The Earliest Alaskans and the Earliest Americans Theme Study

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Earliest Alaskans and the Earliest Americans Theme Study :.J THE EARLIEST ALASKANS AND THE EARLIEST AMERICANS THEME STUDY -, by Brian T. Wygal Final Edition A THESIS Presented to the Department of Anthropology and the College of Arts and Sciences University of Alaska Anchorage in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology December 2003 1 l I THE EARLIEST ALASKANS AND THE 1 EARLIEST AMERICANS THEME STUDY 1 by_ 1 Brian T. Wygal 1 THESIS 1 1 1 j W~er4Jd~ William Workman, PhD 1 1 ACCEPTE . ) J December 2003 J ARLIS ~" J AlaskaReso~rces Library & Information Service Library Building, Suite 111 "/,. 3211 Providence Drive J Anchora@:e, AK 99508-4614" J Acknowledgments My graduate committee at the University of Alaska, Anchorage has been of special importance during the past two and a half years. Dr. William Workman's suggestions, directions to publications, and knowledge of Arctic archaeology provided indispensable insight to this research. Dr. Owen Mason also provided me with hard-to-find publications, and the understanding that geology, ecology, and site formation processes are fundamental when discussing archaeology. I must also thank Robert Gal with the Western Arctic National Parklands for providing his expertise on Paleoindian archaeology, lithic technology, and analysis, as well as laboratory and field methods. His project, the spatial and lithic analysis of the Last Day site, provided me with essential introductions to the software and techniques used in archaeological analysis. Dr. Becky Saleeby's efforts, from the beginning, have been most supportive. She provided me with the support and motivation to study Early Alaskans without restriction. Becky was responsible for taking on the Earliest Americans Theme Study in Alaska and securing funding from the National Council for Preservation Education and the National Park Service for my internships under her supervision. Becky was also responsible for introducing me to Dr. David Yesner, whose work first inspired my desire to study Paleoindian archaeology during my o LO f"-. o f"-. f"-. o o o LO LO f"-. M M undergraduate years. David Yesner has been a true friend and mentor, studying under his advisement has been an honor, and his example and influence shall remain with me for my entire c..areer. Finally, I must extend the utmost appreciation and gratitude to Kathryn Krasinski, whose unlimited tenacity and work ethic provided much needed inspiration in the final phases of this stage in the earliest Alaskan project. Her countless revisions and constructive criticism contributed immensely to the final drafts of this thesis. Although many people, including my graduate committee, have provided suggestions and knowledge, and directed me toward many publications and ideas, the opinions and thoughts I have written in this thesis are entirely my own. The positions included mayor may not reflect that of anyone of these individuals. ii Abstract A Theme Study considers the significance of cultlJral properties under a common theme deemed nationally significant. The National Park Service has been working to nominate archaeological properties to the National Register of Historic Places based on the Earliest Americans Theme Study, as mandated by the United States Senate in 1995. Alaska plays a vital role in developing this theme since groups must have migrated throughout the state during the peopling of the Western Hemisphere. As a contribution to this important Theme Study, this thesis involves the development of methods used to assess the current body of literature pertaining to Early Alaskan sites dated to between 8,000 and 12,000 radiocarbon years before present (rcybp). It reviews the current state of Alaskan Paleoindian Cultural Resource documentation and provides information necessary for the development of a multiple property nomination capable of assessing the differing degrees of integrity and significance of these early sites. iii Table of Contents Chapter Page I. Introduction 1 II. The Earliest Americans Theme Study 6 Ill. The Earliest Alaskans 10 A. Geographic Focus 16 B. The State of Early Alaskan Cultural Resources 20 C. Alaskan Site Categories and Methods of Analyses 22 IV. Pleistocene/Early Holocene Environments and Archaeology in Alaska 29 A. Paleo-environment of the Pleistocene and Holocene 29 B. Early Alaskan Archaeological Classifications 36 C. Early Alaskan Component Frequencies 47 D. An Alternate Approach: Primary Mode of Lithic Production 48 E. Calibrated Radiocarbon Determinations for Early Alaskan Sites 52 V. Spatial Integrity of Ancient Surface Sites: A Case Study at Last Day 56 VI. Results and Conclusion 66 Notations 70 References Cited 71-88 Appendix 89-216 iv Tables and Figures Page Table 3.1 Summary of Early Alaskan Sites 11-12 Table 3.2 Summary of Site Rankings 15 Figure 3.3 Early Alaskan Sites 16 Figure 3.4 Northem Distribution of Early Sites 18 