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The Pedersen Memorial Issue
springer.com Chemistry : Organic Chemistry The Pedersen Memorial Issue Foreword: Charles J. Pedersen (1904-1989), Nobel Laureate in Chemistry (1987) This issue is dedicated to the memory of the late Charles J. Pedersen in recognition of his outstanding contribution to scientific research, culminating in his discovery of crown ethers and their remarkable cation complexing properties and his receipt of the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Charlie's origin and early years in Korea did not portend the creative work in chemistry which would characterize his later life. However, we can see in his early years the influence of his Norwegian father and Japanese mother who considered his formal education to be of utmost importance. At the age of eight, he was sent abroad to Japan for schooling, first at a convent school in Nagasaki, and two years later at a French-American preparatory school in Yokohama run by a Marianist order of Catholic priests and brothers. The latter group encouraged him to attend the order's University of Dayton in Ohio where he received a bachelors degree in Springer chemical engineering. Charlie's academic experiences, his employment with du Pont, and the Softcover reprint of the creative spark which he manifested at an early stage of his scientific career are detailed in the 1st original 1st ed. 1992, VI, paper in this issue by Herman Schroeder. Schroeder had a long-time association with Charlie at edition 406 p. du Pont as a co-worker, supervisor, and friend. His recollections provide insight into Charlie's creative mind. In addition, they make it clear that a long period of creative work preceded the accidental discovery of the first synthetic crown ether. -
The 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Pure Appl. Chem. 2016; 88(10-11): 917–918 Editorial Hugh D. Burrows* and Richard M. Hartshorn* The 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry DOI 10.1515/pac-2016-2005 Keywords: Ben L. Feringa; Jean-Pierre Sauvage; J. Fraser Stoddart; Nobel Prize in Chemistry; 2016. Pure and Applied Chemistry warmly congratulates Jean-Pierre Sauvage (University of Strasbourg, France), Sir J. Fraser Stoddart (Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA), and Bernard (Ben) L. Feringa (Univer- sity of Groningen, the Netherlands) on their award of the 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The citation from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences states that the award is “for the design and synthesis of molecu- lar machines”. Their work encompasses a broad spectrum of Chemistry, from elegant synthetic studies of catenanes, rotaxanes and other formerly considered exotic molecules, through coordination chemistry, and electron transfer reactions, to molecular switches and rotors driven by light and other external sources. They have all participated actively in IUPAC endorsed meetings and conference series, including the IUPAC World Congress in Chemistry, IUPAC International Conferences on Organic Synthesis (ICOS), Physical Organic Chemistry (ICPOC), and Coordination Chemistry (ICCC), and IUPAC International Symposia on Macrocyclic Chemistry (ISMC), Organometallic Chemistry Directed Towards Organic Synthesis (OMCOS), Novel Aromatic Compounds (ISNA), Carbohydrate Chemistry (ICS), the Chemistry of Natural Products ISCNP), and Photo- chemistry. Pure Appl. Chem. publishes collections of papers based upon authoritative lectures presented at such IUPAC endorsed events, in addition to IUPAC Recommendations, and Technical Reports. We are very pleased to highlight the following publications from these three Nobel Laureates that have been published in Pure and Applied Chemistry as a result of their involvement in these conferences. -
Goverdhan Mehta Chemistry - a 21St Century Science for Global Sustainability: Is It Future Ready?
