2007 MTS Overview of Manned Underwater Vehicle Activity

Home , Ambient pressure, MIR (submersible), Mstislav Keldysh, Nautile, Research vessel, Submersible

P A P E R 2007 MTS Overview of Manned Underwater Vehicle Activity

AUTHOR ABSTRACT William Kohnen There are approximately 100 active manned submersibles in operation around the world; Chair, MTS Manned Underwater in this overview we refer to all non-military manned underwater vehicles that are used for Vehicles Committee scientific, research, tourism, and commercial diving applications, as well as personal leisure SEAmagine Hydrospace Corporation craft. The Marine Technology Society committee on Manned Underwater Vehicles (MUV) maintains the only comprehensive database of active submersibles operating around the world and endeavors to continually bring together the international community of manned Introduction submersible operators, manufacturers and industry professionals. The database is maintained he year 2007 did not herald a great through contact with manufacturers, operators and owners through the Manned Submersible number of new manned submersible de- program held yearly at the Underwater Intervention conference. Tployments, although the industry has expe- The most comprehensive and detailed overview of this industry is given during the UI rienced significant momentum. Submersi- conference, and this article cannot cover all developments within the allocated space; there- bles continue to find new applications in fore our focus is on a compendium of activity provided from the most dynamic submersible tourism, science and research, commercial builders, operators and research organizations that contribute to the industry and who share and recreational work; the biggest progress their latest information through the MTS committee. This article presents a short overview coming from the least likely source, namely of submersible activity in 2007, including new submersible construction, operation and the leisure markets. The year’s most sensa- regulatory activity of research, tourism, commercial diving and recreational applications. tional news was unquestionably achieved The scope of this article is limited to active atmospheric submersibles, and does not include by two Russian submersibles, MIR 1 and historical, ambient pressure, or laid-up submersibles, which would be an entire article on its MIR 2, with their voyage to the bottom own. For a complete overview that includes submersibles not covered in this article, readers of the North Pole. Scientists from the PP are invited to peruse the MTS Manned Underwater Vehicle online database at the committee’s Shirshov Institute of Oceanology duly re- website (www.mtsmuv.org). corded the event and planted a Russian flag there, sparking an international debate over deep submergence vehicle (DSV) project- A lesser number of people tour the oceans the ownership of the North Pole. Other ing their sea trials for 2008; neighboring in smaller submersibles. The tremendous news stories reported submersibles used for Japan claims the deepest operating DSV, tourism growth experienced in the 1990s drug trafficking in South America, creat- the Shinkai 6500; and the latest entrance has leveled out, leading to a stable fleet of ing stereotypes that feed the population’s to the deep submergence club, India, has submersibles. The excellent safety record is imagination with yarns of old submarines issued a public RFP for a 4000 m manned a testament to the high quality guidelines used in dangerous applications. submersible. Led by the National Institute of and regulations that have been generated In reality however, ocean sciences have Ocean Technology, the Indian government over the past 25 years by classing agencies been heavily curtailed due to reductions in has already commissioned a 104 m Ocean such as the American Bureau of Shipping the U.S. federal budgets. The Alvin replace- Research Vessel, the Sagar Nidhii, which was (ABS), Det Norske Veritas (DNV), Cay- ment HOV project, funded through the delivered in January 2008. man Island Shipping Registry (CISR) and National Science Foundation (NSF) and led No segment of the industry introduces Lloyds Register (LR), as well as flag state by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institu- more people to the underwater world than government agencies. tion (WHOI), is in its fourth year with a the numerous tourism operators around Most of the new submersible builds scheduled delivery in 2010 (Dietrich, 2008). the globe. There are approximately 35-40 belong in the market segment for private The effort to deliver a new 6500 m vehicle tourism submersibles operating worldwide. leisure use. While regulatory adherence is on schedule and on budget is an ongoing The vast majority of passengers are toured fully established in classic commercial appli- challenge amidst tight budgetary guidelines. by a few operators of large 44-64 passenger cations such as tourism and research, there Overseas, however, budgets are burgeon- submersibles that typically dive to depths are few formal requirements for private ve- ing. China is making steady progress in the ranging between 100-150 feet, and per- hicles. This has the advantage of facilitating completion and testing of a 7000 m-rated form from 2000 to 5000 dives each year. modifications of existing design guidelines

