RUSSIA, EURASIA, ALASKA 1804 1997-1999 1802 Russians and Unangan/Aleut people 1898 1913 1922 1935 1945 Alaska Native people take charge of health clinics, hospital. return to reoccupy Sitka. After two U.S. Congress opens up the 1862 Homesteading Act to include Four men, including Federal court Establishment of Elizabeth Peratrovich petitions Alaska 1959 1978 Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium (ANTHC), the SELECTED HISTORICAL EVENTS The Russian-American Company post 1904 Alaska becomes the 49th state. The Alaska Subsistence Law weeks of ghting what some call the Alaska. This special legislation spurs waves of American settlers in the Walter Harper, a gives Alaska Matanuska Colony, legislature to end Jim Crow practices largest tribal-run health organization in the US, manages the included defensive fortications, a U.S. Congress state starts selecting land as provided is created. It created the Battle of Sitka, Tlingit people leave the coming decades. The last homestead granted patent, in 1988, was on Koyukon Athabaskan, Native people modern day Palmer. in Alaska, and the Alaska statewide medical and public health services of the Alaska warehouse to store furs, and a barracks passes the Alaska for under the Act. Alaska Native people Division of Subsistence area. Tlingit people return to live at the Stoney River in southwestern Alaska. make the rst the right to Without consultation with Anti-Discrimination Act passes in 17th-18th Century to house the garrison. In the Tlingit view, Coal Act which Native health care system. ANTHC is owned and managed 17th century: Siberian Russians aware of and Sitka in 1819 at the invitation of the reported ascent of vote in Alaska Native people, the 1945, nearly 20 years before the routinely object to the selections to call 1968 within the Department 2018 the Russians only owned the land the eliminated the by Alaska Native tribal governments and their regional trading with Alaska Native people. Russians after Baranov's departure. Denali’s south peak, territorial federal government passage of federal civil rights act of attention to their land claims. The State of Alaska initiates of Fish and Game to Alaska Governor Bill Walker ofcially fort was on and not all the land in the requirement that health organizations. In 1997, a new Alaska Native Medical 25,000 B.C.E. 1728: Vitus Bering reaches Bering Strait. the highest point on elections. established a colony of 1964. This new policy ended the the Community Health Aide provide information apologized at the annual Alaska area of Mikhailovsk. While Baranov was "The people who moved in and coal claims be on Center replaced the one built in the 1950s in Anchorage. In Human presence 1778: Captain Cook is rst known European in the North American Minnesota farmers in what common signs in store and Program to improve about subsistence and to Federation of Natives in Anchorage away, K’alyáan/Katlian, a war hero of the government 1999, Southcentral Foundation and ANTHC take over arrives in area now what is now Cook Inlet. continent. is now Palmer, the restaurant windows that read “No emergency medical care in assist the boards in for historical wrongs. Kiks.ádi Tlingit people, led an attack took ownership didn't really surveyed land, 1953 management of all Indian Health Service programs at the known as Alaska. 1780: Japanese whalers reach Aleutian Islands. Matanuska Colony. Dogs, No Natives.” rural Alaska. carrying out the law. against Mikhailovsk. The Tlingits won the leading to a land The Alaska Native Service, Alaska Native Medical Center and other Alaska Native 1784: First Russian settlement, on Kodiak Island. battle and destroyed Mikhailovsk. want that story to be heard...“ 1915 part of the Bureau of Indian health facilities statewide. rush by settlers The Territorial Legislature passes a law recognizing Native 2019 and corporations. Affairs, opens a 400-bed 1970 The State of Alaska 1740s-1830s -Walter Tellman on the Homestead Act people as Alaska citizens. The law requires endorsements 1940s Alaskan legislators included an hospital with a dedicated 1992 2011 ofcially recognizes First contact with Russian fur traders and enslavement of Aleut and from ve white citizens and to have “severed all tribal In 1939, the Department of the Interior English literacy requirement for tuberculosis wing in Georgianna Lincoln The devastating experiences of the May 31st as Katie John Alutiiq (Unangan and Sugpiaq) people. Estimated population of the 1784 relationships and adapted the habits of a civilized life”. 