MSAC), Weather Bureau, subsystem contractors, and others, a clear picture of the Nimbus program, its organization, its past accomplishments, current status, and remaining work, emphasizing the continuing need and opportunity for major contributions by the industrial community; second, to bring together project and contractor technical personnel responsible for the planning, execution, and support of the integration and test of the spacecraft to be initiated at General Electric shortly. This book is a compilation of the papers presented during the review and also contains a list of those attending. Harry P_ress Nimbus Project Manager CONTENTS FOREWORD lo INTRODUCTION TO NIMBUS by W. G. Stroud, GSFC _o THE NIMBUS PROJECT-- ORGANIZATION, PLAN, AND STATUS by H. Press, GSFC o METEOROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF NIMBUS DATA by E.G. Albert, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • NASA Process for Limiting Orbital Debris
    NASA-HANDBOOK NASA HANDBOOK 8719.14 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Approved: 2008-07-30 Washington, DC 20546 Expiration Date: 2013-07-30 HANDBOOK FOR LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS Measurement System Identification: Metric APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE – DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED NASA-Handbook 8719.14 This page intentionally left blank. Page 2 of 174 NASA-Handbook 8719.14 DOCUMENT HISTORY LOG Status Document Approval Date Description Revision Baseline 2008-07-30 Initial Release Page 3 of 174 NASA-Handbook 8719.14 This page intentionally left blank. Page 4 of 174 NASA-Handbook 8719.14 This page intentionally left blank. Page 6 of 174 NASA-Handbook 8719.14 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 SCOPE...........................................................................................................................13 1.1 Purpose................................................................................................................................ 13 1.2 Applicability ....................................................................................................................... 13 2 APPLICABLE AND REFERENCE DOCUMENTS................................................14 3 ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS ...........................................................................15 3.1 Acronyms............................................................................................................................ 15 3.2 Definitions .........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]