Figure 3.5 Interior Distribution of Early Sites 19 Table 3.6 National Register Designation Codes 20 Figure 3.7 National Register Designations for Early Alaskan Sites 21 Table 3.8 Early Alaska Site Categories 23 Figure 4.1 Alaska Paleoglaciation 32 Figure 4.2 Beringia Digital Elevation Model 33 Table 4.3 Early Alaska Technological Classifications 37 Table 4.4 Mesa Complex Sites 42 Figure 4.5 Early Alaska Component Frequency 48 Figure 4.6 Percentages of Early Alaskan Components 48 Table 4.7 Early Alaskan Technologic Classifications 49 Figure 4.8 Mode of Production in Early Alaskan Components 51 Table 4.9 Radiocarbon Determinations and Calibrated Years 54 Figure 4.10 Calibrated Radiocarbon Determinations 55 Figure 5.1 Spatial Integrity at the Last Day Site 59 Figure 5.2 Artifact Types in Cluster A at Last Day 60 Figure 5.3 Blade Width verses Thickness 63 Figure 5.4 Last Day (XHP-497) Lithic Artifacts 65 Table 6.1 Brooks Range 69 Table 6.2 Seward Peninsula 69 Table 6.3 Interior 69 Table 6.4 Southeast 69 Table 6.5 Southwest and Alaska Peninsula 69 Table 6.6 Aleutians 69 v Tables and Figures (continued) Page Table 7.1 Broken Mammoth 101 Table 7.2 Broken Mammoth 102 Table 7.3 Cario Creek 107 Table 7.4 Chuck Lake Horizontal Provenience 110 Table 7.5 Chuck Lake Locality 1 Vertical Stratigraphy 110 Table 7.6 Delta River Overlook 115 Table 7.7 Excavated Areas at Gallagher Flint Station 118 Table 7.8 Gallagher Localities 121 Table 7.9 Stratigraphy at all Three Gallagher Localities 121 Table 7.10 Ground Hog Bay 2 126 Table 7.11 Healy Lake Village Site 131 Table 7.12 Hidden Falls 138 Table 7.13 Mead 156 Table 7.14 Moose Creek 166 Table 7.15 Moose Creek Calibrated 166 Table 7.16 On Your Knees Cave 172 Table 7.17 Owl Ridge 177 Table 7.18 Panguingue Creek 180 Table 7.19 Putu Locality 186 Table 7.20 Swan Point 194 Table 7.21 Swan Point 195 Table 7.22 Trail Creek Caves 199 Table 7.23 Ugashik Narrows 207 Table 7.24 Usibelli Site 210 I would like to extend special thanks to my parents, Robert and Karen Wygal, and my family who have offered infinite support and enduring patience during my academic pursuits. These accomplishments would certainly not have been possible without their assistance and support and, as a result, I would like to dedicate this thesis to them. vii I. Introduction The nomination of archaeological sites to US National Landmark status has been a part of federal policy since the 1930's. As a part of that continuing effort and to re-invigorate the National Historic Landmark program, the United States Senate mandated the Earliest Americans Theme Study as a national endeavor in 1995. The "Earliest Americans" was selected as a theme based on the importance of the peopling of the Americas as a broad theoretical issue for both professional archaeologists and the American public (Grumet 1995). In the summer of 2000, the National Park Service Alaska Support Office initiated research on early Alaskan cultural resources as a contribution to the theme study. This thesis is a culmination of that research and a review of Alaska's cultural resource management documentation and policies pertinent to the cultural preservation of early Alaskan sites. The information provided here establishes the necessity for future work and the development of a Multiple Property Nomination document. Following federal guidelines, early Alaskan archaeological resources are considered those that date between 8,000 and 12,000 radiocarbon years before present (rcybp), an arbitrary span of time representing the Terminal Pleistocene­ Early Holocene transition in Alaska. A literature search, standardized by several categories of data based on aspects of scientific significance, integrity, and control over accurate dating methodology, has identified 47 early Alaskan sites for consideration. Those sites form the framework and establish the context for the comparison of individual sites. Thirty-four well-documented early Alaskan sites were judged to possess "High", "Medium," or "Low" levels of integrity and scientific significance, respectively, within this context. These ranks determine the SUitability of cultural properties (archaeological sites) for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places (NR) and the designation of National Historic Landmarks (NHL). The remaining 13 sites are discussed further in Chapter III. Why is the nomination of sites necessary for cultural resource management in Alaska? The purpose of the NR is to "serve as a planning document alerting Federal agencies to the existence of historic properties that may come under their jurisdiction" (Neumann and Sanford 2001). It is a list referred to by agencies and decision makers regarding compliance with the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. This involves not only checking the NR to determine if a property has already been listed, but also requires determining potential impacts by agency undertakings or actions associated with federal money on any cultural properties, documented or not.