Goverdhan Mehta Chemistry - A 21st Century Science for Global Sustainability: Is it future ready? Goverdhan Mehta A ‘selfie’ with theSchool chemical of Chemistry world…… University of Hyderabad National Geophysical Research Institute, CSIR Foundation Day, Sept. 27, 2019 Introducing Chemistry through the Lens of Earth's Systems: What Role Can Systems Thinking Play in Developing Chemically and Environmentally Literate Citizens? J. Kornfeld, S. Stokoe. J. Chemical Education 2019, 96, 2910-2917 A bouquet of ‘matters’ that matter New symbols Passion Sustainability Legacies Ethics & values Responsible Connections Systems Directions Humility Ideas & icons Inspirations Un mélange de beaucoup de choses “Chemistry ought not to be for chemists alone” - Miguel de Unamuno ‘…Life, Universe and Everything’ Chemistry – a source of happiness…. Chem -Connectome ‘...I feel sorry for people who don’t know anything about chemistry. They are missing an important source of happiness....’ - Linus Pauling 1901-1994 S.A. Matlin, G. Mehta, H. Hopf. Chemistry Embraced by All. Science 2015, 347, 1179 Chemistry is in everything. and everything is in it, it is the basis of life, without it we wouldn't exist. Green tea has ~ 200 chemicals Coffee has ~ 1000 chemicals Wine has >1000 chemicals Light cigarette ~ 4000 chemicals Chemistry is ubiquitous/omnipresent Chemistry – Tracing the roots and to the present BCE Art & craft of mixing substances A giant knowledge leap Alchemy to modern science Evidence based science Discipline in a Table - systematization Mendeleev’s Periodic Law ‘Molecularization’ of chemical matter 20th Century A century of evolutionary march of chemistry 20h Century Value added products from almost anything “Utility science” and everything Molecular understanding of life processes and “Core Science” chemical matter Interdisciplinarity in forefront “Integrative Science” Resource stressed planet “Sustainability Science” 21st Century S. -
Pauling-Linus.Pdf
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES L I N U S C A R L P A U L I N G 1901—1994 A Biographical Memoir by J A C K D. D UNITZ Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1997 NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS WASHINGTON D.C. LINUS CARL PAULING February 28, 1901–August 19, 1994 BY JACK D. DUNITZ INUS CARL PAULING was born in Portland, Oregon, on LFebruary 28, 1901, and died at his ranch at Big Sur, California, on August 19, 1994. In 1922 he married Ava Helen Miller (died 1981), who bore him four children: Linus Carl, Peter Jeffress, Linda Helen (Kamb), and Edward Crellin. Pauling is widely considered the greatest chemist of this century. Most scientists create a niche for themselves, an area where they feel secure, but Pauling had an enormously wide range of scientific interests: quantum mechanics, crys- tallography, mineralogy, structural chemistry, anesthesia, immunology, medicine, evolution. In all these fields and especially in the border regions between them, he saw where the problems lay, and, backed by his speedy assimilation of the essential facts and by his prodigious memory, he made distinctive and decisive contributions. He is best known, perhaps, for his insights into chemical bonding, for the discovery of the principal elements of protein secondary structure, the alpha-helix and the beta-sheet, and for the first identification of a molecular disease (sickle-cell ane- mia), but there are a multitude of other important contri- This biographical memoir was prepared for publication by both The Royal Society of London and the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. -
The 2009 Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting: Roger Y. Tsien, Chemistry 2008
Journal of Visualized Experiments www.jove.com Video Article The 2009 Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting: Roger Y. Tsien, Chemistry 2008 Roger Y. Tsien1 1 URL: https://www.jove.com/video/1575 DOI: doi:10.3791/1575 Keywords: Cellular Biology, Issue 35, GFP, Green Fluorescent Protein, IFPs, jellyfish, PKA, Calmodulin Date Published: 1/13/2010 Citation: Tsien, R.Y. The 2009 Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting: Roger Y. Tsien, Chemistry 2008. J. Vis. Exp. (35), e1575, doi:10.3791/1575 (2010). Abstract American biochemist Roger Tsien shared the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Martin Chalfie and Osamu Shimomura for their discovery and development of the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). Tsien, who