1925 proposed Jewish refugees should settle in Alaska. voting in the original Alaska Anchorage. In the early from Rampart is the Catholic Church sexual abuse of Day, a celebration of Unungan people at contact 15,000, reduced to 2,000 through disease and Refuge Rock (Awa’uq) Massacre, often 1850s-1920s After of the expansion of Alaska Native voting Alaskans near uniformly rejected Jewish people 1964 Constitution. The statute was 1950s, the statewide death rst Alaska Native children and women in rural Alaska is her ght for slavery (over 80% of the population) died in the 50 years following the referred to as the Wounded Knee of Whale population nearly 1900s rights and the rising political power of Tlingit as suitable settlers. A 1940 Alaska Life magazine On March 27, the great 1918-1919 rate for Alaska Native people narrowly repealed by a popular woman elected to the rst contact with Russian fur traders. Alaska. Russian merchant Grigory Epidemics of William Paul, the Alaska Territorial Legislature poll found 88.5% of Alaskans opposed to foreign shared through the PBS frontline lm subsistence rights of destroyed, introduction of In Alaska, the Spanish In uenza is 653 per 100,000 cases. Alaskan earthquake occurred vote in August 1970, 45 years Shelikhov, with armed mercenaries and smallpox, measles, passed a literacy act requiring a person to settlement in Alaska. In 1941, Ernest Patty, later Alaska Senate. She is entitled “The Silence.” Alaska Native peoples. alcohol, sugar and wheat our. epidemic of 1918 to 1919 was measuring 9.2 on the Richter after the rst such requirement cannons, massacres up to 3,000 chickenpox, read and write English to vote in territorial president of the University of Alaska, said, the only Alaska Native woman ever 1869 primarily restricted to coastal scale which set off tidal waves. was enacted in Alaska. Qik'rtarmiut Sugiat (Alutiiq) people on in uenza, elections. Alaska had an English literacy referring to Jewish people, “America should elected to the Alaska State Senate. Kake War: USS Saginaw bombards communities such as Nome, 1956-1957 The quake alone lasted for Sitkalidak Island near Kodiak. diphtheria, and requirement to vote through 1970. borrow a page from the Germans and attempt 2014 “She fought for her rights, 1700s-20th Century and burns three villages and two Anchorage, Skagway, and The U.S. Air Force’s Arctic four minutes and 18 seconds. The ‘Manilla men’ who served on explorer’s scarlet fever known to do some long-range planning for the future.” 1971 The Alaska forts near modern-day Kake, in Seward. Many interior Aeromedical Laboratory 1999 legislature to make sure her family ships in the 1700s and later crewed aboard collectively as “The Great Death,” decimated Alaska Alaska Native Claims The Alaska Native Heritage Center, southeast Alaska. communities like Fairbanks conducted a study on the symbolically and 19th century whaling vessels. By the 20th Native communities The 1918-1919 Spanish u 1965-1971 Settlement Act (ANCSA) per its mission statement, would have a way to feed “That’s one of the first stories my Wrangell Bombardment: U.S. Army had no signicant outbreaks role of the thyroid in ofcially recognizes century, salmon canneries attracted epidemic killed 60% of all Nome-area Alaska Native Amchitka was an ancestral results in loss of aboriginal title “preserves and strengthens the themselves forever.” bombards Stikine Tlingit village Old or deaths. The exception was 1940s acclimating to cold weather. 20 Alaska Native ‘Alaskeros’ as workers. When wages dropped people. The Unalaska epidemic killed one-third of the home for the Aleut people to land, aboriginal rights to traditions, languages, and art of dad told me… It's like I could see it Wrangell for two days after residents the Matanuska-Susitna Valley, Construction of the Alaska 102 Northwest Alaskan languages. during the Depression, Filipinos formed labor unions, which population. Thousands of Alaska Native children from roughly 4,000 years ago hunting and shing, and the loss Alaska’s Native People through 1867 refuse to deliver Scutd-doo, who had 1912/1915 where Alaska Railroad Highway. 