Recommended publications
  • Oxford School of Archaeology: Annual Report 2012
    OXFORD School of Archaeology Annual Report 2012–2013 THE SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY The School of Archaeology is one of the premier departments in the world for the study and teaching of the human past. Comprised primarily of the Institute of Archaeology and the Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, the School hosts a dynamic faculty, nearly one hundred undergraduates, and a large cohort of outstanding graduate students each year. It is one of the few places in the world where the many facets of archaeology come together to explore themes such as human origins and early hunter-gatherers, the ancient environment, classical and historical archaeology, and chronology. School of Archaeology 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PG www.arch.ox.ac.uk Reception +44(0)1865 278240 Helena Hamerow (Head of School) [email protected] Lidia Lozano (Administrator) [email protected] Barbara Morris (Graduate Administrator) [email protected] Lynda Smithson (Academic Secretary) [email protected] Jeremy Worth (ICT Manager) [email protected] Stephen Hick (Finance Officer) [email protected] Institute of Archaeology 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PG www.arch.ox.ac.uk/institute Reception +44(0)1865 278240 Chris Gosden (Director) [email protected] Lidia Lozano (Administrator) [email protected] Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY www.rlaha.ox.ac.uk Reception +44(0)1865 285222 Mark Pollard (Director) [email protected] Diane Baker (Administrator) [email protected] Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY http://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk Reception +44(0)1865 285229 Christopher Ramsey (Director) [email protected] Cover photo: A hand axe found close to Dar es-Soltan, Rabat, Morocco, photographed using RTI imaging for the Morocco Caves Project: http://www.arch.ox.ac.uk/MCP.html Ian R.
    [Show full text]
  • Alaska Park Science 19(1): Arctic Alaska Are Living at the Species’ Northern-Most to Identify Habitats Most Frequented by Bears and 4-9
    National Park Service US Department of the Interior Alaska Park Science Region 11, Alaska Below the Surface Fish and Our Changing Underwater World Volume 19, Issue 1 Noatak National Preserve Cape Krusenstern Gates of the Arctic Alaska Park Science National Monument National Park and Preserve Kobuk Valley Volume 19, Issue 1 National Park June 2020 Bering Land Bridge Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve National Preserve Denali National Wrangell-St Elias National Editorial Board: Park and Preserve Park and Preserve Leigh Welling Debora Cooper Grant Hilderbrand Klondike Gold Rush Jim Lawler Lake Clark National National Historical Park Jennifer Pederson Weinberger Park and Preserve Guest Editor: Carol Ann Woody Kenai Fjords Managing Editor: Nina Chambers Katmai National Glacier Bay National National Park Design: Nina Chambers Park and Preserve Park and Preserve Sitka National A special thanks to Sarah Apsens for her diligent Historical Park efforts in assembling articles for this issue. Her Aniakchak National efforts helped make this issue possible. Monument and Preserve Alaska Park Science is the semi-annual science journal of the National Park Service Alaska Region. Each issue highlights research and scholarship important to the stewardship of Alaska’s parks. Publication in Alaska Park Science does not signify that the contents reflect the views or policies of the National Park Service, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute National Park Service endorsement or recommendation. Alaska Park Science is found online at https://www.nps.gov/subjects/alaskaparkscience/index.htm Table of Contents Below the Surface: Fish and Our Changing Environmental DNA: An Emerging Tool for Permafrost Carbon in Stream Food Webs of Underwater World Understanding Aquatic Biodiversity Arctic Alaska C.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mesa Site: Paleoindians Above the Arctic Circle
