DOCSLIB.ORG

User:Guy Vandegrift/Sandbox ­ Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
User:Guy Vandegrift/Sandbox ­ Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia 1/9/2016 User:Guy vandegrift/sandbox ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia User:Guy vandegrift/sandbox From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia < User:Guy vandegrift Condensing Wikipedia's Quantum mechanics timeline See also v:How things work college course/Quantum mechanics timeline This "timeline of quantum mechancis" shows some of the key steps in the development of quantum mechanics, quantum field theories and quantum chemistry.[1][2] Contents 1 19th century 2 20th century 2.1 1900–1909 2.2 1910–1919 2.3 1920–1929 2.4 1930–1939 2.5 1940–1949 2.6 1950–1959 2.7 1960–1969 2.8 1971–1979 2.9 1980–1999 3 21st century 4 References https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Guy_vandegrift/sandbox 1/15 1/9/2016 User:Guy vandegrift/sandbox ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 19th century 1859 – Kirchhoff introduces the concept of a blackbody and proves that its emission spectrum depends only on its temperature.[1] 1860–1900 – Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann, James Clerk Maxwell and others develop the theory of statistical mechanics. Boltzmann argues that entropy is a measure of disorder.[1] Boltzmann suggests that the energy levels of a physical system could be discrete based on statistical mechanics and mathematical arguments; also produces a primitive diagram of a model of an iodine molecule that resembles the orbital diagram. Image of Becquerel's photographic 18871888 – Heinrich Hertz discovers the photoelectric effect, and also demonstrates experimentally that plate which has been fogged by exposure to radiation from a uranium electromagnetic waves exist, as predicted by Maxwell.[1] salt. The shadow of a metal Maltese 1888 – Johannes Rydberg modifies the Balmer formula to include all spectral series of lines for the hydrogen Cross placed between the plate and atom, producing the Rydberg formula. the uranium salt is clearly visible. 1895 – Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovers X­rays in experiments with electron beams in plasma.[1] 1896 – Antoine Henri Becquerel accidentally discovers radioactivity while investigating the work of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen; he finds that uranium salts emit radiation that resembled Röntgen's X­rays in their penetrating power, and accidentally discovers that the phosphorescent substance potassium uranyl sulfate exposes photographic plates.[1][3] 1896 – Pieter Zeeman observes the Zeeman splitting effect by passing the light emitted by hydrogen through a magnetic field. 1896–1897 Marie Curie investigates uranium salt samples using a very sensitive electrometer device that was invented 15 years before by her husband and his brother Jacques Curie to measure electrical charge. She discovers that the emitted rays make the surrounding air electrically conductive. Through a systematic search of substances, she finds that thorium compounds, like those of uranium, emitted "Becquerel rays", thus preceding the work of Frederick Soddy and Ernest Rutherford on the nuclear decay of thorium to radium by three years.[4] 1897 – Ivan Borgman demonstrates that X­rays and radioactive materials induce thermoluminescence. 1899 to 1903 – Ernest Rutherford investigates radioactivity and coins the terms alpha and beta rays in 1899 to describe the two distinct types of radiation emitted by thorium and uranium salts. With Frederick Soddy he discovers nuclear transmutation as radioactive thorium is convertd itself into radium through a process of nuclear decay and a gas (later found to be 4 [5] 2He). He also invents the nuclear atom model and becomes known as the "father of nuclear physics"[6] 20th century https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Guy_vandegrift/sandbox 2/15 1/9/2016 User:Guy vandegrift/sandbox ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1900–1909 1900 – To explain black­body radiation (1862), Max Planck suggests that electromagnetic energy is emitted in quantized form, in multiples of the elementary unit E = hν, where h is Planck's constant and ν is frequency. 1902 – To explain the octet rule (1893), Gilbert N. Lewis develops the "cubical atom" theory in which electrons in the form of dots are positioned at the corner of a cube. Predicts that single, double, or triple "bonds" result when two atoms are held together by multiple pairs of electrons between the atoms. 