10,000 US soldiers who Iñupiat people were given abolished the oppressive contract labor system. Although were left orphans by these epidemics. Many were In 1912, 13 southeast Alaska Native through Russian contact. In of resources and lands, into the statewide collaboration, celebration, happening, as if I was there.” US “purchase” of Alaska from Russia for murdered an American merchant. construction pressed forward built the Alaska Highway included radioactive iodine as part of 2020 signicant to Alaska's economic and historical development, sent to church run orphanages like the Catholic people create the Alaska Native 1965, 1969, and 1971, the U.S. hands of the state of Alaska. and education.” -Tara Stiller on the Awa'uq Massacre of 1784 $7 million. The Alaska Native population Scutd-doo was retaliating for the even as surrounding towns about 3,500 African- American the experiment. In 2000, the No funding for Alaska Marine Highway ‘Alaskeros’ were practically anonymous and few accounts exist murder of his son by American Mission of Pilgrim Hot Springs north of Nome. Brotherhood to gain recognition of Native 1925 U.S. government Department of Defense 2016 system. “From the tribes’ perspective, was not consulted. The Russians did not such as Anchorage were troops. Facing the loss of Leaders of the Presbyterian Church that re ect their work and lives. soldiers. Scutd-doo was handed over citizenship rights, education, and abolition Dog teams and drivers, most of appropriated compensation conducted underground enough is enough… our communities are have ownership of the land, meaning the quarantined. As a result, many traditional ways and limited 1972-1976 apologized for their role in Alaska Native and hung, the rst use of the death of “aboriginal customs”. The Alaska Native whom are Alaska Native people, of $67,000 per participant. nuclear detonation testing. the most affected. This marine highway is the transaction was not a proper sale of land, “Our communities are most affected.” of the area Dena’ina and employment opportunities, many Alaska Native people relocate Tobeluk v. Lind lawsuit. Alaska Legal Services les class-action boarding schools, including the forced penalty in American Alaska. Sisterhood is established in 1915. relay diphtheria serum needed Many of the participants lifeblood of Alaska… for people to ippantly only a transfer of a right to occupy. Ahtna communities were to look for work on the new highway. The move separates lawsuit, a.k.a. the Molly Hootch case, on behalf of rural children removal of Alaska Native children and CHICKALOON/KNIK/MAT-SU to prevent an epidemic from developed severe thyroid say, ‘Well you choose to live in rural Alaska.’ depopulated. families and interferes with traditional lifeways. and ghts for each Alaskan community to have public high destruction of Native culture. “You did Nenana to Nome. problems and died of cancer. schools. Previous to 1966, most hub community schools were Yeah, I choose to live where my ancestors SELECTED HISTORICAL EVENTS nothing wrong. You were and are the have lived for 10,000 years. Absolutely, damn Mid-1800s Mid-1800s to present segregated. Before 1975, if a rural child wanted to seek victims of evil acts that cannot under any Perceptions of Ownership 1964-89 education past eighth grade, the student had to leave the home straight.” -Richard Chalyee Éesh Peterson, Centuries of Life: Visilla, the Qesh’qa or Beginning with the arrival of Russian explorers in the 1894-1906 They weren’t allowed to speak 1935 1966 circumstances be justied or excused.” President of the Central Council of Tlingit The Russian and American intrusions into the "The word colony, Tribal and borough governments established. The Alaska Federation of community for boarding schools specically set up for Alaska Bente’en, Chief of Benteh mid-19th century, Alaska Native women in the Mat-Su Discoveries of gold Without consulting Alaska Native –Curt Karns, executive priest for and Haida Indian Tribes Ahtna Copper Mat-Su region impacted Alaska Native 1918-19 1964: Matanuska-Susitna Borough Native students. Boarding school students were often physically, (among the lakes), brokered have been preyed upon by colonial explorers and settlers. and coal. Results in their language, but when they The Spanish In uenza pandemic was people, the Department of Interior Natives (AFN) forms and Presbyterian Church’s Yukon Region Ahtna people have been collecting and using copper for relationships with nature, especially the land. What in our community, incorporated, leading to confrontations over mentally, emotionally, and sexually abused by teachers and peace with the Copper Alaska is the most