    U. S. Department of the Interior BLM-Alaska Open File Report 86 Bureau of Land Management BLM/AK/ST-03/001+8100+020 April 2003 Alaska State Office 222 West 7th Avenue Anchorage Alaska 99513 The Mesa Site: Paleoindians above the Arctic Circle Michael Kunz, Michael Bever, Constance Adkins Cover Photo View of Mesa from west with Iteriak Creek in foreground. Photo: Dan Gullickson Disclaimer The mention of trade names or commercial products in this report does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the federal government. Authors Michael Kunz is an Archaeologist, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Northern Field Office, 1150 University Avenue, Fairbanks, Alaska 99709. Michael Bever is a project supervisor for Pacific Legacy Inc., 3081 Alhambra Drive, Suite 208, Cameron Park, CA 95682. Constance Adkins is an Archaeologist, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Northern Field Office, 1150 University Avenue, Fairbanks, Alaska 99709. Open File Reports Open File Reports issued by the Bureau of Land Management-Alaska present the results of invento- ries or other investigations on a variety of scientific and technical subjects that are made available to the public outside the formal BLM-Alaska technical publication series. These reports can include preliminary or incomplete data and are not published and distributed in quantity. The reports are available while supplies last from BLM External Affairs, 222 West 7th Avenue #13, Anchorage, Alaska 99513 and from the Juneau Minerals Information Center, 100 Savikko Road, Mayflower Island, Douglas, AK 99824, (907) 364-1553. Copies are also available for inspection at the Alaska Resource Library and Information Service (Anchorage), the USDI Resources Library in Washington, D.
    [Show full text]
  • The Global History of Paleopathology
    OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRST-PROOF, 01/31/12, NEWGEN TH E GLOBA L H ISTORY OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 000_JaneBuikstra_FM.indd0_JaneBuikstra_FM.indd i 11/31/2012/31/2012 44:03:58:03:58 PPMM OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRST-PROOF, 01/31/12, NEWGEN 000_JaneBuikstra_FM.indd0_JaneBuikstra_FM.indd iiii 11/31/2012/31/2012 44:03:59:03:59 PPMM OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRST-PROOF, 01/31/12, NEWGEN TH E GLOBA L H ISTORY OF PALEOPATHOLOGY Pioneers and Prospects EDITED BY JANE E. BUIKSTRA AND CHARLOTTE A. ROBERTS 3 000_JaneBuikstra_FM.indd0_JaneBuikstra_FM.indd iiiiii 11/31/2012/31/2012 44:03:59:03:59 PPMM OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRST-PROOF, 01/31/12, NEWGEN 1 Oxford University Press Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With o! ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland " ailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © #$%# by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. %&' Madison Avenue, New York, New York %$$%( www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. CIP to come ISBN-%): ISBN $–%&- % ) * + & ' ( , # Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 000_JaneBuikstra_FM.indd0_JaneBuikstra_FM.indd iivv 11/31/2012/31/2012 44:03:59:03:59 PPMM OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRST-PROOF, 01/31/12, NEWGEN To J.
