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List of Nobel laureates 1 List of Nobel laureates The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics.[2] Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace.[3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.[2] In 1901, the recipients of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK.[4] The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5] As of 2011, 826 individuals and 20 organizations have been awarded a Nobel Prize, including 69 winners of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.[6] Four Nobel laureates were not permitted by their governments to accept the Nobel Prize. Adolf Hitler forbade three Germans, Richard Kuhn (Chemistry, 1938), Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry, 1939), and Gerhard Domagk (Physiology or Medicine, 1939), from accepting their Nobel Prizes, and the government of the Soviet Union pressured Boris Pasternak (Literature, 1958) to decline his award. Two Nobel laureates, Jean-Paul Sartre (Literature, 1964) and Lê Ðức Thọ (Peace, 1973), declined the award; Sartre declined the award as he declined all official honors, and Lê declined the award due to the situation Vietnam was in at the time. Six laureates have received more than one prize; of the six, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other.[7] Among the 826 Nobel laureates, 43 have been women; the first woman to win a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903.[8] She was also the first person (male or female) to win two Nobel Prizes, the second being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, awarded in 1911.[7] In years in which the Nobel Prize is not awarded due to external events or a lack of nominations, the prize money is returned to the funds delegated to the relevant prize.[9] The Nobel Prize was not awarded between 1940 and 1942 due to the outbreak of World War II.[10] Laureates Year Physics Chemistry Physiology Literature Peace Economics or Medicine 1901 Wilhelm Conrad Jacobus H. van 't Emil Adolf von Sully Prudhomme Henry Dunant; — Röntgen Hoff Behring Frédéric Passy 1902 Hendrik A. Lorentz; Hermann Emil Ronald Ross Theodor Mommsen Élie Ducommun; — Pieter Zeeman Fischer Albert Gobat 1903 Henri Becquerel; Svante Arrhenius Niels Ryberg Finsen Bjørnstjerne Randal Cremer — Pierre Curie; Bjørnson Marie Curie 1904 Lord Rayleigh William Ramsay Ivan Petrovich Frédéric Mistral; Institut de Droit International — Pavlov José Echegaray 1905 Philipp Lenard Adolf von Baeyer Robert Koch Henryk Sienkiewicz Bertha von Suttner — List of Nobel laureates 2 1906 J. J. Thomson Henri Moissan Camillo Golgi; Giosuè Carducci Theodore Roosevelt — Santiago Ramón y Cajal 1907 Albert A. Michelson Eduard Buchner Charles Louis Rudyard Kipling Ernesto Teodoro Moneta; — Alphonse Laveran Louis Renault 1908 Gabriel Lippmann Ernest Rutherford Ilya Ilyich Rudolf Christoph Klas Pontus Arnoldson; — Mechnikov; Eucken Fredrik Bajer Paul Ehrlich 1909 Ferdinand Braun; Wilhelm Ostwald Emil Theodor Selma Lagerlöf Auguste Marie François — Guglielmo Marconi Kocher Beernaert; Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant 1910 Johannes Diderik Otto Wallach Albrecht Kossel Paul Heyse International Peace Bureau — van der Waals 1911 Wilhelm Wien Marie Curie Allvar Gullstrand Maurice Tobias Michael Carel Asser; — Maeterlinck Alfred Hermann Fried 1912 Gustaf Dalén Victor Grignard; Alexis Carrel Gerhart Hauptmann Elihu Root — Paul Sabatier 1913 Heike Kamerlingh Alfred Werner Charles Richet Rabindranath Henri La Fontaine — Onnes Tagore 1914 Max von Laue Theodore William Robert Bárány None None — Richards 1915 William Henry Richard Martin None Romain Rolland None — Bragg; Willstätter William Lawrence Bragg 1916 None None None Verner von None — Heidenstam 1917 Charles Glover None None Karl Adolph International Committee of the — Barkla Gjellerup; Red Cross Henrik Pontoppidan 1918 Max Planck Fritz Haber None None None — 1919 Johannes Stark None Jules Bordet Carl Spitteler Woodrow Wilson — 1920 Charles Édouard Walther Hermann August Krogh Knut Hamsun Léon Bourgeois — Guillaume Nernst 