was born in New York in 1952 and grew up in Livingston New Jersey, began to experiment in the basement of the family home at a young age. From growing silica gardens of colorful crystallized metal salts to attempting to synthesize aspirin, these early experiments fueled what would become Tsien's lifelong interest in chemistry and colors. Tsien's first official laboratory experience was an NSF-supported summer research program in which he used infrared spectroscopy to examine how metals bind to thiocyanate, for which he was awarded a $10,000 scholarship in the Westinghouse Science Talent Search. Following graduation from Harvard in 1972, Tsien attended Cambridge University in England under a Marshall Scholarship. There he learned organic chemistry --a subject he'd hated as an undergraduate-- and looked for a way to synthesize dyes for imaging neuronal activity, generating BAPTA based optical calcium indicator dyes. Following the completion of his postdoctoral training at Cambridge in 1982, Tsien accepted a faculty position at the University of California, Berkeley. -
Named Organic Reactions (U – Z)
Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Rxns(U-Z).pdf 1 NAMED ORGANIC REACTIONS (U – Z) © Dr. John Andraos, 2000 - 2014 Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ONTARIO M3J 1P3, CANADA For suggestions, corrections, additional information, and comments please send e-mails to [email protected] http://www.chem.yorku.ca/NAMED/ Sakae Uemura Japanese, b. Japan Uemura oxidation Nishimura, T.; Onoue, T.; Ohe, K.; Uemura S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998 , 39 , 6011 Nishimura, T.; Onoue, T.; Ohe, K.; Uemura S. J. Org. Chem. 1999 , 64 , 6750 Biographical references: Ivar Karl Ugi 5 September 1930 – 29 September 2005 German, b. Kuressaare, Estland, Germany Ugi condensation Ugi, I.; Meyr, R.; Fetzer, U.; Steinbrueckner, C. Angew. Chem. 1959 , 71 , 386 Urban, R.; Ugi, I., Angew. Chem. Int. Engl. Ed . 1975 , 14 , 61 Biographical references: Chemical Research Faculties: An International Directory 1996 , American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C., 1996 Wer ist Wer? Das Deutsche Who’s Who 1999/2000 , Schmidt-Römhild: Lübeck, 1999 Lemmen, P.; Fontain, E.; Bauer, J. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006 , 45 , 193 Fritz Ullmann 2 July 1875 - 17 March 1939 German, b. Fürth, Germany Ullmann reaction Ullmann, F. Ann. Chem . 1904 , 332 , 38 Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Rxns(U-Z).pdf 2 Biographical references: Meyer, K.H., Helv. Chim. Acta 1940 , 23 , 93 Upjohn reaction Van Rheenen, V.; Kelly, R.C.; Cha, D.Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 1976 , 1973 A. Verley French, b. ? Meerwein-Pondorff-Verley reduction see Hans Leberecht Meerwein Biographical references: Victor Villiger 1 September 1868 - 1934 Swiss, b. -
Appendix E Nobel Prizes in Nuclear Science
Nuclear Science—A Guide to the Nuclear Science Wall Chart ©2018 Contemporary Physics Education Project (CPEP) Appendix E Nobel Prizes in Nuclear Science Many Nobel Prizes have been awarded for nuclear research and instrumentation. The field has spun off: particle physics, nuclear astrophysics, nuclear power reactors, nuclear medicine, and nuclear weapons. Understanding how the nucleus works and applying that knowledge to technology has been one of the most significant accomplishments of twentieth century scientific research. Each prize was awarded for physics unless otherwise noted. Name(s) Discovery Year Henri Becquerel, Pierre Discovered spontaneous radioactivity 1903 Curie, and Marie Curie Ernest Rutherford Work on the disintegration of the elements and 1908 chemistry of radioactive elements (chem) Marie Curie Discovery of radium and polonium 1911 (chem) Frederick Soddy Work on chemistry of radioactive substances 1921 including the origin and nature of radioactive (chem) isotopes Francis Aston Discovery of isotopes in many non-radioactive 1922 elements, also enunciated the whole-number rule of (chem) atomic masses Charles Wilson Development of the cloud chamber for detecting 1927 charged particles Harold Urey Discovery of heavy hydrogen (deuterium) 1934 (chem) Frederic Joliot and Synthesis of several new radioactive elements 1935 Irene Joliot-Curie (chem) James Chadwick Discovery of the neutron 1935 Carl David Anderson Discovery of the positron 1936 Enrico Fermi New radioactive elements produced by neutron 1938 irradiation Ernest Lawrence -