26 Marine Technology Society Journal as well as the establishing new ones, but 1. Alvin and fabrication of the manned pressure lay owners are at a strict disadvantage to Alvin started the 2007 season in vessel, to be delivered to Lockheed Martin objectively evaluate concepts and operating February by completing 9 cruises for a for integration into the vehicle. procedures of these complex systems. total of 77 dives, ranging from EPR 9N, The luxury yachting market is grow- SoCal, JdF, OR Margin, Guaymas. The ing at a swift pace. In 1993, there were submersible was on layup from February 2. Antipodes fewer than 700 yachts worldwide larger to June for overhaul work and to install Hoffmann Submarines completed the than 80 feet; today there are more than new pieces of equipment to be tested. final stages of the overhaul and ABS clas- 700 new orders on the books for yachts These included new LED lights, a preci- sification of the submersible Antipodes. 80 feet or more. When all delivered, there sion clock for navigation and Frangibolt Antipodes’ present configuration was cre- will be more than 6000 yachts in opera- emergency releases. ated from the pilot compartment and con- tion, many of them between 150 ft and Alvin dove to an average of 2100 m with ning tower from a modular sub originally 250 ft long, large enough to carry private submerged times averaging 7.6 hours and known as the Perry PC-1501 and built for submersibles. The trend has not escaped 5 hours of bottom time (www.whoi.edu). service in the oil fields of the North Sea the notice of large yacht management firms The majority of the dives were for Biology (Hoffmann, 2008). around the world (Boggs, 2008). To foster science (29 dives) followed by Biochemistry Antipodes is a five-person submersible an exchange of techical information, a (22), Geo Chemistry (19) and Geology with unusually large diameter 58” hemi- preliminary dialogue between the yachting (12). Alvin did perform two engineering spherical viewports both bow and stern. and submersible industry was initiated at dives in June to verify the function of the Each viewport has a 46”-wide seat for two the 5th Annual MTS Manned Submersible new equipment, and also to support the and uses a unique feature where the pilot program at the Underwater Intervention Lockheed Martin engineering team that was can move about with the handheld remote conference in January 2008. The response awarded the contract in Summer 2007 for control. The submersible is equipped with was very positive and the effort is likely the design and fabrication of the RHOV. vectored thrusters for precise control. It to make a significant impact in the main- Four team members experienced diving a is classed to a maximum depth of 1000 stream deployment of private submersibles deep submergence submersible. Alvin is feet by the American Bureau of Shipping for the public yachting market. operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic (ABS) for both private use and passengers The biggest technology advancements Institution, designated as the National for hire. Hoffmann Yacht sales has been in the field of subsea tools and instruments Facility Operator. Alvin is presently rated involved with this sub since 1988, and come from Remotely Operated Vehicles to 4500 meters by the U.S. Navy (Brown, has performed all major modifications (ROVs), spurred in large part by the oil 2006). The RHOV scheduled to replace and upgrades in 1997 to integrate it into a industry, and in battery technologies from Alvin will be rated to a maximum depth of 150’ yacht, and later to operate as a tour- the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle 6500 m and will be classed by the American ism submersible in the deep Fiords of New (AUV) industry. Unique to all submersibles Bureau of Shipping. Southwest Research Zealand’s South Island. is the need for autonomous power and high Institute is under contract for the design Antipodes capacity batteries. The major push today is Alvin in the development of lithium-ion-based batteries that provide a significant increase in energy density. More testing and regulatory approval is in the works to make this commonly available. The biggest changes, however, are seen in the wide variety of high resolution underwater imaging systems that are offered by a growing number of manufacturers, and the emergence of high power LED light technology. The latest developments are one of the areas addressed through the MTS MUV yearly 3. Atlantis Submarines program during the Underwater Interven- Atlantis Adventures operates a family tion conference. of 11 submersibles in nine locations world- The following is a brief summary of wide. The main achievement in 2007 has activity, presented in simple alphabetical been to keep all locations operating safely order of the submersibles. and steadily, a true exception in an industry