1921 Albert Einstein Frederick Soddy None Anatole France Hjalmar Branting; — Christian Lous Lange 1922 Niels Bohr Francis William Archibald Hill; Jacinto Benavente Fridtjof Nansen — Aston Otto Fritz Meyerhof 1923 Robert A. Millikan Fritz Pregl Frederick Banting; William Butler None — John James Richard Yeats Macleod 1924 Manne Siegbahn None Willem Einthoven Władysław None — Reymont 1925 James Franck; Richard Adolf None George Bernard Austen Chamberlain; — Gustav Hertz Zsigmondy Shaw Charles G. Dawes 1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin Theodor Svedberg Johannes Andreas Grazia Deledda Aristide Briand; — Grib Fibiger Gustav Stresemann List of Nobel laureates 3 1927 Arthur H. Compton; Heinrich Otto Julius Henri Bergson Ferdinand Buisson; — Charles Thomson Wieland Wagner-Jauregg Ludwig Quidde Rees Wilson 1928 Owen Willans Adolf Otto Charles Nicolle Sigrid Undset None — Richardson Reinhold Windaus 1929 Louis de Broglie Arthur Harden; Christiaan Eijkman; Thomas Mann Frank B. Kellogg — Hans von Frederick Gowland Euler-Chelpin Hopkins 1930 Chandrasekhara Hans Fischer Karl Landsteiner Sinclair Lewis Nathan Söderblom — Venkata Raman 1931 None Carl Bosch; Otto Heinrich Erik Axel Karlfeldt Jane Addams; — Friedrich Bergius Warburg Nicholas Murray Butler 1932 Werner Heisenberg Irving Langmuir Charles Scott John Galsworthy None — Sherrington; Edgar Douglas Adrian 1933 Erwin Schrödinger; None Thomas Hunt Ivan Bunin Norman Angell — Paul A.M. Dirac Morgan 1934 None Harold Clayton George Whipple; Luigi Pirandello Arthur Henderson — Urey George Minot; William P. Murphy 1935 James Chadwick Frédéric Hans Spemann None Carl von Ossietzky — Joliot-Curie; Irène Joliot-Curie 1936 Victor F. Hess; Peter Debye Henry Hallett Dale; Eugene O'Neill Carlos Saavedra Lamas — Carl D. Anderson Otto Loewi 1937 Clinton Davisson; Walter Haworth; Albert Szent-Györgyi Roger Martin du Cecil of Chelwood, Viscount — George Paget Paul Karrer Gard Thomson 1938 Enrico Fermi Richard Kuhn[A] Corneille Heymans Pearl S. Buck Nansen International Office For — Refugees 1939 Ernest Lawrence Adolf Butenandt;[A] Gerhard Domagk[A] Frans Eemil None — Lavoslav Ružička Sillanpää 1940 None None None None None — 1941 None None None None None — 1942 None None None None None — 1943 Otto Stern George de Hevesy Henrik Dam; None None — Edward Adelbert Doisy 1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi Otto Hahn Joseph Erlanger; Johannes Vilhelm International Committee of the — Herbert Spencer Jensen Red Cross Gasser 1945 Wolfgang Pauli Artturi Ilmari Alexander Fleming; Gabriela Mistral Cordell Hull — Virtanen Ernst Boris Chain; Howard Walter Florey List of Nobel laureates 4 1946 Percy W. Bridgman James B. Sumner; Hermann Joseph Hermann Hesse Emily Greene Balch; — John Howard Muller John Mott Northrop; Wendell Meredith Stanley 1947 Edward V. Appleton Robert Robinson Carl Ferdinand Cori; André Gide Friends Service Council; — Gerty Theresa Cori; American Friends Service Bernardo Houssay Committee 1948 Patrick M.S. Blackett Arne Tiselius Paul Hermann T. S. Eliot None[B] — Müller 1949 Hideki Yukawa William Giauque Walter Rudolf Hess; William Faulkner John Boyd Orr — António Egas Moniz 1950 Cecil Powell Otto Diels; Philip Showalter Bertrand Russell Ralph Bunche — Kurt Alder Hench; Edward Calvin Kendall; Tadeus Reichstein 1951 John Cockcroft; Edwin McMillan; Max Theiler Pär Lagerkvist Léon Jouhaux — Ernest T.S. Walton Glenn T. Seaborg 1952 Felix Bloch; Archer John Porter Selman Waksman François Mauriac Albert Schweitzer — Edward M. Purcell Martin; Richard Laurence Millington Synge 1953 Frits Zernike Hermann Hans Adolf Krebs; Winston Churchill George Marshall — Staudinger Fritz Albert Lipmann 1954 Max Born; Linus Pauling John Franklin Ernest Hemingway United Nations High — Walther Bothe Enders; Commissioner for Refugees Frederick Chapman Robbins; Thomas Huckle Weller 1955 Willis E. Lamb; Vincent du Hugo Theorell Halldór Laxness None — Polykarp Kusch Vigneaud 1956 John Bardeen; Cyril Norman André Frédéric Juan Ramón None — Walter H. Brattain; Hinshelwood; Cournand; Jiménez William B. Shockley Nikolay Werner Forssmann; Nikolaevich Dickinson W. Semenov Richards 1957 Chen Ning Yang; Lord (Alexander Daniel Bovet Albert Camus Lester B. Pearson — Tsung-Dao Lee R.) Todd 1958 Pavel A. Cherenkov; Frederick Sanger George Wells Boris Pasternak[C] Georges Pire — Il´ja M. Frank; Beadle; Igor Y. Tamm Edward Lawrie Tatum; Joshua Lederberg 1959 Emilio Segrè; Jaroslav Heyrovský Arthur Kornberg; Salvatore