1903 – Antoine Becquerel, Pierre Curie and Marie Curie share the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work on spontaneous radioactivity. 1904 – Richard Abegg notes the pattern that the numerical difference between the maximum positive valence, such as +6 for H2SO4, and the maximum negative valence, such as −2 for H2S, of an element Einstein, in 1905, when he wrote the tends to be eight (Abegg's rule). Annus Mirabilis papers 1905 – Albert Einstein explains the photoelectric effect. He postulates that light itself consists of individual quantum particles (photons). 1905 – Einstein explains the effects of Brownian motion as caused by the kinetic energy (i.e., movement) of atoms, which was subsequently, experimentally verified by Jean Baptiste Perrin, thereby settling the century­long dispute about the validity of John Dalton's atomic theory. 1905 – Einstein publishes his Special Theory of Relativity. 1905 – Einstein theoretically derives the equivalence of matter and energy. 1907 to 1917 – To test his planetary model of 1904 [7] he sent a beam of positively charged alpha particles onto a gold foil and noticed that some bounced back, thus showing that an atom has a small­sized positively charged atomic nucleus at its center. However, he received in 1908 the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his investigations into the chemistry of radioactive substances",[8] which followed on the work of Marie Curie, not for his planetary model of the atom; he is also widely credited with first "splitting the atom" in 1917. In 1911 Ernest Rutherford explained the Geiger–Marsden experiment by invoking a nuclear atom model and derived the Rutherford cross section. 1909 – Geoffrey Ingram Taylor demonstrates that interference patterns of light were generated even when the light energy introduced consisted of only one photon. This discovery of the wave–particle duality of matter and energy is fundamental to the later development of quantum field theory. 1909 and 1916 – Einstein shows that, if Planck's law of black­body radiation is accepted, the energy quanta must also carry momentum p = h / λ, making them full­fledged particles. 1910–1919 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Guy_vandegrift/sandbox 3/15 1/9/2016 User:Guy vandegrift/sandbox ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1911 – Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn perform an experiment that shows that the energies of electrons emitted by beta decay had a continuous rather than discrete spectrum, in apparent contradiction to the law of conservation of energy. A second problem is that the spin of the Nitrogen­14 atom was 1, in contradiction to the Rutherford prediction of ½. These anomalies are later explained by the discoveries of the neutrino and the neutron. 1911 – Ștefan Procopiu performs experiments in which he determines the correct value of electron's magnetic A schematic diagram of the apparatus dipole moment. In 1913 he is also calculated a for Millikan's refined oil drop theoretical value of the Bohr magneton based on experiment. Planck's quantum theory. 1912 – Victor Hess discovers the existence of cosmic radiation. 1913 – Robert Andrews Millikan publishes the results of his "oil drop" experiment that measures the charge of the electron. This makes it possible to calculate the Avogadro constant and the atomic weight of the atoms. 1913 – Ștefan Procopiu publishes a theoretical paper with the correct value of the electron's [9] magnetic dipole moment.B. 1913 – Niels Bohr theoretically obtains the value of the electron's magnetic dipole moment. 1913 – Johannes Stark and Antonino Lo Surdo independently discover the shifting and splitting of the spectral lines of atoms and molecules due to an external static electric field. 1913 – To explain the Rydberg formula (1888), which calculates the emission spectra of atomic hydrogen, Bohr hypothesizes that electrons revolve around a positively charged nucleus at certain fixed "quantum" distances, with specific energies such that transition between orbits requires "quantum" emissions or absorptions of energy. 1914 – James Franck and Gustav Hertz conduct an experiment on electron collisions with mercury atoms, that provides new verification of Bohr's model of quantized atomic energy levels.[10] 1915 – Einstein presents what are now known as the Einstein field equations. They specify how the geometry of space and time is influenced by matter, and form the core of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. 1916 – Paul Epstein[11] and Karl Schwarzschild,[12] working independently, derive equations for the linear and quadratic Stark effect in hydrogen. 