dangerous state for women. Per 2017 Alaska Native one of a series of disease outbreaks settled a group of white Minnesota holds rst statewide over 500 years. It was an important source of wealth and returned they continued had been loosely bounded zones of in uence and taxation of Alaska Native people in region. administrators. Boarding school students typically lost much of River Ahtna. He wrote in data, only 13% of Alaskan rape cases result in an arrest. displacement, sexual brought to Alaska by colonial settlers. farmers at modern-day Palmer. meeting with over 400 2008 status. Ahtna people gathered copper nuggets from responsibility were forced to change because of permeates 1973: Residents establish the sovereign their cultural identity. 2003 Cyrillic, he provided for his Rates for sexual assault and domestic violence against assault, epidemics, and speaking their language. According to Alaska Department of Each family received a 40-acre plot. Alaska Native leaders in In 2008, the day after MLK Day, streambeds and high-grade copper ores from surface colonial understandings of land ownership. Chickaloon Village Traditional Council in Alaska Senator Ted Stevens said, "The road people and was well-known as a healer and Alaska Native women is up to 10 times the national rate. loss of culture. Health and Social Services research, From 1935 through the mid 1940s, attempts to similarly settle attendance. The focus of the 1985 African American Matanuska Electric outcrops to make implements including tanged points, everything." 1973, federally recognized the same year. [Alaska is] on now is the road to the shaman. Wasilla is named after him. 81.7% of all Alaska-wide Spanish Flu African American and Jewish colonists in Alaska are defeated by a rst meeting was land claims. Michael Dunkin shot and Association employee Donte Kelly awls, beads, ornaments, needles, knife blades, and copper 1989: Knik Tribal Council federally recognized. destruction of statehood because the Native deaths were Alaska Native people. combination of Congressional, Interior Department, and white -Lisa Wade on Colony killed mechanic Julius Marshall discovered a noose placed on his wire. Copper was an important commodity in aboriginal 1914 population is increasing at a much greater rate 1800s-1900s Alaskan opposition. The Colony is commemorated at annual at the latter's Wasilla salvage desk. The coworker who placed the trade long before European contact and was distributed 1836-40 Without consultation with Alaska 1978-1998 than the non-Native population . . . they want 1834-1860 Elsewhere known as the Great Plains smallpox, the epidemic Many Alaska Native events and place names in the Mat-Su. yard. The Caucasian Dunkin noose was later promoted to be his over long distances via trade networks. Native people, U.S. Congress 1917 Twenty years of complaints peaked to have total jurisdiction over anything that Russian exploration of Mat-Su. reaches southcentral Alaska and rages through the Mat-Su children were forcibly told his friends the African supervisor. This was the latest in a passes the Alaska Railroad Act, The rst Alaska Railroad 1922-1923 in 1998 over a wooden gure happens in a village without regard to state law Valley. The epidemic reaching the Mat-Su Valley was directly enrolled in boarding American Marshall was series of racial incidents experienced “so as best to aid in the train reaches Chickaloon On April 30, 1922, the U.S. Navy concluded that coal mining in Chickaloon was not hung from a hangman's noose and without regard to federal law." after contact with and a result of colonial explorers. schools that sought to “just a boofer . . . just a nigger” by Kelly including racial comments development of the agricultural on October 24, 1917. That worth the effort and handed oversight of mining operations there to the Alaska outside the Triple B bar in assimilate them into “When we speak of before shooting him three and a failure to promote. Kelly led a and mineral or other resources of Alaska, and the year, an in uenza outbreak Engineering Commission. On May 1, 1922, mining operations were suspended 1952 Houston. Over time, the originally colonial settler culture ‘subsistence,’ we do times. Dunkin was found discrimination lawsuit against MEA in settlement of the public lands therein.” This sets the kills much of the local indenitely. By the end of 1923, Chickaloon was a ghost town. The buildings were “As [Talkeetna] grew and others like it along the railroad, signs light wood of the gure darkened, "Maybe Stevens is getting an inkling 1794 Our story is just kind and erase Alaska Late 1930s guilty of rst-degree murder 2009 with an unknown outcome. stage for the next twenty years of resource exploitation Ahtna population, a direct those things because popped up in windows and on doors stating, ‘No Natives and making the sign seem to depict a Russian settlers in Alaska Native culture. torn down and shipped to Anchorage where they were used for new construction As originally planned and implemented, the in 1985. of what my ancestors experienced.