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Appendix E • Nobel Prizes
Appendix E • Nobel Prizes All Nobel Prizes in physics are listed (and marked with a P), as well as relevant Nobel Prizes in Chemistry (C). The key dates for some of the scientific work are supplied; they often antedate the prize considerably. 1901 (P) Wilhelm Roentgen for discovering x-rays (1895). 1902 (P) Hendrik A. Lorentz for predicting the Zeeman effect and Pieter Zeeman for discovering the Zeeman effect, the splitting of spectral lines in magnetic fields. 1903 (P) Antoine-Henri Becquerel for discovering radioactivity (1896) and Pierre and Marie Curie for studying radioactivity. 1904 (P) Lord Rayleigh for studying the density of gases and discovering argon. (C) William Ramsay for discovering the inert gas elements helium, neon, xenon, and krypton, and placing them in the periodic table. 1905 (P) Philipp Lenard for studying cathode rays, electrons (1898–1899). 1906 (P) J. J. Thomson for studying electrical discharge through gases and discover- ing the electron (1897). 1907 (P) Albert A. Michelson for inventing optical instruments and measuring the speed of light (1880s). 1908 (P) Gabriel Lippmann for making the first color photographic plate, using inter- ference methods (1891). (C) Ernest Rutherford for discovering that atoms can be broken apart by alpha rays and for studying radioactivity. 1909 (P) Guglielmo Marconi and Carl Ferdinand Braun for developing wireless telegraphy. 1910 (P) Johannes D. van der Waals for studying the equation of state for gases and liquids (1881). 1911 (P) Wilhelm Wien for discovering Wien’s law giving the peak of a blackbody spectrum (1893). (C) Marie Curie for discovering radium and polonium (1898) and isolating radium. -
Underpinning of Soviet Industrial Paradigms
Science and Social Policy: Underpinning of Soviet Industrial Paradigms by Chokan Laumulin Supervised by Professor Peter Nolan Centre of Development Studies Department of Politics and International Studies Darwin College This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2019 Preface This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text It does not exceed the prescribed word limit for the relevant Degree Committee. 2 Chokan Laumulin, Darwin College, Centre of Development Studies A PhD thesis Science and Social Policy: Underpinning of Soviet Industrial Development Paradigms Supervised by Professor Peter Nolan. Abstract. Soviet policy-makers, in order to aid and abet industrialisation, seem to have chosen science as an agent for development. Soviet science, mainly through the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, was driving the Soviet industrial development and a key element of the preparation of human capital through social programmes and politechnisation of the society. -
How to Get a Nobel Prize in Physics
LANDAU’S NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS Mats Larsson Department of Physics, Stockholm University Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 2013 Member of the Nobel Committee for Physics OUTLINE Description of the Nobel Prize procedure Landau’s Nobel Prize (with some discussions about Pyotr Kapitsa) "The whole of my remaining realizable estate shall be dealt with in the following way: the capital, invested in safe securities by my executors, shall constitute a fund, the interest on which shall be annually distributed in the form of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind. The said interest shall be divided into five equal parts, which shall be apportioned as follows: one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics; one part to the person who shall have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement; one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine; one part to the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction; and one part to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses. The prizes for physics and chemistry shall be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; that for physiology or medical works by the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm; that for literature by the Academy in Stockholm, and that for champions of peace by a committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Storting. -
260-280 Osipian.Indd
Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme Political Corruption of Russian Doctorates Ararat L. Osipian Abstract: This paper addresses the issue of doctorates for sale in the Russian Federation. It focuses specifically on the practice of conferring fake or unearned doctoral degrees to elected politicians and other public officials. It assembles and analyzes a database of doctoral degrees, academic ranks, memberships in the academies, awards, decorations, and titles held by the members of the Russian government, the Federation Council and the State Duma. In theory, doctorates are needed to pursue scholarship and research. In practice, however, doctorates offer to their holders some indirect or intangible benefits, among which are public recognition and respect. These can then be transformed into direct and tangible benefits through different means, including the electoral process. Accordingly, it may be the case that Russian political elites abuse the existing system of conferring doctorates in order to improve their image, and use the degrees as status-symbols in the highly ceremonial society of modern Russia. A Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme (The Bourgeois Gentleman) is a comédie-ballet in five acts by Molière, first presented on October 14, 1670. Keywords: corruption, dissertations, doctorates, Duma, elites, politicians, Russia oliticians and other popular figures traditionally deploy verbal distinctions, high vis- Pibility, and publicity in an attempt to attract the public’s attention and the votes of the electorate. The reputations of these public figures are often based on their entourage, decorations, titles, and high academic degrees. Historically, societal elites sought distinc- tions through music, poetry, clothing, bravery in battle, and so on. In China, yellow dye Ararat L. -
Azerbaijani MP: Cinematographer Ibrahimbeyov Is World-Famous Figure in Art and Must Not Lose Objectivity Authors: Aliyev, M
EBSCOhost http://web.ebscohost.com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/ehost/delivery?... Search History Search Search Terms Search Options Last Run Via Results ID# S2 TX Ibrahimbeyov OR TX Limiters - Publication Date: Interface -15 Ibragimbekov 20000101-20131231 EBSCOhost Search modes - Boolean/Phrase Research Databases Search Screen - Advanced Search Database - Newspaper Source Plus S1 TX Ibrahimbeyov OR TX Search modes - Boolean/Phrase Interface -15 Ibragimbekov EBSCOhost Research Databases Search Screen - Advanced Search Database - Newspaper Source Plus Record: 1 Title: Azerbaijani MP: Cinematographer Ibrahimbeyov is world-famous figure in art and must not lose objectivity Authors: Aliyev, M. Source: Trend News Agency, 04/06/2013 Document Type: Article Accession Number: 2W63243147410 Database: Newspaper Source Plus Azerbaijani MP: Cinematographer Ibrahimbeyov is world-famous figure in art and must not lose objectivity ~~~~~~~~ M. Aliyev April 06--Rustam Ibrahimbeyov is a world-famous figure in art and he must not lose his objectivity, Ana Vatan party chairman, MP Fazail Agamali told Trend today. Agamali was commenting on Ibrahimbeyov's interview with Rosbalt news agency. "He was not with his people during the most difficult days of Azerbaijan's history," Agamali said. "We did not see Ibrahimbeyov in the most active period of the liberation movement. We did not see him among the protesters during the bloody events of January 20." 1 of 59 8/5/2013 1:47 PM EBSCOhost http://web.ebscohost.com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/ehost/delivery?... The mentioning of parallels between Rustam Ibrahimbeyov and Akram Aylisli by Agamali did not rule out that both of them are governed from a single center. -
Advanced Information on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2003
Advanced information on the Nobel Prize in Physics, 7 October 2003 Information Department, P.O. Box 50005, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Phone: +46 8 673 95 00, Fax: +46 8 15 56 70, E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.kva.se Superfluids and superconductors: quantum mechanics on a macroscopic scale Superfluidity or superconductivity – which is the preferred term if the fluid is made up of charged particles like electrons – is a fascinating phenomenon that allows us to observe a variety of quantum mechanical effects on the macroscopic scale. Besides being of tremendous interest in themselves and vehicles for developing key concepts and methods in theoretical physics, superfluids have found important applications in modern society. For instance, superconducting magnets are able to create strong enough magnetic fields for the magnetic resonance imaging technique (MRI) to be used for diagnostic purposes in medicine, for illuminating the structure of complicated molecules by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and for confining plasmas in the context of fusion-reactor research. Superconducting magnets are also used for bending the paths of charged particles moving at speeds close to the speed of light into closed orbits in particle accelerators like the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) under construction at CERN. Discovery of three model superfluids Two experimental discoveries of superfluids were made early on. The first was made in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (Nobel Prize in 1913), who discovered that the electrical resistance of mercury completely disappeared at liquid helium temperatures. He coined the name “superconductivity” for this phenomenon. The second discovery – that of superfluid 4He – was made in 1938 by Pyotr Kapitsa and independently by J.F. -
What Physics Should We Teach?