1916 – To account for the Zeeman effect, Arnold Sommerfeld suggests electrons in an atom might be "elliptical orbits" in addition to "spherical orbits". 1918 – Sir Ernest Rutherford notices that, when alpha particles are shot into nitrogen gas, his scintillation detectors shows the signatures of hydrogen nuclei. Rutherford determines that the only place this hydrogen could have come from was the nitrogen, and therefore nitrogen must contain hydrogen nuclei. He thus suggests that the hydrogen nucleus, which is known to have an atomic number of 1, is an elementary particle, which he decides must be the protons hypothesized by Eugen Goldstein. 1919 – Building on the work of Lewis (1916), Irving Langmuir coins the term "covalence" and postulates that coordinate covalent bonds occur when two electrons
Load more

Recommended publications
  • “Revista Istorică”, XXVIII, 2017, Nos. 1-2
    “Revista istorică”, XXVIII, 2017, nos. 1-2 ABSTRACTS THE ARABS AND THE MONGOLS EXPANDING: A COMPARISON OF THE PREMISES VIRGIL CIOCÎLTAN The route from the nomad’s tent to the imperial palace had the same starting ground, namely the disadvantaged areas, which made their nomadic inhabitants particularly receptive to material gains, and the same finality: expansion and the formation of the two empires. Beyond the specific means of achieving each course individually, their essence was identical: the politic and social instability, which was endemic to the gentile societies of pre-Islamic Arabia and Mongolia before the rule of Genghis Khan, was removed by the great social and political renewals of the 7th, respectively the 12th century, which presented the nomadic inhabitants with a new identity, granted them social homogeneity and integrated them into state structures which superseded the traditional tribal entities. As the conscience of being Moslem transgressed the narrow gentile differences and allowed the formation of the great Islamic community (umma), composed of equal elements, at least in theory, which were unified precisely by the common faith in Allah, so Genghis Khan’s reform, promulgated at the 1206 kurultai, consecrated the victory of the new identity, that of members of the Mongol ulus, which was also of divine right and with similar universal imperial traits. Thereupon, the energies previously consumed in internal conflicts could be harnessed and channeled towards the outer world, where they produced epochal military victories. The analogy between these phenomena and those produced several centuries later by the French Revolution, which made possible, through a similar process of equalization, the “mass uprising” (levée en masse) and, as a consequence, Napoleon’s great conquests, is striking.
    [Show full text]
  • J. Robert Schrieffer Strange Quantum Numbers in Condensed Matter
    Wednesday, May 1, 2002 3:00 pm APS Auditorium, Building 402, Argonne National Laboratory APS Colloquium home J. Robert Schrieffer Nobel Laureate National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Florida State University, Tallahassee [email protected] http://www.physics.fsu.edu/research/NHMFL.htm Strange Quantum Numbers in Condensed Matter Physics The origin of peculiar quantum numbers in condensed matter physics will be reviewed. The source of spin-charge separation and fractional charge in conducting polymers has to do with solitons in broken symmetry states. For superconductors with an energy gap, which is odd under time reversal, reverse spin-orbital angular momentum pairing occurs. In the fractional quantum Hall effect, quasi particles of fractional charge occur. In superfluid helium 3, a one-way branch of excitations exists if a domain wall occurs in the system. Many of these phenomena occur due to vacuum flow of particles without crossing the excitation of the energy gap. John Robert Schrieffer received his bachelor's degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1953 and his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois in 1957. In addition, he holds honorary Doctor of Science degrees from universities in Germany, Switzerland, and Israel, and from the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Cincinnati, and the University of Alabama. Since 1992, Dr. Schrieffer has been a professor of Physics at Florida State University and the University of Florida and the Chief Scientist of the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. He also holds the FSU Eminent Scholar Chair in Physics. Before moving to Florida in 1991, he served as director for the Institute for Theoretical Physics from 1984-1989 and was the Chancellor's Professor at the University of California in Santa Barbara from 1984-1991.