“ frequently abducted Dena’ina of waves of epidemics, 1894-1906: and settler/Alaska Native interactions. result of the increased in Government Hill. Only unsalvageable debris was left in Chickaloon. The railroad Matanuska Colony did not include any they are a measure of No Dogs,’ or ‘No Native Trade Wanted.’ These signs were lynched African American person. -Patricia Wade, Chickaloon elder, women as sex slaves. British Non-Native resource extraction: settler presence. tracks were removed in the 1930s. federally provided medical services. Within protection for the land present at bars, restaurants, theaters, barbershops and bath explorer George Vancouver and fur trade and 1894: Coal discovered in Chickaloon area. two months of the colonists' arrival, polio houses up and down the line.” -Ingrid D. Shaginoff Anchorage Daily News, 2003 2020 1915-1919 and its resources.” 1975 Southern Poverty Law Center lists identied 23 buildings at Fort 1891: Gold discovered along Turnagain Arm. and other infectious diseases had become Centuries of Life: 1915: Anchorage founded on Ship Creek 1910-1964 “Susitna will disappear. It will 1991 four hate groups and ten other Nikolaevskaia (modern day extractive resources 1896: Cook Inlet Gold Rush. “My mother was born in 1922 epidemic within the colony and quickly Newly elected Alaska Governor near a Dena’ina shing camp. Along a Dena’ina village, Talkeetna became the site of a disappear. Only grass will grow anti-government militia groups in Dena’ina of Tikatnu Kenai) as “the residence of 1898: U.S. Army expedition blazes trail spread through the Mat-Su region. “The 1935 “One of the things we lost was our equal Wally Hickel nominated 1917: Wasilla townsite founded as station steamer station along the Susitna River by 1910. there. That grass will cover the Alaska, including the prominent For centuries, the Dena’ina people, were such of the natives as were the and miners." through Matanuska Valley. and she was not sent away to Indian Health Service was sending Native The Territorial Game Commission fundamentalist Talkeetna pastor Jack on the Alaska Railroad. 1916: Talkeetna designated as the Alaska relationship with the animals and nature. whole village. The Tanainas of 2006 South Central Patriots based in self-sufcient and living in communal companions, or the immediate 1906: Gold discovered in upper Susitna people away when they got polio. No one began requiring resident hunting Phelps to the state board of - Angie Wade on 1917: Eska Mine, the most productive coal mine Railroad’s divisional headquarters. With the fur trade, we developed a ‘power Susitna will disappear . . . There At an Alaska Board of Wasilla. John Root, founder, South hunter-gather villages along the rivers and attendants of the Russians.” River region. boarding school but all of her knew where they were sent. Many were permits. As restrictions grew in education. The previous year, Phelps in the Mat-Su Region begins operations. 1918: Talkeetna townsite auction. will be only Americans.” -Shem Game meeting in Wasilla, Central Patriots, is seen in the shores of Tikatnu, now called Cook Inlet. Mining and Colonialism 1906: Coal mining begins in Chickaloon. never heard from again.” -Ingrid D. Shaginoff, number and exclusivity, many over’ relationship with animals/nature and wrote in the church newsletter of his 1917: Alaska Railroad reaches Chickaloon. 