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Underpinning of Soviet Industrial Paradigms

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Underpinning of Soviet Industrial Paradigms Science and Social Policy: Underpinning of Soviet Industrial Paradigms by Chokan Laumulin Supervised by Professor Peter Nolan Centre of Development Studies Department of Politics and International Studies Darwin College This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2019 Preface This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text It does not exceed the prescribed word limit for the relevant Degree Committee. 2 Chokan Laumulin, Darwin College, Centre of Development Studies A PhD thesis Science and Social Policy: Underpinning of Soviet Industrial Development Paradigms Supervised by Professor Peter Nolan. Abstract. Soviet policy-makers, in order to aid and abet industrialisation, seem to have chosen science as an agent for development. Soviet science, mainly through the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, was driving the Soviet industrial development and a key element of the preparation of human capital through social programmes and politechnisation of the society. This provided a broad set of the skills, including management and governance, multidisciplinary synthesis, and analytical ability which were required to ensure sustainable technical and industrial development. This process of human capital development in the USSR could not take place without a particular Soviet social policy which was designed by the Party and Government and included the development of science, education, healthcare in synchronisation. The success was achieved due to the implementation of the large programme for human capital development in whose preparation both basic research and education played the critical role. Science was regarded in the USSR as an indispensable tool for modernising the country, and, for the first time in world history, was recognised as a natural resource beyond the doctrine of Marxism which helped cope with the challenges, including industrialisation, WWII and the import substitution programme. The investments in the development of fundamental science eventually paid off both nationally and later - at the global level. Many of the Soviet scientific discoveries started to appear as products in global households only decades after the Soviet collapse. Without many Soviet discoveries and developments, the current digital and industrial development would be hardly possible as they are integral parts of the global technology chains which constitute the modern hi-tech industry, economy, and most various markets. 3 Dedication In loving memory of my parents, Professors Turar Laumulin and Kira Davletgaliyeva, Soviet scientists and geologists, and in dedication to my wife, Dr. Zaure Dushimova, my son, Iskander, and my brother, Dr. Murat Laumulin 4 Contents Preface ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Dedication .................................................................................................................................. 4 Contents ..................................................................................................................................... 5 List of Tables, Figures and Diagrams ..................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 2 Literature Review and Methodology ......................................................... 20 2.1 Literature Review .............................................................................. 20 2.1.1 Sutton and the 1983 US Congress Report ............................. 22 2.1.2 Non-Market Evaluation of Soviet Development………….. 29 2.1.3 Conclusion ................................................................................ 58 2.2 Methodology ....................................................................................... 59 Chapter 3 Data from Interviews and Other Primary Sources .................................. 68 3.1 Interviews ........................................................................................... 68 3.1.1 Insiders from the Soviet System ............................................... 69 3.1.1.1 Historical Context and Characteristics of Soviet Policy- Making…………………………………………………….....69 3.1.1.2 Soviet Scientists and Engineers…………………...………..79 3.1.2 Outsiders from the Soviet System ........................................... 87 3.1.3 Insight from Both Systems ........................................................ 95 3.2 Data from Other Primary Sources ................................................... 98 Chapter 4 Analysis of the Data ................................................................................... 110 4.1 Soviet Industrialisation and Technology Transfer ....................... 111 4.2 Soviet Social Policies ......................................................................... 114 4.2.1 Soviet Education .................................................................. 114 4.2.2 Various Soviet Social Policies ................................................. 120 4.2.3 Access to Knowledge and Libraries ........................................ 128 4.2.4 Culture of Science in the Soviet Society .................................. 132 4.3 Soviet Science Policy ....................................................................... 135 4.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................ 148 Chapter 5 Soviet Science and Global Development .................................................. 151 5 5.1 Soviet-International Scientific Cooperation and Publishing ........ 151 5.2 Soviet Contribution to Global Science and Technology Soviet Contribution to Global Science and Technology ....................... 160 5.2.1 Two Examples of Soviet Scientific Contribution to Global High-Technology Chains ......................................................... 171 5.3 Soviet Post-War Development ......................................................... 173 Chapter 6 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 180 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................... 191 Appendix A List of Interviewees, Abstract and Questionnaire .................................. 217 Appendix B Table 6 Ten-Year School Curriculum, 1952-1953 ...................... 221 Appendix C Table 7 Ten-Year School Curriculum, 1955-1956 ..................... 222 Appendix D Table 8 Curriculum by 1984 ....................................................... 223 Appendix E Table 9 Number of Institutions of Higher Education Listed by Categories and Type of Instruction, USSR, January 1955 .................... 224 Appendix F Table 10 Number of Faculties and Number of ‘Specialties’ Taught in Each of the Thirty-Three State Universities, USSR, 1955 ... 227 Appendix G Table 11 List and Number of All Faculties within the Thirty-Three State Universities, 1955 .............................................. 228 Appendix H Table 12 The USSR, Union Republic and Branch Academies of Science (at the end of 1976) ................................ 229 Appendix I Figure 2 Photograph of SuperOx Superconducting Cable from Inside .......................................................................................................... 232 Appendix J Figure 3 Photograph of Layers of Different Materials of SuperOx Superconducting Cable from Inside ........................................ 233 Appendix K Curiosity in Science .................................................................................. 234 Appendix L Life and Legacy of Pyotr Kapitsa ........................................................... 237 Appendix M Science Policy Advising by Bush and Kapitsa ....................................... 243 Appendix N Replies to Chokan Laumulin’s Questionnaire for a PhD thesis by Gilbert G Lonzarich, Cambridge, 26-05-2017…………………….250 6 List of Tables, Figures and Diagrams Table 1 Indigenous Soviet Innovation 1917-65 (as seen by Sutton) …………..... 25 Table 2 Mathematics, Science and Technology Subjects in Three Schools Curricula for Grades 8-10 in Three Periods .………………………... 117 Table 3 Number of Institutions of Higher Education Listed by Categories, January 1955 …………………………………………………………... 118 Table 4 Number of Scientific and Specialised Libraries in Types, and their Book Funds (at the beginning of 1976)..……………………….
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