    [Show full text]
  • Samuel Goudsmit
    NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES SAMUEL ABRAHAM GOUDSMIT 1 9 0 2 — 1 9 7 8 A Biographical Memoir by BENJAMIN BEDERSON Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 2008 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON, D.C. Photograph courtesy Brookhaven National Laboratory. SAMUEL ABRAHAM GOUDSMIT July 11, 1902–December 4, 1978 BY BENJAMIN BEDERSON AM GOUDSMIT LED A CAREER that touched many aspects of S20th-century physics and its impact on society. He started his professional life in Holland during the earliest days of quantum mechanics as a student of Paul Ehrenfest. In 1925 together with his fellow graduate student George Uhlenbeck he postulated that in addition to mass and charge the electron possessed a further intrinsic property, internal angular mo- mentum, that is, spin. This inspiration furnished the missing link that explained the existence of multiple spectroscopic lines in atomic spectra, resulting in the final triumph of the then struggling birth of quantum mechanics. In 1927 he and Uhlenbeck together moved to the United States where they continued their physics careers until death. In a rough way Goudsmit’s career can be divided into several separate parts: first in Holland, strictly as a theorist, where he achieved very early success, and then at the University of Michigan, where he worked in the thriving field of preci- sion spectroscopy, concerning himself with the influence of nuclear magnetism on atomic spectra. In 1944 he became the scientific leader of the Alsos Mission, whose aim was to determine the progress Germans had made in the development of nuclear weapons during World War II.
    [Show full text]
  • Statistical Physics Problem Sets 5–8: Statistical Mechanics
    Statistical Physics xford hysics Second year physics course A. A. Schekochihin and A. Boothroyd (with thanks to S. J. Blundell) Problem Sets 5{8: Statistical Mechanics Hilary Term 2014 Some Useful Constants −23 −1 Boltzmann's constant kB 1:3807 × 10 JK −27 Proton rest mass mp 1:6726 × 10 kg 23 −1 Avogadro's number NA 6:022 × 10 mol Standard molar volume 22:414 × 10−3 m3 mol−1 Molar gas constant R 8:315 J mol−1 K−1 1 pascal (Pa) 1 N m−2 1 standard atmosphere 1:0132 × 105 Pa (N m−2) 1 bar (= 1000 mbar) 105 N m−2 Stefan{Boltzmann constant σ 5:67 × 10−8 Wm−2K−4 2 PROBLEM SET 5: Foundations of Statistical Mechanics If you want to try your hand at some practical calculations first, start with the Ideal Gas questions Maximum Entropy Inference 5.1 Factorials. a) Use your calculator to work out ln 15! Compare your answer with the simple version of Stirling's formula (ln N! ≈ N ln N − N). How big must N be for the simple version of Stirling's formula to be correct to within 2%? b∗) Derive Stirling's formula (you can look this up in a book). If you figure out this derivation, you will know how to calculate the next term in the approximation (after N ln N − N) and therefore how to estimate the precision of ln N! ≈ N ln N − N for any given N without calculating the factorials on a calculator. Check the result of (a) using this method.
