Appendix E • Nobel Prizes
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J. Robert Schrieffer Strange Quantum Numbers in Condensed Matter
Wednesday, May 1, 2002 3:00 pm APS Auditorium, Building 402, Argonne National Laboratory APS Colloquium home J. Robert Schrieffer Nobel Laureate National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Florida State University, Tallahassee [email protected] http://www.physics.fsu.edu/research/NHMFL.htm Strange Quantum Numbers in Condensed Matter Physics The origin of peculiar quantum numbers in condensed matter physics will be reviewed. The source of spin-charge separation and fractional charge in conducting polymers has to do with solitons in broken symmetry states. For superconductors with an energy gap, which is odd under time reversal, reverse spin-orbital angular momentum pairing occurs. In the fractional quantum Hall effect, quasi particles of fractional charge occur. In superfluid helium 3, a one-way branch of excitations exists if a domain wall occurs in the system. Many of these phenomena occur due to vacuum flow of particles without crossing the excitation of the energy gap. John Robert Schrieffer received his bachelor's degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1953 and his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois in 1957. In addition, he holds honorary Doctor of Science degrees from universities in Germany, Switzerland, and Israel, and from the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Cincinnati, and the University of Alabama. Since 1992, Dr. Schrieffer has been a professor of Physics at Florida State University and the University of Florida and the Chief Scientist of the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. He also holds the FSU Eminent Scholar Chair in Physics. Before moving to Florida in 1991, he served as director for the Institute for Theoretical Physics from 1984-1989 and was the Chancellor's Professor at the University of California in Santa Barbara from 1984-1991. -
De Nobelprijzen Komen Eraan!
De Nobelprijzen komen eraan! De Nobelprijzen komen eraan! In de loop van volgende week worden de Nobelprijswinnaars van dit jaar aangekondigd. Daarna weten we wie in december deze felbegeerde prijzen in ontvangst mogen gaan nemen. De Nobelprijzen zijn wellicht de meest prestigieuze en bekende academische onderscheidingen ter wereld, maar waarom eigenlijk? Hoe zijn de prijzen ontstaan, en wie was hun grondlegger, Alfred Nobel? Afbeelding 1. Alfred Nobel.Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) was de grondlegger van de Nobelprijzen. Volgende week is de jaarlijkse aankondiging van de prijswinnaard. Alfred Nobel Alfred Nobel was een belangrijke negentiende-eeuwse Zweedse scheikundige en uitvinder. Hij werd geboren in Stockholm in 1833 in een gezin met acht kinderen. Zijn vader, Immanuel Nobel, was een werktuigkundige en uitvinder die succesvol was met het maken van wapens en stoommotoren. Immanuel wou dat zijn zonen zijn bedrijf zouden overnemen en stuurde Alfred daarom op een twee jaar durende reis naar onder andere Duitsland, Frankrijk en de Verenigde Staten, om te leren over chemische werktuigbouwkunde. In Parijs ontmoette bron: https://www.quantumuniverse.nl/de-nobelprijzen-komen-eraan Pagina 1 van 5 De Nobelprijzen komen eraan! Alfred de Italiaanse scheikundige Ascanio Sobrero, die drie jaar eerder het explosief nitroglycerine had ontdekt. Nitroglycerine had een veel grotere explosieve kracht dan het buskruit, maar was ook veel gevaarlijker om te gebruiken omdat het instabiel is. Alfred raakte geinteresseerd in nitroglycerine en hoe het gebruikt kon worden voor commerciele doeleinden, en ging daarom werken aan de stabiliteit en veiligheid van de stof. Een makkelijk project was dit niet, en meerdere malen ging het flink mis. -
Underpinning of Soviet Industrial Paradigms
Science and Social Policy: Underpinning of Soviet Industrial Paradigms by Chokan Laumulin Supervised by Professor Peter Nolan Centre of Development Studies Department of Politics and International Studies Darwin College This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2019 Preface This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text It does not exceed the prescribed word limit for the relevant Degree Committee. 2 Chokan Laumulin, Darwin College, Centre of Development Studies A PhD thesis Science and Social Policy: Underpinning of Soviet Industrial Development Paradigms Supervised by Professor Peter Nolan. Abstract. Soviet policy-makers, in order to aid and abet industrialisation, seem to have chosen science as an agent for development. Soviet science, mainly through the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, was driving the Soviet industrial development and a key element of the preparation of human capital through social programmes and politechnisation of the society. -
Carl Zeiss Meditec AG As a Result of Different Consolidation Models