Proceedings of the International Physics Education Conference, 5 to 8 July 2004, Durban, South Africa What Physics Should We Teach? Edited by Diane J. Grayson Sponsored by the International Commission on Physics Education and the South African Institute of Physics International Advisory Committee Igal Galili (Israel) Priscilla Laws (USA) Inocente Multimucuio (Mozambique) Jon Ogborn (UK) Joe Redish (USA) Khalijah Salleh (Malaysia) David Schuster (USA/ South Africa) Gunnar Tibell (Sweden) Matilde Vicentini (Italy) Laurence Viennot (France) Conference Organiser Diane Grayson Local Organisers Sandile Malinga Jaynie Padayachee Sadha Pillay. Robynne Savic and Carmen Fitzgerald (Interaction Conferencing) Editorial Assistant Erna Basson Administrative Assistant Ignatious Dire Cover Design: Joerg Ludwig © 2005 International Commission on Physics Education ISBN 1-86888-359 University of South Africa Press, PO Box 392, UNISA 0003, South Africa TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 2 Citation for the Presentation of the Medal.................................................................................... 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................................................... 7 PAPERS BY PLENARY SPEAKERS ........................................................................................ 8 QUANTUM GRAVITY FOR UNDERGRADUATES? ............................................................. -
Introduction
1 INTRODUCTION M.Shifman William I. Fine Theoretical Physics Institute University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA [email protected] When destination becomes destiny... — 1 — Five decades — from the 1920s till 1970s — were the golden age of physics. Never before have developments in physics played such an important role in the history of civilization, and they probably never will again. This was an exhilarating time for physicists. The same five decades also witnessed terrible atrocities, cruelty and degradation of humanity on an unprecedented scale. The rise of dictatorships (e.g., in Europe, the German national socialism and the communist Soviet Union) brought misery to millions. El sueño de la razón produce monstruos... In 2012, when I was working on the book Under the Spell of Lan- dau, [1] I thought this would be my last book on the history of the- oretical physics and the fate of physicists under totalitarian regimes (in the USSR in an extreme form as mass terror in the 1930s and 40s, and in a milder but still onerous and humiliating form in the Brezhnev era). I thought that modern Russia was finally rid of its dictatorial past and on the way to civility. Unfortunately, my hopes remain fragile: recent events in this part of the world show that the past holds its grip. We are currently witnessing recurrent (and even dangerously growing) symptoms of authoritarian rule: with politi- cal opponents of the supreme leader forced in exile or intimidated, with virtually no deterrence from legislators or independent media, the nation’s future depends on decisions made singlehandedly. -
Brief History of Solid State Physics
Brief History of Solid State Physics Along with astronomy, the oldest subfield of what we now refer to as Physics. Pre-scien>fic >mes: stones, bronzes, iron, jewelry...Lots of empirical knowledge but, prior to the end of the 19th century, almost no understanding. Crystals: periodic structures of atoms and molecules. A common no>on in crystallography and mineralogy well before the periodic structure was proven by X-rays (1912). Special branch of mathemacs: group theory. Early discoveries Mahiessen Rule Agustus Mahiesen (1864) ρ(T ) = ρ + ρin (T ) 0 purity-dependent material- but not purity-dependent ρin (T ) ∝ T (for T > 50 ÷ 70 K) Interpretaon ρ0 : impurities, defects... ρin :lattice vibrations (phonons) In general, all sources of scattering contribute: ρ= ρ ∑n n Wiedemann-Franz Law Gustav Wiedemann and Rudolph Franz (1853) thermal conductivity = const for a given T electrical conductivity Ludvig Lorentz (1872) thermal conductivity = const electrical conductivity iT 2 π 2 ⎛ k ⎞ "Lorentz number"= B ⎝⎜ ⎠⎟ 3 e −8 2 8 2 Ltheor = 2.45i10 WiOhm/K Lexp i10 WiOhm/K 0 C 100 C Ag 2.31 2.37 Au 2.35 2.40 Cd 2.42 2.43 Cu 2.23 2.33 Pb 2.47 2.56 Pt 2.51 2.60 W 3.04 3.20 Zn 2.31 2.33 Ir 2.49 2.49 Mo 2.61 2.79 Hall Effect Edwin Hall (1879, PhD) Drude model Paul Drude (1900) Drude model dp p = −eE − ev × B − dt τ j ne2τ dc conductivity: σ = = E m V 1 Hall constant: R = H = − H j i B en 2 1 ⎛ k ⎞ Lorentz number= B 3⎝⎜ e ⎠⎟ 2 π 2 ⎛ k ⎞ as compared to the correct value B ⎝⎜ ⎠⎟ 3 e Assump>ons of the Drude model 1 3 m v2 = k T Maxwell-Boltzmann staLsLcs 2 2 B m 2 Wrong. -
