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Assessment of Coastal Water Resources and Watershed Conditions

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Assessment of Coastal Water Resources and Watershed Conditions National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Assessment of Coastal Water Resources and Watershed Conditions Lake Clark National Park and Preserve Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NRPC/WRD/NRTR—2008/144 ON THE COVER Clockwise from left: Tuxedni Bay in Lake Clark National Park and Preserve (LACL), photo by Penny Knuckles; Sea Otters in Silver Salmon Creek in LACL, NPS Photo; Chinitna Bay in LACL, photo by Amy Miller; LACL Coast in Winter, photo by Dan Young; Chinitna Bay in LACL, NPS Photo. Assessment of Coastal Water Resources and Watershed Conditions Lake Clark National Park and Preserve Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NRPC/WRD/NRTR-2008/144 Sonia Nagorski, Eran Hood, and Sanjay Pyare Environmental Science Program University of Alaska Southeast Juneau, AK 99801 Ginny Eckert School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences University of Alaska Fairbanks Juneau, AK 99801 This report was prepared under Task Order J9W88050014 of the Pacific Northwest Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit (agreement CA90880008) December 2008 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, CO The Natural Resource Publication series addresses natural resource topics that are of interest and applicability to a broad readership in the National Park Service and to others in the management of natural resources, including the scientific community, the public, and the NPS conservation and environmental constituencies. Manuscripts are peer-reviewed to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and is designed and published in a professional manner. The Natural Resources Technical Reports series is used to disseminate the peer-reviewed results of scientific studies in the physical, biological, and social sciences for both the advancement of science and the achievement of the National Park Service’s mission. The reports provide contributors with a forum for displaying comprehensive data that are often deleted from journals because of page limitations. Current examples of such reports include the results of research that addresses natural resource management issues; natural resource inventory and monitoring activities; resource assessment reports; scientific literature reviews; and peer reviewed proceedings of technical workshops, conferences, or symposia. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations and data in this report are solely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the U.S. Department of the Interior, NPS. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the National Park Service. Printed copies of reports in these series may be produced in a limited quantity, and they are only available as long as the supply lasts. This report is also available from the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/NRPM) on the Internet or by sending a request to the address on the back cover. Please cite this publication as: Nagorski, S., E. Hood, G. Eckert, and S. Pyare. 2008. Assessment of coastal water resources and watershed conditions: Lake Clark National Park and Preserve. Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NRPC/WRD/NRTR—2008/144. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS D-41, December 2008 ii Contents Page List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. v List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. ix List of Appendices ......................................................................................................................... xi Acronyms and Abbreviations ...................................................................................................... xiii Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... xv Physical, Oceanographic, and Climatic Setting ...................................................................... xv Hydrologic Information ......................................................................................................... xvi Biological Resources ............................................................................................................. xvi Water Quality Assessment .................................................................................................... xvii Threats to Water Resources ................................................................................................. xviii Visitor Impacts ........................................................................................................................ xx Other Threats .......................................................................................................................... xx Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... xxiii Purpose and Scope .......................................................................................................................... 1 Park Description and History .......................................................................................................... 5 Setting ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Hydrologic information ............................................................................................................ 7 Biological Resources .............................................................................................................. 25 Water Resources Assessment ....................................................................................................... 49 Water quality ........................................................................................................................... 49 Water quality impairments and effects on biological resources ............................................. 63 Threats to Water Resources .......................................................................................................... 65 Sources of past, current, and potential future pollutants ......................................................... 65 iii Contents (continued) Climate change........................................................................................................................ 84 Physical hazards: volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunamis ............................................................. 90 Visitor impacts ........................................................................................................................ 97 Exotic species and disease .................................................................................................... 100 Harmful algal blooms ........................................................................................................... 102 Abandoned structures............................................................................................................ 103 Coastal debris and garbage ................................................................................................... 103 Future development .............................................................................................................. 104 Condition Overview and Recommendations .............................................................................. 109 Condition overview ............................................................................................................... 109 Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 110 Literature Cited ........................................................................................................................... 117 iv Figures Page Figure 1. Location of Lake Clark National Park and Preserve and other SWAN NPS units in Alaska. .......................................................................................................................................... 2 Figure 2. Location of the Coastal Watershed Study Area and administrative boundaries in Lake Clark National Park and Preserve. .................................................................................................. 3 Figure 3. Predominant currents in the GOA. .................................................................................. 8 Figure 4. Cross-shelf transect at Kennedy Entrance Demonstrating shelf structure of salinity (psu) during October 1978. .......................................................................................................... 9 Figure 5. Vertical shear (s-1), which is a reflection of current speed, at Kennedy Entrance from Acoustic Dopler Current Profiler. ................................................................................................... 9 Figure 6. Surface temperature contours estimated from the 54 stations ....................................... 10 Figure 7. Surface salinity contours estimated from the 54 sampled stations ................................ 10 Figure 8. Climate and precipitation zones of the Cook Inlet Basin .............................................
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