2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2016 NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016 was awarded to Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Sir Fraser Stoddart, and Bernard Feringa for the design and production of molecular machines with controllable movements. This year’s chemistry Nobel Prize is awarded for work on molecular machines which are a thousand times thinner than a human hair. The machines are formed from mechanically interlocked ring- shaped molecules which are able to move Ring-SHAPED MOLECULE 1 Ring-SHAPED MOLECULE 2 BINDING SITE relative to each other. UV 20˚C UV, 60˚C ORGANIC-BASED CORDINATING RINGS ‘SHUTLE’ Bulky Groups CENTRAL COPER ION ‘STATIONS’ REST OF MOLECULE DOUBLE BOND; ISOMERISATION DRIVES ROTATION Jean-Pierre Sauvage created a Fraser Stoddart made a ring-shaped Ben Feringa produced the pair of interlocking rings (called molecule attached to an axle (a first molecular motor by a catenane). One ring could rotaxane) which could shuttle up constructing a molecule that rotate around the other when and down. He also helped produce responded to light and heat and energy was added. a rotaxane-based computer chip. spun in a particular direction. WHY DOES THIS RESEARCH MATER? Research is investigating using molecular machines to transport and release drugs to specific cells in the body. They could also find future uses in ? electronic devices. The tasks they can accomplish are constantly expanding, so they may have further as yet unforeseen uses. Nobel Prize in Physics Press release: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2016/press.html © Compound Interest/Andy Brunning – compoundchem.com C COMPOUND INTEREST Shared under a CC Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence BY NC ND. -
Professor Ada Yonath, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, 2009
1 Public Health Reviews, Vol. 34, No 2 Preface: Science and Public Health: Professor Ada Yonath, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, 2009 Lore Leighton1 ABSTRACT Ribosomes are responsible for translating genetic code into protein and thus central components of cell life. Knowledge of their structure provided important potential applications in and understanding of the mode of action of antibiotics and resistance to antibiotics. The work of Professor Ada Yonath on the crystallography of ribosomes led to improvements in crystallization, crystallographic techniques, and x-ray diffraction detection procedures. In 2000 and 2001, Dr. Yonath published the three dimensional structures of the two subunits of bacterial ribosome. There are potential applications for this work, and hopefully science will use such tools to develop new methods to reduce the burden of many diseases. In 2009, Professor Ada Yonath was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her structural work on the ribosome. Key Words: Nobel Prize Chemistry 2009, Professor Ada Yonath, Weizman Institute Israel, ribosome, x-ray crystallography, antibiotic resistance, science and public health Recommended Citation: Leighton, L. Science and Public Health: Professor Ada Yonath, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, 2009. Public Health Reviews. 2013;34: epub ahead of print. BACKGROUND Professor Ada Yonath grew up in a poor family in Israel with a father who was quite ill. However, even as a young child she was always very curious about the world and despite their difficulties her parents sent her to a prestigious grammar school. Professor Yonath’s father passed away when she was 11 years old, and from that time onwards she had to help her struggling mother to meet the financial needs of the family with various 1 Public Health Reviews, Presses de l'EHESP, Paris and Rennes, France 2 Public Health Reviews, Vol. -
Synthesis of Quinine
Synthesis of quinine Outstanding organic chemist Robert Burns Woodward over 30 years has carried out about 20 complex syntheses of natural compounds such as quinine, cholesterol, cortisone, strychnine, lysergic acid, reserpine, chlorophyll, cephalosporin, and colchicine that previously seemed unrealizable. For his contribution in organic chemistry he was awarded the Robert Burns Woodward Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1965. The goal of one of the first in a series of April 10, 1917 – July 8, 1979 extremely complex and elegant syntheses he carried out was quinine, an alkaloid of the cinchona tree with a bitter taste. Quinine has antipyretic, analgesic, and