Improved Ionic Model of Liquid Uranium Dioxide
J. Phys. IV France 10 (2000) Pr5_363 Improved Ionic Model of Liquid Uranium Dioxide Victor Gryaznov(1), *Igor Iosilevski(2), Eugene Yakub(3), Vladimir Fortov(4), Gerard J. Hyland(5) and Claudio Ronchi(6) 1 Institute of Chemical Physics of RAS, 142432, Chernogolovka, Russia 2 Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 141700, Moscow Russia 3 Odessa State Medical University, Odessa, Ukraine 4 High Energy-Density Research Centre of RAS, 127412, Moscow, Russia 5 University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K. 6 European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium, Karlsruhe, Germany, Abstract. The paper presents a model for liquid uranium dioxide, obtained by improving a simplified ionic model, previously adopted to describe the equation of state of this substance [1]. A “chemical picture” is used for liquid UO2 of stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric composition. Several ionic species are considered here: U5+, U4+, U3+, O2– and O–. The ions are described as charged hard-spheres of different diameters. Coulomb interaction of ions is taken into account according to the modified Mean Sphere Approximation (MSA). The main result of the new model is the appearance of natural “plasma” equivalent, which, from the theory, is directly related to the definition of oxygen potential in liquid UO2+x. The features of the model make it possible to describe non-congruent phase equilibrium (and evaporation) in uranium dioxide, as well as other relevant phenomena characterising the phase equilibrium in chemically active matter. First calculation results are discussed. 1. INTRODUCTION The equation of state (EOS) of gaseous and liquid uranium dioxide is of primary importance for nuclear safety calculations [2-9]. -
9783319006963.Pdf
Springer Proceedings in Physics Volume 147 For further volumes: www.springer.com/series/361 Stéphane Sebban r Julien Gautier r David Ros r Philippe Zeitoun Editors X-Ray Lasers 2012 Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on X-Ray Lasers, 11–15 June 2012, Paris, France Editors Stéphane Sebban David Ros Laboratoire d’Optique Appliquée LPGP ENSTA Université Paris-Sud Palaiseau, France Orsay, France Julien Gautier Philippe Zeitoun Laboratoire d’Optique Appliquée Laboratoire d’Optique Appliquée ENSTA ENSTA Palaiseau, France Palaiseau, France ISSN 0930-8989 ISSN 1867-4941 (electronic) Springer Proceedings in Physics ISBN 978-3-319-00695-6 ISBN 978-3-319-00696-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-00696-3 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013948223 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. -
An Incessant Battle for Education
Historia i Polityka No. 24 (31)/2018, pp. 33–46 www.hip.umk.pl ISSN 1899-5160, e-ISSN 2391-7652 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/HiP.2018.009 Dagmara MOSK WA Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Political Studies, Warszawa, Poland Russia: An Incessant Battle for Education Rosja: nieustająca walka o edukację • A bst ra kt • • A bst ract • Tematem niniejszego artykułu są zmiany The presented paper discusses the changes in w rosyjskiej oświacie, które miały miejsce w la- the Russian education system that took place tach 2013–2016, a zatem w okresie prezyden- in the years 2013–2016, during the presidency tury Władimira Putina. Przedmiotem badań of Vladimir Putin. The analysis encompasses są zarówno przeobrażenia w systemie edukacji all dimensions of changes in the education sys- na poziomie kadrowym (zastąpienie Dmitrija tem: personnel changes (replacement of Dmitri Liwanowa przez Olgę Wasilijewą na stanowi- Livanov by Olga Vasil’eva in the position of the sku Ministra Edukacji i Nauki FR), formalnym RF Minister of Education and Science), formal (powstanie nowej: Koncepcji nowego komplek- ones (development of the new: Concept of a new su edukacyjno-metodycznego w zakresie naucza- educational – methodological complex for teach- nia historii ojczystej), instytucjonalnym (refor- ing national history), institutional (reform of the ma Rosyjskiej Akademii Nauk), jak i jakościo- Russian Academy of Sciences) and finally also wym (wprowadzenie nowych podręczników do qualitative changes (introduction of new histo- historii). W artykule podjęto próbę pokazania, ry textbooks). The article attempts to show that że wymienione zmiany stanowią egzemplifika- the above changes are in fact manifestations of cję zaostrzenia kontroli państwa nad oświatą tightening state control over education and its oraz traktowania jej jako narzędzia kreowania treatment as a vehicle to create the historical polityki historycznej Federacji Rosyjskiej (FR).