    [Show full text]
  • 2005 Annual Report American Physical Society
    1 2005 Annual Report American Physical Society APS 20052 APS OFFICERS 2006 APS OFFICERS PRESIDENT: PRESIDENT: Marvin L. Cohen John J. Hopfield University of California, Berkeley Princeton University PRESIDENT ELECT: PRESIDENT ELECT: John N. Bahcall Leo P. Kadanoff Institue for Advanced Study, Princeton University of Chicago VICE PRESIDENT: VICE PRESIDENT: John J. Hopfield Arthur Bienenstock Princeton University Stanford University PAST PRESIDENT: PAST PRESIDENT: Helen R. Quinn Marvin L. Cohen Stanford University, (SLAC) University of California, Berkeley EXECUTIVE OFFICER: EXECUTIVE OFFICER: Judy R. Franz Judy R. Franz University of Alabama, Huntsville University of Alabama, Huntsville TREASURER: TREASURER: Thomas McIlrath Thomas McIlrath University of Maryland (Emeritus) University of Maryland (Emeritus) EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Martin Blume Martin Blume Brookhaven National Laboratory (Emeritus) Brookhaven National Laboratory (Emeritus) PHOTO CREDITS: Cover (l-r): 1Diffraction patterns of a GaN quantum dot particle—UCLA; Spring-8/Riken, Japan; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lab, SLAC & UC Davis, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 085503 (2005) 2TESLA 9-cell 1.3 GHz SRF cavities from ACCEL Corp. in Germany for ILC. (Courtesy Fermilab Visual Media Service 3G0 detector studying strange quarks in the proton—Jefferson Lab 4Sections of a resistive magnet (Florida-Bitter magnet) from NHMFL at Talahassee LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT APS IN 2005 3 2005 was a very special year for the physics community and the American Physical Society. Declared the World Year of Physics by the United Nations, the year provided a unique opportunity for the international physics community to reach out to the general public while celebrating the centennial of Einstein’s “miraculous year.” The year started with an international Launching Conference in Paris, France that brought together more than 500 students from around the world to interact with leading physicists.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Boundary Conditions on Statistical Properties of Ideal Bose
    PHYSICAL REVIEW E, VOLUME 65, 036129 Influence of boundary conditions on statistical properties of ideal Bose-Einstein condensates Martin Holthaus* Fachbereich Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universita¨t, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany Kishore T. Kapale and Marlan O. Scully Max-Planck-Institut fu¨r Quantenoptik, D-85748 Garching, Germany and Department of Physics and Institute for Quantum Studies, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 ͑Received 23 October 2001; published 27 February 2002͒ We investigate the probability distribution that governs the number of ground-state particles in a partially condensed ideal Bose gas confined to a cubic volume within the canonical ensemble. Imposing either periodic or Dirichlet boundary conditions, we derive asymptotic expressions for all its cumulants. Whereas the conden- sation temperature becomes independent of the boundary conditions in the large-system limit, as implied by Weyl’s theorem, the fluctuation of the number of condensate particles and all higher cumulants remain sensi- tive to the boundary conditions even in that limit. The implications of these findings for weakly interacting Bose gases are briefly discussed. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.65.036129 PACS number͑s͒: 05.30.Ch, 05.30.Jp, 03.75.Fi ␤ϭ When London, in 1938, wrote his now-famous papers on with 1/(kBT), where kB denotes Boltzmann’s constant. Bose-Einstein condensation of an ideal gas ͓1,2͔, he simply Note that the product runs over the excited states only, ex- considered a free system of N noninteracting Bose particles cluding the ground state ␯ϭ0; the frequencies of the indi- without an external trapping potential, imposing periodic vidual oscillators being given by the excited-states energies boundary conditions on a cubic volume V.
    [Show full text]
  • Carl Wieman Cheriton Family Professor and Professor of Physics and of Education Curriculum Vitae Available Online
    Carl Wieman Cheriton Family Professor and Professor of Physics and of Education Curriculum Vitae available Online CONTACT INFORMATION • Administrative Contact Linda J Kim Email [email protected] Bio BIO Carl Wieman holds a joint appointment as Professor of Physics and of the Graduate School of Education. He has done extensive experimental research in atomic and optical physics. His current intellectual focus is now on undergraduate physics and science education. He has pioneered the use of experimental techniques to evaluate the effectiveness of various teaching strategies for physics and other sciences, and served as Associate Director for Science in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. ACADEMIC APPOINTMENTS • Professor, Physics • Professor, Graduate School of Education HONORS AND AWARDS • Carnegie US University Professor of the Year, Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (2003) • Nobel Prize in Physics 2001, Nobel Foundation (2001) PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION • Ph.D., Stanford University , Physics (1977) • B.S., MIT , Physics (1973) Research & Scholarship RESEARCH INTERESTS • Brain and Learning Sciences • Higher Education • Science Education • Teachers and Teaching Page 1 of 3 Carl Wieman http://cap.stanford.edu/profiles/Carl_Wieman/ CURRENT RESEARCH AND SCHOLARLY INTERESTS The Wieman group’s research generally focuses on the nature of expertise in science and engineering, particularly physics, and how that expertise is best learned, measured, and taught. This involves a range of approaches, including individual cognitive interviews, laboratory experiments, and classroom interventions with controls for comparisons. We are also looking at how different classroom practices impact the attitudes and learning of different demographic groups. Some current projects include: 1. Investigating problem solving strategies.