ZEISS Medical Technology Company Presentation Insights 2017/2018 Content ZEISS Medical Technology 1 The ZEISS Group 2 ZEISS Medical Technology at a glance 3 Fascinating Facts 4 Product Portfolio 5 Solution Provider 6 Global MEGS Trends 7 Corporate Social Responsibility Company Presentation – ZEISS Medical Technology Insights ZEISS Medical Technology The ZEISS Group Company Presentation – ZEISS Medical Technology The Power of ZEISS 170 years of company history in Innovations 1st Picture 9,100 Stars of the surface of the Moon can be projected in planetariums taken with lenses from ZEISS using ZEISS optics Every second 3 Technical Oscars two people decide for helping leading movie-makers to purchase eyeglass capture perfect moments on film lenses from ZEISS 15 million 35 Nobel cataract operations prize-winners are performed annually put their trust in ZEISS around the world using microscopes to see more surgical systems from ZEISS Company Presentation – ZEISS Medical Technology ZEISS The company founders Carl Zeiss Ernst Abbe Their mission . Cutting-edge research . Extreme precision and maximum quality . Responsibility to society Company Presentation – ZEISS Medical Technology ZEISS Company history Carl Zeiss First non-German subsidiary Stock corporation opens a workshop in London marks the start ZEISS is transformed into a for precision engineering of global expansion stock corporation – the Carl and optics in Jena Zeiss Foundation remains the sole stockholder Carl Zeiss Partition Foundation Jena: expropriated Oberkochen: new factory created -
How to Get a Nobel Prize in Physics
LANDAU’S NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS Mats Larsson Department of Physics, Stockholm University Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 2013 Member of the Nobel Committee for Physics OUTLINE Description of the Nobel Prize procedure Landau’s Nobel Prize (with some discussions about Pyotr Kapitsa) "The whole of my remaining realizable estate shall be dealt with in the following way: the capital, invested in safe securities by my executors, shall constitute a fund, the interest on which shall be annually distributed in the form of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind. The said interest shall be divided into five equal parts, which shall be apportioned as follows: one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics; one part to the person who shall have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement; one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine; one part to the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction; and one part to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses. The prizes for physics and chemistry shall be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; that for physiology or medical works by the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm; that for literature by the Academy in Stockholm, and that for champions of peace by a committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Storting. -
Zernike Polynomials Background
Zernike Polynomials • Fitting irregular and non-rotationally symmetric surfaces over a circular region. • Atmospheric Turbulence. • Corneal Topography • Interferometer measurements. • Ocular Aberrometry Background • The mathematical functions were originally described by Frits Zernike in 1934. • They were developed to describe the diffracted wavefront in phase contrast imaging. • Zernike won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physics for developing Phase Contrast Microscopy. 1 Phase Contrast Microscopy Transparent specimens leave the amplitude of the illumination virtually unchanged, but introduces a change in phase. Applications • Typically used to fit a wavefront or surface sag over a circular aperture. • Astronomy - fitting the wavefront entering a telescope that has been distorted by atmospheric turbulence. • Diffraction Theory - fitting the wavefront in the exit pupil of a system and using Fourier transform properties to determine the Point Spread Function. Source: http://salzgeber.at/astro/moon/seeing.html 2 Applications • Ophthalmic Optics - fitting corneal topography and ocular wavefront data. • Optical Testing - fitting reflected and transmitted wavefront data measured interferometically. Surface Fitting • Reoccurring Theme: Fitting a complex, non-rotationally symmetric surfaces (phase fronts) over a circular domain. • Possible goals of fitting a surface: – Exact fit to measured data points? – Minimize “Error” between fit and data points? – Extract Features from the data? 3 1D Curve Fitting 25 20 15 10 5 0 -0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 Low-order Polynomial Fit 25 y = 9.9146x + 2.3839 R2 = 0.9383 20 15 10 5 0 -0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 In this case, the error is the vertical distance between the line and the data point. -
John Robert Schrieffer Daniel Arovas, Greg Boebinger, and Nick Bonesteel