    [Show full text]
  • Special Collections Division University of Washington Libraries Box 352900 Seattle, Washington, 98195-2900 USA (206) 543-1929
    Special Collections Division University of Washington Libraries Box 352900 Seattle, Washington, 98195-2900 USA (206) 543-1929 This document forms part of the Preliminary Guide to the Cannery Workers and Farm Laborers Union Local 7 Records. To find out more about the history, context, arrangement, availability and restrictions on this collection, click on the following link: http://digital.lib.washington.edu/findingaids/permalink/CanneryWorkersandFarmLaborersUnionLocal7SeattleWash3927/ Special Collections home page: http://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/ Search Collection Guides: http://digital.lib.washington.edu/findingaids/search CANNERY WORKERS' AND FARM LABORERS' UNION. LOCAL NO. 7 1998 UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON LIBRARIES MANUSCRIPTS AND UNIVERSITY ARCHIVES CANNERY WORKERS' AND FARM LABORERS' UNION. LOCAL NO. 7 Accession No. 3927-001 GUIDE HISTORY The Cannery Workers' and Farm Laborers' Union was organized June 19, 1933 in Seattle to represent the primarily Filipino-American laborers who worked in the Alaska salmon canneries. Filipino Alaskeros first appeared in the canneries around 1911. In the 1920s as exclusionary immigration laws went into effect, they replaced the Japanese, who had replaced the Chinese in the canneries. Workers were recruited through labor contractors who were paid to provide a work crew for the summer canning season. The contractor paid workers wages and other expenses. This system led to many abuses and harsh working conditions from which grew the movement toward unionization. The CWFLU, under the leadership of its first President, Virgil Duyungan, was chartered as Local 19257 by the American Federation of Labor in 1933. On December 1, 1936 an agent of a labor contractor murdered Duyungan and Secretary Aurelio Simon.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploratory Models of Intersite Variability in Mid to Late Holocene Central Alaska B.A
    ARCTIC VOL. 61, NO. 4 (DECEMBER 2008) P. 407– 425 Exploratory Models of Intersite Variability in Mid to Late Holocene Central Alaska B.A. POTTER1 (Received 27 November 2007; accepted in revised form 10 March 2008) ABSTRACT. Interrelated aspects of technology, site structure, and subsistence patterns in central Alaska are synthesized using a comprehensive database of radiocarbon-dated components. Microblade technology is examined with respect to broad patterns of technology, settlement, and subsistence. Striking changes in the archaeological record during the Late Holocene (~1000 cal BP), including the loss of microblades, are explored through three general models: technological and economic change within existing populations, population replacement or assimilation, and taphonomic bias. The evidence most strongly supports the first: a shift from multiseasonal large mammal hunting strategies with associated high residential mobility to exploitation of seasonally overabundant resources (caribou, fish) and increased logistical mobility and reliance on storage. Key words: Alaska, intersite variability, microblade technology, bison extirpation, Subarctic prehistory, subsistence economy, land-use strategies, Holocene RÉSUMÉ. Les aspects interdépendants de la technologie, de la structure des sites et des modèles de subsistance dans le centre de l’Alaska sont synthétisés en s’appuyant sur une banque de données exhaustives de composantes datées au radiocarbone. La technologie des microlames est examinée par rapport aux modèles élargis en matière de technologie, d’établissement et de subsistance. Des changements marquants sur le plan de l’enregistrement archéologique du Holocène supérieur (~1000 cal. BP), dont la perte des microlames, sont explorés à la lumière de trois modèles généraux : le changement technologique et économique au sein des populations existantes, l’assimilation ou le remplacement de la population, et l’écart taphonomique.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Maritime Russia and the North Pacific Arc Dianne Meredith Russia Has Always Held an Ambiguous Position in World Geography
    Early Maritime Russia and the North Pacific Arc Dianne Meredith Russia has always held an ambiguous position in world geography. Like most other great powers, Russia spread out from a small, original core area of identity. The Russian-Kievan core was located west of the Ural Mountains. Russia’s earlier history (1240-1480) was deeply colored by a Mongol-Tatar invasion in the thirteenth century. By the time Russia cast off Mongol rule, its worldview had developed to reflect two and one-half centuries of Asiatic rather than European dominance, hence the old cliché, scratch a Russian and you find a Tatar. This was the beginning of Russia’s long search of identity as neither European nor Asian, but Eurasian. Russia has a longer Pacific coastline than any other Asian country, yet a Pacific identity has been difficult to assume, in spite of over four hundred years of exploration (Map 1). Map 1. Geographic atlas of the Russian Empire (1745), digital copy by the Russian State Library. Early Pacific Connections Ancient peoples from what is now present-day Russia had circum-Pacific connections via the North Pacific arc between North America and Asia. Today this arc is separated by a mere fifty-six miles at the Bering Strait, but centuries earlier it was part of a broad subcontinent more than one-thousand miles long. Beringia, as it is now termed, was not fully glaciated during the Pleistocene Ice Age; in fact, there was not any area of land within one hundred miles of the Bering Strait itself that was completely glaciated within the last million years, while for much of that time a broad band of ice to the east covered much of present-day Alaska.