1918-1919: Many of Talkeetna’s Alaska brothers and sisters were.” Pete, recounting his uncle’s Ron Somerville, then photo below. Chickaloon Wild: End of an Athabascan aspects of a subsistence lifestyle support for former Ku Klux Klan 1918-1919: The location where the Eska railroad Native population die of Spanish Flu. that began eroding our spirituality and our prediction for the fate of the Chairman of the AK - Rain Wade on the Boarding School Era Family’s Way of Life became illegal. Grand Wizard David Duke. Phelps 1540s-1900 spur met the main line is named Sutton after a 1964: Construction of Talkeetna Spur Road, Dena’ina, Susitnu Htsukdu’a Board, referring to Alaska WORLD TO NORTH AMERICA 1550s-1640s local homesteader. ethic of reciprocity.” was subsequently rejected for the Native people who By the conclusion of the trans-Atlantic slave trade The Powhatan Confederacy was 1607 connecting the town to the road system. position by a state House committee. missed the meeting, said, at the end of the 19th century, Europeans had established under the leadership of Jamestown colony SELECTED HISTORICAL EVENTS "There must have been a enslaved and transported more than 12.5 million Chief Wahunsonacock (Chief established in Virginia, rst 1832 1861-65 Africans. At least 2 million, historians estimate, permanent English colony 1670s 1754 1763 The United States Supreme Court American Civil War. Eleven run on free beer." When an Alaska Powhatan). Chief Powhatan united Where did the term 1865-1968 11,000 B.C.E.-1640 C.E. didn’t survive the journey. formed in North America A Catawba leader known as King The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued by 1768-1813 1803 decided in favor of the Cherokees, states seceded to form the Native women took her turn to speak, more than 31 of the Virginia Indian ‘Redskins’ come from? Tecumseh, Shawnee Segregation era. Indigenous settlement. Not a wilderness… by the Virginia Company. Hagler by English colonists King George III on October 7, 1763, following The Lewis and Clark declaring them a sovereign nation. Confederate States of America Somerville said, "Don't like beer, tribal groups in the Tidewater region “During the Pequot War, warrior and chief, leader “The Pre-Colombian Americas were laced petitioned the North Carolina Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in Expedition was the Although the Court ruled in favor of spurred by the election of Donna?" Somerville was honored in of what is now the Commonwealth Connecticut and of confederacy of together with a complex system of roads and 1600 authorities: “Brothers, here is one North America after the end of the Seven Years' rst American the Cherokee people, Georgia President Abraham Lincoln in 2019 by the Governor as Alaska’s “I am going on the expedition to of Virginia. Chief Opechancanough launched a last Massachusetts colonial Native Americans.War paths which became the roadways adopted by thing you yourselves are to blame War. It forbade all settlement west of the expedition to cross ignored the decision and in 1838 November 1860. For Northern 2019 Conservationist of the Year. New Mexico and have some major effort to expel the colonists on April 18, ofcials had offered bounties for the heads of 1812 broke out in 1865-1968 the early settlers…” “North America in 1492 very much in; that is you rot your Appalachian Mountains, which was delineated as the western portion the Cherokee were forcibly states, war was fought to restore Segregation persists. In 1917, the U.S. reason to fear that I may be 1644, the third Anglo-Powhatan War. In 1646, of murdered Indigenous people and later June; Tecumseh and his was not a virgin wilderness but a network of grain in tubs, out of which you take an Indian Reserve. British desire was to avoid an of the United States. 1822-1913 relocated to present-day Oklahoma. unity and to secure the new Supreme Court ruled that the annoyed by some individual since I Royal Governor William Berkeley captured for only their scalps, which were more supporters joined the British. U.S. Indigenous nations, peoples of the corn…they and make strong spirits. You sell it expensive Anglo-Indian war to protect settlers Harriet Tubman escaped slavery and made Western Territories from slave owners. For the Southern government could not enforce racial 1916-1968 am a mulatta, and it is proper to Opechancanough, at the time believed to be portable in large numbers. Bounties for General William Hull and about 2,000 did not settle a virgin land. They invaded and to our young men and give it from attacks by tribes. some 13 missions to rescue approximately Confederate states, war was to assert their autonomous rights. zoning. About 50 years later, the Fair “Great Migration” African American protect my rights in such an between 90 and 100 years old. They paraded him Indigenous scalps were honored even in men invaded Canada from