    [Show full text]
  • April 17-19, 2018 the 2018 Franklin Institute Laureates the 2018 Franklin Institute AWARDS CONVOCATION APRIL 17–19, 2018
    april 17-19, 2018 The 2018 Franklin Institute Laureates The 2018 Franklin Institute AWARDS CONVOCATION APRIL 17–19, 2018 Welcome to The Franklin Institute Awards, the a range of disciplines. The week culminates in a grand United States’ oldest comprehensive science and medaling ceremony, befitting the distinction of this technology awards program. Each year, the Institute historic awards program. celebrates extraordinary people who are shaping our In this convocation book, you will find a schedule of world through their groundbreaking achievements these events and biographies of our 2018 laureates. in science, engineering, and business. They stand as We invite you to read about each one and to attend modern-day exemplars of our namesake, Benjamin the events to learn even more. Unless noted otherwise, Franklin, whose impact as a statesman, scientist, all events are free, open to the public, and located in inventor, and humanitarian remains unmatched Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. in American history. Along with our laureates, we celebrate his legacy, which has fueled the Institute’s We hope this year’s remarkable class of laureates mission since its inception in 1824. sparks your curiosity as much as they have ours. We look forward to seeing you during The Franklin From sparking a gene editing revolution to saving Institute Awards Week. a technology giant, from making strides toward a unified theory to discovering the flow in everything, from finding clues to climate change deep in our forests to seeing the future in a terahertz wave, and from enabling us to unplug to connecting us with the III world, this year’s Franklin Institute laureates personify the trailblazing spirit so crucial to our future with its many challenges and opportunities.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix E • Nobel Prizes
    Appendix E • Nobel Prizes All Nobel Prizes in physics are listed (and marked with a P), as well as relevant Nobel Prizes in Chemistry (C). The key dates for some of the scientific work are supplied; they often antedate the prize considerably. 1901 (P) Wilhelm Roentgen for discovering x-rays (1895). 1902 (P) Hendrik A. Lorentz for predicting the Zeeman effect and Pieter Zeeman for discovering the Zeeman effect, the splitting of spectral lines in magnetic fields. 1903 (P) Antoine-Henri Becquerel for discovering radioactivity (1896) and Pierre and Marie Curie for studying radioactivity. 1904 (P) Lord Rayleigh for studying the density of gases and discovering argon. (C) William Ramsay for discovering the inert gas elements helium, neon, xenon, and krypton, and placing them in the periodic table. 1905 (P) Philipp Lenard for studying cathode rays, electrons (1898–1899). 1906 (P) J. J. Thomson for studying electrical discharge through gases and discover- ing the electron (1897). 1907 (P) Albert A. Michelson for inventing optical instruments and measuring the speed of light (1880s). 1908 (P) Gabriel Lippmann for making the first color photographic plate, using inter- ference methods (1891). (C) Ernest Rutherford for discovering that atoms can be broken apart by alpha rays and for studying radioactivity. 1909 (P) Guglielmo Marconi and Carl Ferdinand Braun for developing wireless telegraphy. 1910 (P) Johannes D. van der Waals for studying the equation of state for gases and liquids (1881). 1911 (P) Wilhelm Wien for discovering Wien’s law giving the peak of a blackbody spectrum (1893). (C) Marie Curie for discovering radium and polonium (1898) and isolating radium.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexandru Proca