    [Show full text]
  • USGS Open-File Report 2004-1234
    Catalog of Earthquake Hypocenters at Alaskan Volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2003 By James P. Dixon1, Scott D. Stihler2, John A. Power3, Guy Tytgat2, Seth C. Moran4, John J. Sánchez2, Stephen R. McNutt2, Steve Estes2, and John Paskievitch3 Open-File Report 2004-1234 2004 Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey 1 Alaska Volcano Observatory, U. S. Geological Survey, 903 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7320 2 Alaska Volcano Observatory, Geophysical Institute, 903 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7320 3 Alaska Volcano Observatory, U. S. Geological Survey, 4200 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508-4667 4 Cascades Volcano Observatory, U. S. Geological Survey, 1300 SE Cardinal Ct., Bldg. 10, Vancouver, WA 99508 2 CONTENTS Introduction...................................................................................................3 Instrumentation .............................................................................................5 Data Acquisition and Reduction ...................................................................8 Velocity Models...........................................................................................10 Seismicity.....................................................................................................11 Summary......................................................................................................14 References....................................................................................................15
    [Show full text]
  • Vol. 86 Friday, No. 13 January 22, 2021 Pages 6553–6824
    Vol. 86 Friday, No. 13 January 22, 2021 Pages 6553–6824 OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER VerDate Sep 11 2014 22:05 Jan 21, 2021 Jkt 253001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4710 Sfmt 4710 E:\FR\FM\22JAWS.LOC 22JAWS jbell on DSKJLSW7X2PROD with FR_WS II Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 13 / Friday, January 22, 2021 The FEDERAL REGISTER (ISSN 0097–6326) is published daily, SUBSCRIPTIONS AND COPIES Monday through Friday, except official holidays, by the Office PUBLIC of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration, under the Federal Register Act (44 U.S.C. Ch. 15) Subscriptions: and the regulations of the Administrative Committee of the Federal Paper or fiche 202–512–1800 Register (1 CFR Ch. I). The Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Assistance with public subscriptions 202–512–1806 Government Publishing Office, is the exclusive distributor of the official edition. Periodicals postage is paid at Washington, DC. General online information 202–512–1530; 1–888–293–6498 Single copies/back copies: The FEDERAL REGISTER provides a uniform system for making available to the public regulations and legal notices issued by Paper or fiche 202–512–1800 Federal agencies. These include Presidential proclamations and Assistance with public single copies 1–866–512–1800 Executive Orders, Federal agency documents having general (Toll-Free) applicability and legal effect, documents required to be published FEDERAL AGENCIES by act of Congress, and other Federal agency documents of public Subscriptions: interest. Assistance with Federal agency subscriptions: Documents are on file for public inspection in the Office of the Federal Register the day before they are published, unless the Email [email protected] issuing agency requests earlier filing.
    [Show full text]
  • The Alaskan Caver
    THE ALASKAN CAVER NSS Convention '82 BEND, OREGON ~AnnoJ~~ntumorLlrN.tr~l-~ CONWMToW CHAIlWUH mCuAmMM4 UNY. Dm 8106 5 E Cdlllrn S'.M 52' Wm Sn*ll b~anoOr-m 97706 -- Mnn ¶m8yli- NSS rrt (XU! 114 773 Canma vw u 6nva~ron [6%1352-'Wx htw: June 27th to July 3r4. 1982 lh 1982 Oonwntion staff is putting out a call for mrsfur th sasaions to k hald In Bend, 0-n Qlrlw 1982. Pleaom sham yew Info*mation and -rim- at one of the 808810~t8. Papers on all typas of cadw subjects are an-&. If you am willing to qiw a mr, plsaao cantad eitbr your section chiman or the Prqr- Chima for the Convention. Wstracto of 300 worda or laan are nuby &ah l6t. 'Ybsr are to k pmtdin the FTiOXAH of the Convention and in a spscial M BULGgTII. You will, am the nm an$ nddrssa of the psraon to sand your abstract to in the W m. Wa will hold all of thm earsessions, m.g. Biow, Wloqg, Vertical, Social Sclenca, Wmmn'~, ere. as Wll as s- mmcial wssions such an: A Safety & TwWquen maimwith mrnim asmaion of pwra and an aft*mn seasfon in n cave. Wrman, Joe Facklsr, 2404 bntend St., hiss, fD 85702. 10s and his Idaho Rescum Group bw - mt im! Vnlcanosp.lwlomr -8iwn. Bill fhllldhg ia ergani~~this one1 Bill's address ix 1117 36th Avo. E, Seattle, 'dA 98112. kdhPrsst Dfrsrsfe @mpoaium. In cue ym Wnk d1 caves in tb Wad ars formed af basalt (i.s., lava), Phil Ntfbald 3a pmto ahou you th wide diversity of caves! Rfchard Hall has already wluntwrd to tell as about mCavas & Cave Potmttial In Alaska." You will hear abut other qrwt caving areau that you may n& know adst in the West! Special Progrm on Ht.