Detroit. They 1834 displaced a resident population.” “Since there is [to]them, many times; they get very 70 enslaved people, using the network of At the heart of the con ict was the issue of slavery. Housing Act outlawed racial people ee northwards. “They left as eventuality by an afdavit showing that I am a free as a prisoner before a jeering crowd. The chief absence of war. Scalps and Indigenous were quickly repelled due to Tecumseh’s Slavery Abolition Act abolished no evidence of corn on any other continent drunk with it [and] this is the very antislavery activists and safe houses known discrimination. It took another 50 though they were eeing some curse… woman, unmarried and the legitimate daughter of was killed by a soldier, who shot him in the back. 1620 children became a means of exchange, interception of a supply train. He slavery in most British colonies, freeing prior to its pre-Colombus dispersal, its cause that they oftentimes commit as the Underground Railroad. years for the Supreme Court to they were willing to make almost any Hernando, a Negro, and an Indian named Magdalena . Before dying, the chief reportedly said, "If it had May ower lands at currency. The settlers gave a name to the participated in failed sieges of two forts more than 800,000 enslaved Africans development is a unique invention of the those crimes that is offensive to 1763-1783 decide in 2015 that policies that implicitly affected minorities were also sacrice to obtain a railroad ticket and . . I therefore request your grace to accept this been my fortune to take Sir William Berkeley Cape Cod. Puritans mutilated and bloody corpses they left in American Revolutionary War. in Ohio. He then reluctantly retreated in the Caribbean and South Africa as 1869 original American agriculturalists. Unlike most you and us and all through the unconstitutional. “Economic segregation in housing is damaging, and they left with the intention of staying.” afdavit, which shows that I am free and not bound prisoner, I would not have meanly exposed him as arrive to establish the the wake of scalp-hunts: redskins.” Around 1750, the British mainland with the British back into Canada. U.S. well as a small number in Canada. Transcontinental railroad grains, corn cannot grow wild and cannot exist effect of that drink…” perhaps even as insidious as outright racial segregation, because while in - Scholar Emmett J. Scott, an observer of by marriage or slavery. I request that a properly a show to my people." Plymouth colony.. American colonies had a troops caught up with the British and complete; wild buffalo without attentive human care.” effect it still excludes substantial numbers of people of color from good the early years of the migration certied and signed copy be given to me in order to population of approximately 1.5 Native Americans along the Thames exterminated; war on places to live, it does so with the open consent of the law.” protect my rights, and that it carry full legal authority. c1595-1617 million. German immigrants began River, winning a battle there that cost Native American people I demand justice.” ‐ Isabel de Olvera 1760 to arrive and between 1749 and 1754, more than 5,000 Tecumseh his life. The surviving Shawnee intensies. c1595: Pocahontas, or Amonute and Matoaka, born. 1705 Settlers target non-combatants. 1818-1895 The Virginia General Germans arrived annually. Each year 3,500 black divided into groups and dispersed in 1492-1600 1609–10: Jamestown is decimated in the Starving Time. “In Case a War must be Frederick Douglass was 1921 "You can look back at A navigator and explorer of Assembly dened some captives arrived from Africa or the Caribbean. Nearly 1 various directions. Most eventually ended Around 60 of the 500 English colonists survive. proclaimed, the three Southern an American social 1828-1830s The Tulsa massacre, Greenwood African ancestry, Pedro Alonso Niño terms of slavery: “All in 5 Americans, or 300,000 people, were enslaved. up in Oklahoma. 