antiarethmic properties and is still used in the treatment of malaria. Although the synthesis proved to be successful, it was too long and laborious to be applied on a practical scale. Later, E. Jacobsen and his co- workers were able to propose a much simpler enanteoselective synthesis of quinine using catalytic reactions. Steven E. Jacobsen MeO 1) Fe, HCl 1) HC C CO2Me Ph3PBr2 A B C o K H o 170 MW NO2 2) 2CO3, 2O 2) 250 C C, w(C) = 50.05% o O O O 1) BuLi, -78 C NC CO2Me H2, Ni Reney OEt D E F P o Ph N OEt (S,S)- ((salen)Al) O 44 atm, 80 C H 2 2) ee = 92% O OTBS Bpin Cbz LiAlH Cl CHBpin N 1) 4 1) Cbz2O, Et3N 1) Ph3P=CH2 NMO, TPAP 2 H I J G + - 2) H2O 2) NMO, TPAP 2) Bu4N F 4A MS CrCl2, LiI 4A MS X N OH H X, Pd(OAc)2 AD-mix-b CH3C(OMe)3 1) AcBr 1) Et2AlCl C K L M N MeO SPhos, K PO4 MeSO NH PPTS 2) K2CO3, MeOH 2) MeSPh 3 2 2 C H N O 31 36 2 6 o 3) 200 C, MW N Quinine Compound Brut formula Compound Brut formula Compound Brut formula Compound Brut formula A C7H9NO E C22H32N2O5Si I C17H23NO3 L C28H32N2O5 B C10H9NO2 F C15H29NO4Si J C17H21NO3 M C31H36N2O6 C C10H10BrNO G C14H31NO2Si X C18H22NO2 N C28H30N2O4 D C18H27NO3Si H C22H35NO4Si K C28H30N2O3 1. -
Wilhelm Ostwald – the Scientist
ARTICLE-IN-A-BOX Wilhelm Ostwald – The Scientist Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald was born on September 2, 1853 at Riga, Latvia, Russia to Gottfried Ostwald, a master cooper and Elisabeth Leuckel. He was the second son to his parents who both were descended from German immigrants. He had his early education at Riga. His subsequent education was at the University of Dorpat (now Tartu, Estonia) where he enrolled in 1872. At the university he studied chemistry under the tutelage of Carl ErnstHeinrich Schmidt (1822– 1894) who again was a pupil of Justus von Liebig. Besides Schmidt, Johannes Lemberg (1842– 1902) and Arthur von Oettingen (1836–1920) who were his teachers in physical chemistry were also principal influences. It was in 1877 that he defended his thesis ‘Volumchemische Studien über Affinität’. Subsequently he taught as Privatdozent for a couple of years. During this period, his personal life saw some changes as well. He wedded Helene von Reyher (1854–1946) in 1880. With Helene, he had three sons, and two daughters. Amongst his children, Wolfgang went on to become a famous colloid chemist. On the strength of recommendation from Dorpat, Ostwald was appointed as a Professor at Riga Polytechnicum in 1882. He worked on multiple applications of the law of mass action. He also conducted measurements in chemical reaction kinetics as well as conductivity of solutions. To this end, the pyknometer was developed which was used to determine the density of liquids. He also had a thermostat built and both of these were named after him. He was prolific in his teaching and research which helped establish a school of science at the university. -
Recollections and Reconstructions
@ ? Editor's Note: The Society's Nuclear Pioneer Citationfor 1977 goes not to an individual but to a distinguished group of individuals: those who took part in the epochal “ChicagoPile―experiment of Dec. 2, 1942, which produced thefirst successful atomicpile chain reaction. The 42 members ofthe Chicago Pilegroup are listed on page 591. One ofthose named, Harold M. Agnew, now Directorofthe Los Alamos Scient@flc Laboratory, is the Nuclear Pioneer Lecturerfor the 24th Annual Meeting. The guidingforce behind the Chicago Pile experiment was Enrico Fermi, recipient of the Nuclear Pioneer Citation of 1963. In the artick which follows, Laura Fermi recreates the excitement and mystery that surrounded the work ofher husband's research team in the early 1940s in Chicago. @. The FirstAtomic Pile: Recollections and Reconstructions by Laura Fermi @ . @ / - .-i@ ‘@:@ Enrico FermIat work, ca. 1942. As far as I can remember at the distance ofalmost 35 Perhaps not all husbands adhered as strictly as years, the first guests to arrive at our party on that Enrico to the rules of secrecy when talking to their beastly cold December night were the Zinns. Wally wives. He couldn't have been more tight-lipped. Once! and Jean. As they shook the snow off their coats, related some gossip to him: “Peoplesay that you stamping their feet on the floor, Wally turned to scientists at the Met Lab are seeking a cure for Enrico and said: “Congratulations!― I was surprised; cancer. .““Arewe?―he asked with his usual for Enrico had given me no hint that anything unusual imperturbable expression.