John Robert Schrieffer Daniel Arovas, Greg Boebinger, and Nick Bonesteel Citation: Physics Today 73, 1, 63 (2020); doi: 10.1063/PT.3.4395 View online: https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4395 View Table of Contents: https://physicstoday.scitation.org/toc/pto/73/1 Published by the American Institute of Physics ARTICLES YOU MAY BE INTERESTED IN Gaurang Bhaskar Yodh Physics Today 73, 64 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4396 Johannes Kepler’s pursuit of harmony Physics Today 73, 36 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4388 Rare earths in a nutshell Physics Today 73, 66 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4397 The sounds around us Physics Today 73, 28 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4387 Charles Kittel Physics Today 72, 73 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4326 The usefulness of GRE scores Physics Today 73, 10 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4376 OBITUARIES made when Cooper solved the problem John Robert Schrieffer of two electrons above a quiescent Fermi towering figure in theoretical con- sea. He took into account the effective at- densed-matter physics, John Robert tractive interaction mediated by phonons, ASchrieffer died on 27 July 2019 in Tal- which resulted in a bound state of elec- lahassee, Florida. He is best known for trons. Schrieffer’s focus crystallized on his crucial contributions to the theory of finding a many-electron theory that superconductivity, a problem that since could incorporate Cooper’s bound pairs, its discovery in 1911 had vexed physi- which, though not quite bosons, some- cists searching for a microscopic expla- how needed to be condensed. -
Nobel Laureates with Their Contribution in Biomedical Engineering
NOBEL LAUREATES WITH THEIR CONTRIBUTION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Nobel Prizes and Biomedical Engineering In the year 1901 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen received Nobel Prize in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him. Röntgen is considered the father of diagnostic radiology, the medical specialty which uses imaging to diagnose disease. He was the first scientist to observe and record X-rays, first finding them on November 8, 1895. Radiography was the first medical imaging technology. He had been fiddling with a set of cathode ray instruments and was surprised to find a flickering image cast by his instruments separated from them by some W. C. Röntgenn distance. He knew that the image he saw was not being cast by the cathode rays (now known as beams of electrons) as they could not penetrate air for any significant distance. After some considerable investigation, he named the new rays "X" to indicate they were unknown. In the year 1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen received Nobel Prize in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science. In beautiful but simple experiments Finsen demonstrated that the most refractive rays (he suggested as the “chemical rays”) from the sun or from an electric arc may have a stimulating effect on the tissues. If the irradiation is too strong, however, it may give rise to tissue damage, but this may to some extent be prevented by pigmentation of the skin as in the negro or in those much exposed to Niels Ryberg Finsen the sun. -
Advanced Information on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2003
Advanced information on the Nobel Prize in Physics, 7 October 2003 Information Department, P.O. Box 50005, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Phone: +46 8 673 95 00, Fax: +46 8 15 56 70, E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.kva.se Superfluids and superconductors: quantum mechanics on a macroscopic scale Superfluidity or superconductivity – which is the preferred term if the fluid is made up of charged particles like electrons – is a fascinating phenomenon that allows us to observe a variety of quantum mechanical effects on the macroscopic scale. Besides being of tremendous interest in themselves and vehicles for developing key concepts and methods in theoretical physics, superfluids have found important applications in modern society. For instance, superconducting magnets are able to create strong enough magnetic fields for the magnetic resonance imaging technique (MRI) to be used for diagnostic purposes in medicine, for illuminating the structure of complicated molecules by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and for confining plasmas in the context of fusion-reactor research. Superconducting magnets are also used for bending the paths of charged particles moving at speeds close to the speed of light into closed orbits in particle accelerators like the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) under construction at CERN. Discovery of three model superfluids Two experimental discoveries of superfluids were made early on. The first was made in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (Nobel Prize in 1913), who discovered that the electrical resistance of mercury completely disappeared at liquid helium temperatures. He coined the name “superconductivity” for this phenomenon. The second discovery – that of superfluid 4He – was made in 1938 by Pyotr Kapitsa and independently by J.F. -
What Physics Should We Teach?