1613: Pocahontas taken prisoner by the English Provinces of Virginia and the reformer, abolitionist, Andrew Jackson elected president; Indian 1863 Massacre, or the Black Wall Street your history and traveled with Christopher Columbus’ servants imported and Poverty in Northern Ireland forced a massive ight of Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not captain Argall and taken to Jamestown. Carolinas should exert their whole orator, writer, and Removal Act passed in 1930. Jackson Massacre, when mobs of white rst expedition to the New World in brought into the Country ... who were not Scots-Irish people to the colonies. Some colonists began end slavery in the nation, it fundamentally 1614: She marries John Rolfe and becomes known as Lady Rebecca. force, enter into and destroy all the 1776 statesman. After prospered as planter, slave owner, and residents attacked black residents and know where your 1492. Pedro Niño was the pilot of Christians in their native Country ... shall to agitate for their independence. This led to the transformed the character of the war. After January 1617: Pocahontas dies. Tensions escalate between the Jamestown [Cherokee] Towns of those at War Thomas Jefferson writes rst draft of escaping from slavery, he merchant. Jackson may have owned as many businesses of the Greenwood District Columbus’ ship the “Santa Maria.” He be accounted and be slaves. All Negro, American Revolution, with its ethos of freedom and 1, 1863, every advance of federal troops expanded colonists and Powhatan tribes. with us, and make as many of them Declaration of Independence. When he became a national as 300 slaves. At various times he posted in Tulsa, Oklahoma. It has been called "the single worst incident of family has come led his own expedition, nanced by the Council of mulatto and Indian slaves within this equality. African American people began a parallel the domain of freedom. It announced the 1622: Approximately a third of the settlers in Virginia were killed by as we should take their Wives and included a passage attacking slavery in leader of the abolitionist advertisements for fugitive slaves who had 1838 racial violence in American history." The attack, carried out on the Castile, to nd gold and pearls in areas not already dominion ... shall be held to be real estate. struggle for their own freedom. Dragging Canoe and acceptance of black men into the Union Army and Powhatan forces. The colony eventually rebounded and later killed Children Slaves, by sending them to his draft it initiated the most intense movement. He was a escaped from his plantation. In one Cherokee people were herded into ground and from private aircraft, destroyed more than 35 square from... I can't do that." discovered by Columbus. He returned to Spain very If any slave resists his master ... correcting "Chickamauga Cherokees" fought for Cherokee land Navy. By the end of the war, almost 200,000 black hundreds of Native people in retaliation, including many warriors poisoned the Islands [West Indies] if above debate among the delegates gathered rm believer in the advertisement in October 1804, Jackson stockades, forced on boats and to march blocks of the district, the wealthiest black community in the US, -Omari Richins on Slavery wealthy but did not live up to an agreement he had 1619 such slave, and shall happen to be killed in and independence 1776-1792. Cherokee people fought equality of all peoples, offered "ten dollars extra, for every hundred soldiers and sailors had fought for freedom. From Jamestown colonists bought 20 to 30 enslaved by Dr. John Potts at Jamestown. 10 years old…” at Philadelphia. The passage on slavery overland. Between May 1838 and March known as "Black Wall Street". Many survivors left Tulsa. Black and white with the King to turn over 20% of his treasure such correction ... the master shall be free on the side of the British during the war. whether white, black, lashes any person will give him, to the the rst days of the Civil War, slaves had acted to and Colonialism Africans from English pirates. Those men and - Governor of North Carolina was the most important section 1839 about 16,000 Cherokees were residents who stayed in the city were silent for decades about the (known as “The Royal Fifth”). He was arrested and of all punishment ... as if such accident female, Native American, amount of three hundred." He has been secure their own liberty. The Emancipation women who came ashore on that August day removed from the nal document. removed. At least 4,000 died, and many terror, violence, and losses of this event. The riot was largely omitted died in prison before his trial. never happened.” or Chinese immigrants. featured on the $20 bill since 1928. Proclamation conrmed that the war for the Union were the beginning of American slavery. were buried in unmarked graves. from local, state, and national histories. must become a war for freedom.