    [Show full text]
  • THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS: THEIR PEOPLE and NATURAL HISTORY
    SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WAR BACKGROUND STUDIES NUMBER TWENTY-ONE THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS: THEIR PEOPLE and NATURAL HISTORY (With Keys for the Identification of the Birds and Plants) By HENRY B. COLLINS, JR. AUSTIN H. CLARK EGBERT H. WALKER (Publication 3775) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION FEBRUARY 5, 1945 BALTIMORE, MB., U„ 8. A. CONTENTS Page The Islands and Their People, by Henry B. Collins, Jr 1 Introduction 1 Description 3 Geology 6 Discovery and early history 7 Ethnic relationships of the Aleuts 17 The Aleutian land-bridge theory 19 Ethnology 20 Animal Life of the Aleutian Islands, by Austin H. Clark 31 General considerations 31 Birds 32 Mammals 48 Fishes 54 Sea invertebrates 58 Land invertebrates 60 Plants of the Aleutian Islands, by Egbert H. Walker 63 Introduction 63 Principal plant associations 64 Plants of special interest or usefulness 68 The marine algae or seaweeds 70 Bibliography 72 Appendix A. List of mammals 75 B. List of birds 77 C. Keys to the birds 81 D. Systematic list of plants 96 E. Keys to the more common plants 110 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES Page 1. Kiska Volcano 1 2. Upper, Aerial view of Unimak Island 4 Lower, Aerial view of Akun Head, Akun Island, Krenitzin group 4 3. Upper, U. S. Navy submarine docking at Dutch Harbor 4 Lower, Village of Unalaska 4 4. Upper, Aerial view of Cathedral Rocks, Unalaska Island 4 Lower, Naval air transport plane photographed against peaks of the Islands of Four Mountains 4 5. Upper, Mountain peaks of Kagamil and Uliaga Islands, Four Mountains group 4 Lower, Mount Cleveland, Chuginadak Island, Four Mountains group ..
    [Show full text]
  • Juliana Pegues Dissertation
    INTERROGATING INTIMACIES: ASIAN AMERICAN AND NATIVE RELATIONS IN COLONIAL ALASKA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY JULIANA PEGUES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY JIGNA DESAI, CO-ADVISOR ERIKA LEE, CO-ADVISOR AUGUST 2013 Copyright © 2013 by Juliana Pegues ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Portions of an earlier version of Chapter 3 were published in “Rethinking Relations: Interracial Intimacies of Asian Men and Native Women in Alaskan Canneries,” Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies, 15, no. 1 (March 2013): 55-66; copyright Taylor & Francis Group; reprinted with permission of Taylor & Francis Group. A slightly different version of Chapter 4 will be published in “’Picture Man’: Shoki Kayamori and the Photography of Colonial Encounter in Alaska, 1912-1941,” College Literature: A Journal of Critical Literary Studies. Thank you to the editors and special edition editors of these journals. Many people have guided and supported me throughout my dissertation process, and I’m delighted to have the opportunity to recognize them. I am grateful to my committee, exemplary scholars who challenge me to deeply engage and critically think through my project. My advisors Erika Lee and Jigna Desai have been everything I could ask for and more, both phenomenal academics who motivate me to be a better scholar, teacher, parent, and community member. Erika is a formidable historian who has provided me with invaluable training, always asking the important “why?” of my research and project, especially my contributions to Asian American studies. Erika encourages me to “embrace my inner historian,” and I would like to state for the record that she inspires me time and time again to research and write important, compelling, and creative historical narratives.
    [Show full text]