Proceedings of the International Physics Education Conference, 5 to 8 July 2004, Durban, South Africa What Physics Should We Teach? Edited by Diane J. Grayson Sponsored by the International Commission on Physics Education and the South African Institute of Physics International Advisory Committee Igal Galili (Israel) Priscilla Laws (USA) Inocente Multimucuio (Mozambique) Jon Ogborn (UK) Joe Redish (USA) Khalijah Salleh (Malaysia) David Schuster (USA/ South Africa) Gunnar Tibell (Sweden) Matilde Vicentini (Italy) Laurence Viennot (France) Conference Organiser Diane Grayson Local Organisers Sandile Malinga Jaynie Padayachee Sadha Pillay. Robynne Savic and Carmen Fitzgerald (Interaction Conferencing) Editorial Assistant Erna Basson Administrative Assistant Ignatious Dire Cover Design: Joerg Ludwig © 2005 International Commission on Physics Education ISBN 1-86888-359 University of South Africa Press, PO Box 392, UNISA 0003, South Africa TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 2 Citation for the Presentation of the Medal.................................................................................... 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................................................... 7 PAPERS BY PLENARY SPEAKERS ........................................................................................ 8 QUANTUM GRAVITY FOR UNDERGRADUATES? ............................................................. -
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University)
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University) Year of foundation: 1951 Total students: 7 561 / Foreign students: 1 088 Faculties: 12 / Departments: 130 Teachers: 2 069 Professors Associate Professors Doctors of Science Candidates of Science Foreign teachers 276 271 598 879 52 Main educational programmes for foreigners: 61 Bachelor's programme Master's programme Training of highest qualification Specialist programme 28 33 personnel Additional educational programs for foreigners: 4 Russian as a foreign language Other programmes Pre-university training programmes Short programmes 2 2 Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University) (MIPT) known informally as Phystech, is a leading Russian university which trains specialists in theoretical and applied physics, applied mathematics and related disciplines. Most of its buildings are in Dolgoprudny (5 km away from Moscow). Some buildings are located in Zhukovsky (40 km away from Moscow) and in the capital itself. MIPT’s so-called “Phystech System” is a unique tradition, an educational legacy, aimed at preparing highly qualified specialists, who are worldwide demanded in key fields of science. Pyotr Kapitsa, Nobel laureate in physics and one of the founding fathers of MIPT, in 1946 outlined the following basic principles of the Phystech System: Leading scientists from key institutions (such as universities, research centers and commercial knowledge-based organization where students do research and write their theses) shall be involved in student education using the high-tech equipment of these institutions. Training in key institutions implies an individual approach to each student. Each second-third year student shall be involved in scientific work. Upon graduation, students shall be able to apply contemporary methods of theoretical and experimental research and possess ample engineering knowledge to efficiently meet relevant technical challenges. -
Introduction
1 INTRODUCTION M.Shifman William I. Fine Theoretical Physics Institute University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA [email protected] When destination becomes destiny... — 1 — Five decades — from the 1920s till 1970s — were the golden age of physics. Never before have developments in physics played such an important role in the history of civilization, and they probably never will again. This was an exhilarating time for physicists. The same five decades also witnessed terrible atrocities, cruelty and degradation of humanity on an unprecedented scale. The rise of dictatorships (e.g., in Europe, the German national socialism and the communist Soviet Union) brought misery to millions. El sueño de la razón produce monstruos... In 2012, when I was working on the book Under the Spell of Lan- dau, [1] I thought this would be my last book on the history of the- oretical physics and the fate of physicists under totalitarian regimes (in the USSR in an extreme form as mass terror in the 1930s and 40s, and in a milder but still onerous and humiliating form in the Brezhnev era). I thought that modern Russia was finally rid of its dictatorial past and on the way to civility. Unfortunately, my hopes remain fragile: recent events in this part of the world show that the past holds its grip. We are currently witnessing recurrent (and even dangerously growing) symptoms of authoritarian rule: with politi- cal opponents of the supreme leader forced in exile or intimidated, with virtually no deterrence from legislators or independent media, the nation’s future depends on decisions made singlehandedly.