    ALEXANDRU PROCA (1897–1955) Dorin POENARU Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH), Bucharest-Magurele, Romania and Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), J W Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany CLUSTER CD Dorin N. POENARU, IFIN-HH DECAYS A. Proca (1897–1955) – p.1/34 OUTLINE • Chronology • Impact on various branches of theoretical physics • Particles • Relativistic quantum fields • Klein-Gordon fields • Dirac field • Maxwell and Proca field • Hideki Yukawa and the Strong interaction • Einstein-Proca gravity. Dark matter, black holes. Tachyons. CLUSTER CD Dorin N. POENARU, IFIN-HH DECAYS A. Proca (1897–1955) – p.2/34 Chronology I • 1897 October 16: born in Bucharest • 1915 Graduate of the Gheorghe Lazar high school • 1917–18 Military School and 1st world war • 1918–22 student Polytechnical School (PS), Electromechanics • 1922–23 Engineer Electrical Society, Câmpina, and assistant professor of Electricity, PS Bucharest • 1923 Move to France: “I have something to say in Physics” • 1925 Graduate of Science Faculty, Sorbonne University, Paris CLUSTER CD Dorin N. POENARU, IFIN-HH DECAYS A. Proca (1897–1955) – p.3/34 Chronology II • 1925–27 researcher, Institut du Radium. Appreciated by Marie Curie • 1930–31 French citizen. L. de Broglie’s PhD student. Marie Berthe Manolesco became his wife • 1931–33 Boursier de Recherches, Institut Henri Poincaré • 1933 PhD thesis. Commission: Jean Perrin, L. Brillouin, L. de Broglie. Chargé de Recherches. After many years Proca will be Directeur de Recherches • 1934 One year with E. Schrödinger in Berlin and few months with N. Bohr in Copenhagen (met Heisenberg and Gamow) CLUSTER CD Dorin N.
    [Show full text]
  • UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The new prophet : Harold C. Urey, scientist, atheist, and defender of religion Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3j80v92j Author Shindell, Matthew Benjamin Publication Date 2011 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO The New Prophet: Harold C. Urey, Scientist, Atheist, and Defender of Religion A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History (Science Studies) by Matthew Benjamin Shindell Committee in charge: Professor Naomi Oreskes, Chair Professor Robert Edelman Professor Martha Lampland Professor Charles Thorpe Professor Robert Westman 2011 Copyright Matthew Benjamin Shindell, 2011 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Matthew Benjamin Shindell is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2011 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page……………………………………………………………………...... iii Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………. iv Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • 1 WKB Wavefunctions for Simple Harmonics Masatsugu
    WKB wavefunctions for simple harmonics Masatsugu Sei Suzuki Department of Physics, SUNY at Binmghamton (Date: November 19, 2011) _________________________________________________________________________ Gregor Wentzel (February 17, 1898, in Düsseldorf, Germany – August 12, 1978, in Ascona, Switzerland) was a German physicist known for development of quantum mechanics. Wentzel, Hendrik Kramers, and Léon Brillouin developed the Wentzel– Kramers–Brillouin approximation in 1926. In his early years, he contributed to X-ray spectroscopy, but then broadened out to make contributions to quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics, and meson theory. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Wentzel _________________________________________________________________________ Hendrik Anthony "Hans" Kramers (Rotterdam, February 2, 1894 – Oegstgeest, April 24, 1952) was a Dutch physicist. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Anthony_Kramers _________________________________________________________________________ Léon Nicolas Brillouin (August 7, 1889 – October 4, 1969) was a French physicist. He made contributions to quantum mechanics, radio wave propagation in the atmosphere, solid state physics, and information theory. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Brillouin _______________________________________________________________________ 1. Determination of wave functions using the WKB Approximation 1 In order to determine the eave function of the simple harmonics, we use the connection formula of the WKB approximation. V x E III II I x b O a The potential energy is expressed by 1 V (x) m 2 x 2 . 2 0 The x-coordinates a and b (the classical turning points) are obtained as 2 2 a 2 , b 2 , m0 m0 from the equation 1 V (x) m 2 x2 , 2 0 or 1 1 m 2a 2 m 2b2 , 2 0 2 0 where is the constant total energy. Here we apply the connection formula (I, upward) at x = a.
    [Show full text]