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    No. 1 / 2007 ■ Kuwait Chemical Society Symposium on Application of Catalyst in the Industry ■ 2006 Activities and 2007 President Profiles of the Member Societies www.facs-as.org Federation of Asian Chemical Societies Newsletter | No. 1 / 2007 ontents Obituary ■ Dr. Tan Sri B C Sekhar (1929 – 2006) 4 ■ Prof. Hitoshi Ohtaki (1932 – 2006) 6 Special Symposium ■ Kuwait Chemical Society Symposium on Application of Catalyst in the Industry (Fuel, Pollution and Drugs) 9 Biofuels: Emerging Renewable Energy for the Transportation Sector 10 Discrete Physico-Chemical Processes that Characterise Water Pollution 13 Peptide-Cleaving Catalyst as a New Paradigm in Drug Discovery 16 2006 Activities and 2007 President Profiles of the Member Societies ■ Brunei Darussalam Institute of Chemistry 18 ■ Chinese Chemical Society 20 ■ Hong Kong Chemical Society 22 ■ Institut Kimia Malaysia 23 ■ Korean Chemical Society 27 ■ New Zealand Institute of Chemistry 29 ■ Royal Australian Chemical Institute 32 FACS Activities ■ Minutes of the 49th EXCO Meeting 34 ■ FACS Project Reports Asian Chemicla Education Network (ACEN) 41 Asian Network for Environmental chemistry (ANEC) 42 Low-Cost Instrumentation-Microscale Chemistry (LCI-MSC) 47 Meeting Announcement: The 12th Asian Chemical Congress 49 Directories ■ FACS EXCO Members (2005-2007) 55 ■ Member Societies 56 ■ Project Directors (2006-2007) 58 ■ FACS Fellows 59 ■ FACS Life-time Members 60 An electronic version of FACS Newsletter is available at http://www.facs.org. Obituary The Late Academician Dr. Tan Sri B C Sekhar (1929 – 2006) he Late academician Dr. Tan Sri B C Sekhar, born on November 17, 1929 at Sungai Buloh, Malaysia near the 3,400-acre experiment station of the Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia (RRIM), was fondly known as Mr Natural Rubber for his motivation, passion and commitment to the development of natural rubber industry.
  • George Palade 1912-2008

    George Palade 1912-2008

    George Palade, 1912-2008 Biography George Palade was born in November, 1912 in Jassy, Romania to an academic family. He graduated from the School of Medicine of the The Founding of Cell Biology University of Bucharest in 1940. His doctorial thesis, however, was on the microscopic anatomy of the cetacean delphinus Delphi. He The discipline of Cell Biology arose at Rockefeller University in the late practiced medicine in the second world war, and for a brief time af- 1940s and the 1950s, based on two complimentary techniques: cell frac- terwards before coming to the USA in 1946, where he met Albert tionation, pioneered by Albert Claude, George Palade, and Christian de Claude. Excited by the potential of the electron microscope, he Duve, and biological electron microscopy, pioneered by Keith Porter, joined the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, where he did Albert Claude, and George Palade. For the first time, it became possible his seminal work. He left Rockefeller in 1973 to chair the new De- to identify the components of the cell both structurally and biochemi- partment of Cell Biology at Yale, and then in 1990 he moved to the cally, and therefore begin understanding the functioning of cells on a University of California, San Diego as Dean for Scientific Affairs at molecular level. These individuals participated in establishing the Jour- the School of Medicine. He retired in 2001, at age 88. His first wife, nal of Cell Biology, (originally the Journal of Biochemical and Biophysi- Irina Malaxa, died in 1969, and in 1970 he married Marilyn Farquhar, cal Cytology), which later led, in 1960, to the organization of the Ameri- another prominent cell biologist, and his scientific collaborator.