A Not-so-Brief History of Particle Accelerators

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected]

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 1 May 16

1950 - Johannes Georg Bednorz 1960 - Theodore Maiman operates the 1830 - Joseph Fourier, Mathemetician who discovered high temperature first optical laser (a ruby laser) and Physicist dies superconductors born

2013 – Heinrich Roher, co-inventor of scanning tunneling microscope dies

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 2 Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 3 Large Hadron Collider

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 4 The Most Complex Machines in the World!

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 5 Part 1 Early Starts, who wants to accelerate particles anyways

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 6 ~1890 - Radiation 1905 - Special Relativity ~1920 - Quantum Mechanics

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 7 ~10 MeV

Uranium bearing minerals

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 8 1 Million Volts

e-

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 9 Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 10 Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 11 Daresbury Lab in the UK – 130 feet long and 20 MeV

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 12 Low energy and low current!

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 13 Develop an artificial source of positive particles “more energetic than those emitted from natural radioactive substances.”

Ernest Rutherford

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 14 Part 2 Circling Around the Solution

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 15 100200 keV

p+

E. O Lawrence

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 16 Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 17 “wire and sealing wax and probably cost $25 in all”

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 18 “Dr Livingston has asked me to advise you that he has obtained 1,100,000 Volt protons. He also suggested that I add ‘Whoopee’!”

-Telegram to Lawrence

1931 - 11” Cyclotron (1 MeV)

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 19 1932 - 27” Cyclotron (4.8 MeV)

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 20 1937 - 37” Cyclotron (8 MeV)

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 21 1939 - 60” Cyclotron (16 MeV)

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 22 7 Nobel Prizes

1939 - 60” Cyclotron (16 MeV)

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 23 Part 2 Physicists go to war

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 24 1 September 1939 – Germany invades 7 December 1941 – Japan attacks American Poland, war breaks out in Europe fleet at Pearl Harbor, USA enters WWII

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 25 2 August, 1939 – Einstein writes pres. Roosevelt on behalf of physicist Leo Szilard, “[uranium] would provide a possible source of bombs with a destructiveness vastly greater than anything now known”

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 26 Roosevelt responds and sets into motion what will become Manhattan Project, physicists are pulled from their research and convene at the US national labs

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 27 Isotope Separation

U-235 – the fissible isotope of Uranium required for an atomic bomb

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 28 RADAR

MIT Radiation Lab

The first practical radar developed in 1940’s

Massive particle accelerator- based radar tubes (right) were the enabling technology

Would also become a primary driver of the next gen. accelerators

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 29 16 July, 1945 – Atomic age begins when the first nuclear device is detonated at White Sands Missile Range as part of the Trinity nuclear test

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 30 6, 9 August 1945 – Only wartime use of atomic 8 May 1945 – Germany surrenders bombs. Devices are detonated over Hiroshima unconditionally, V-E day and Nagasaki. Japan surrenders shortly after

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 31 15 August 1946 – Manhattan project is disbanded.

Mixing of physicists set the stage for the fifty years of science at accelerators

Every famous research university today can usually be traced back to where physicists landed after WWII (Manhattan project and related work) • U. Chicago – Enrico Fermi • Florida – Paul Dirac • Cornell – Hans Bethe, Richard Feynman • UC Berkeley – Luis Alvarez, Edwin McMillan • MIT – Stanislaw Ulam • Princeton – John von Neumann, Einstein, Eugene Wigner

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 32 Part 3 The Energy Frontier

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 33 Energy (GeV)

The next “Big Thing” in physics was adapting quantum mechanics to work with special relativity (quantum field theory)

Is primarily studied at particle accelerators. The heavier the particle is, the more energy required to make it.

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 34 1945 - 184” Synchro-cyclotron (730 MeV) – The start of “big science” Higher energies become very expensive ($$$$$) and huge. Requires teams of scientists, engineers, technicians, to build as well as political capical to get funding. EO Lawrence leads the effort. Going to higher energies also requires leaving behind the cyclotron.

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 35 Radio-Frequency (RF) acceleration Synchrotron

Strong Focusing Linear Accelerators

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 36 Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 37 CESR (6 GeV) (My institution)

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 38 Tevatron (~1 TeV)

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 39 Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 40 Superconducting Super Collider – Defunded after most of construction completed, realization that the next big accelerators are so expensive that international funding is only feasible way of building them

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 41 Large Hadron Collider (14 TeV)

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 42 Part 4 Light Sources and Ultrafast Physics

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 43 Synchrotron Radiation (1947) – Thought to be useless side product of accelerators, became one of their most important features

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 44 Seeing small things requires using light that is “physically small” Visible light has a size of 1um, the scale of cells and microorganisms

Atoms are 1000x smaller and need x-ray light and lots of it. This light comes from particle accelerators

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 45 Discovery of DNA double helix By making crystals of proteins and shining x-rays through them we can create a “diffraction pattern” which tells us the structure

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 46 X-rays at synchrotron light sources are also short and can be used as a powerful strobe to freeze motion in times as short as femtoseconds

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 47 X-ray sources have improved so much that the most recent generation of devices is 10^24 (one with 24 zeros after it) more bright than the x-ray tubes in your dentist’s office!

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 48 LCLS (x-ray laser)

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 49 X-ray light sources have transformed science in the same way that lasers did for optical light in the 1960s

Current problem is that they are expensive ($1B scale operating budges) and don’t have enough time to let every scientist that wants to use them access.

How can we democratize atomic scale probes of matter? Can we build sources that can fit inside a university (not a 2 mile long government lab)?

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 50 The current barrier is the quality of electron beams (brightness) and in order for university scale science, the brightness of beams must be increased by 100x

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 51 Emission from a 50nm region!

Using machine learning to design better accelerators

More directional sources

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 52 Thank you for listening! Questions?

Christopher M. Pierce [email protected] Not-So-Brief History of Accelerators May 16, 2021 53