Spring 2008 Volume 42, Number 1 27 that is marked by irregular business cycles. which replaced its large acrylic cylindrical ing out through an acrylic spherical segment All of the submersibles are classed by the viewport as it had reached its 10 year service viewport. Other plans are well underway to American Bureau of Shipping and the life limit as set by IRS. build high utility, modular manned vehicles U.S. Coast Guard for U.S. Operations. that can hover and be twinned to take pas- The submersibles operate daily touring sengers/mission specialists and carry the passengers to depths of 100 to 150 feet. 5. Carolyn tools needed for science and industry. No new Atlantis submersibles have been In September and October of 2007, Dr. added or retired and all 11 submersibles George F. Bass aboard SEAmobile Carolyn are operating in the same locations. Started continued its superb record of enabling the 7. DeepOcean – in 1985, Atlantis has taken more than 10 Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA) to Deep Rover 1001/1002 million passengers on more than 352,000 locate ancient shipwrecks in the Aegean Sea DeepOcean Quest reports that the MV dives and continues to foster interest in (Bass, 2008). When weather and visibility Alucia (previously the RV Nadir) is in the the underwater world and its technologies cooperated, INA was finding a new wreck final stages of a two-year, $25M refit that (Kohnen, W., 2007). about every other day in the vicinity of has seen her transformed into a highly Çeşme, Turkey. Of greatest interest were a functional expedition vessel. The ship Hellenistic wreck of the third century B.C. retains her roots as a sub-support ship and 4. BS600/BS1100 and a Byzantine wreck of the fourth-to-sixth will carry the two Deep Rover submersi- Blue Safari Submarine is based out of century A.D., both worthy of future excava- bles (DR01 and DR02), and a Dual Deep Grand Bay, in the Republic of Mauritius, tion. Carolyn was transported, launched, Worker 2000 (DDW2000). and operates two tourism submersibles and retrieved from the 45-ft catamaran Mil- The two Deep Rovers provide full (www.blue-safari.com). The company lawanda, in use since 2000. The submersible acrylic spherical cabins that accommodate operates what it calls “The Little” BS600, is maintained and operated by staff members one pilot and one observer. The Deep Rov- which carries 5 passengers, and “The Big” of the Institute of Nautical Archaelology ers are rated for a depth of 1000 m (3280 ft) BS1100, which carries 10 passengers. The located in Bodrum, Turkey. The submers- and were built by Deep Ocean Engineering BS1100 was built in Finland and is rated ible is inspected yearly by the Turkish Coast in 1994. The Deep Rovers were purchased to a maximum depth of 80 meters (260 ft). Guard and overseen by the INA head office in 2002, underwent substantial rebuilding The BS600 is based on a Bureau Veritas at Texas A&M University. of the electronics and a full classification re- classed PS700 design, manufactured in view to achieve ABS Class. Commissioned France by Personal Submarine Industries in 2001, DOQ also took delivery of its first (Onofri, 2008). The BS1100 is based on 6. Deep Flight Challenger Dual-DeepWorker submersible (DDW the DNV classed SM100 design, which The first winged submersible was 2000), manufactured by Nuytco Research offers large flat windows to passengers and unveiled by Hawkes Ocean Technologies Ltd., in Vancouver, Canada. The submers- a large hemispherical bow window for the (H.O.T) in the late 1990s with Deep Flight ible holds a pilot and one observer, is rated pilot. Both submersibles are certified by the I and II, Wet Flight and Deep Flight 502. to a maximum depth of 600 m (2000 Indian Register of Shipping (IRS) and oper- Graham Hawkes is developing a full ocean ft), and was built and certified to Lloyds ate from a support ship called the “Betty des depth (37,000 feet) version, the Deep Flight Register of Shipping. The MV Alucia is Mascareignes.” The company started opera- Challenger, also with wings and funded by scheduled for its first expedition in July/Au- tion in 1998 and estimates having carried the late Steve Fossett (Hawkes, 2008). The gust 2008 (McCallum, 2008). Deep Ocean more than 60,000 passengers underwater. project is based on a single-person pressure Quest is a privately owned science-based BS600 completed a major overhaul in 2007, hull, with the pilot in a prone position look- research entity that conducts science and BS600 exploration missions worldwide. Deep Flight Challenger

DeepOcean Quest Deep Rover 1001

28 Marine Technology Society Journal 8. DeepSee 9. Deepstar/Sirena to perform a detailed seafloor habitat explo- DeepSee is a three-person, 1500-ft- The original Sirena submersible was ration. The Deepworkers were also used in rated full acrylic hull, ABS classed submers- the first W-sub tourist submarine built the investigation in British Columbia of a ible operated in Costa Rica by Undersea in Finland in 1986, with a capacity of 48 barge that sunk with a 1200 gallon fuel tank- Hunter, a diving expedition company spe- passengers, designated as Mariea I, and de- er truck aboard. The submersible investiga- cializing in expedition tours to the remote livered to Saipan in 1987. In 2007, she was tion confirmed that the truck had remained dive sites of Cocos Islands and Malpello. decommissioned after an incredible service intact and facilitated controlled recovery of Launched in 2005 and manufactured by period of 20 years for Pacific Subsea Saipan the fuel. The company continues to oper- SEAmagine Hydrospace Corporation, Inc, a company engaged in the tourist busi- ate a number of Deepworkers along with DeepSee has completed a total of 580 dives, ness at Saipan, in the Northern Mariana the original Deep Rover, a single occupant with 230 dives logged in 2007 (Kohnen, Islands. In 2001, the company acquired a 3000-ft rated submersible built in 1984, and C., 2008). Equipped with an array of 10 second 48 passenger submersible, “Deep- the Aquarius submersible, a three occupant high efficiency HID lights and a custom star,” which was added to work at Phuket vehicle rated to a depth of 1000 feet. The HD camera housing mounted on a Pan & Thailand (McClure, 2008). The project was Aquarius remains a popular submersible Tilt mechanism, the company has explored short lived due to the tsunami that struck for filming, especially since it enables an and recorded the deep reefs and abundant the area. In 2007, Deepstar was relocated to observer to dive to depth along with a pilot. sea life around Cocos Island, much of it for Saipan where it operates today as a U.S.A. In addition to these submersibles, Nuytco is the first time. The submersible is equipped flagged tourism submersible under the also designing two new submersibles: one, with USBL tracking and Doppler Velocity control of the American Bureau of Ship- a five passenger tourism submersible to be Log (DVL) navigation permitting complete ping (ABS) and the U.S. Coast Guard. operated on the island of Curacao, and the and safe access to the deep walls and can- Sirena was sold to a U.S. business group for other, a re-design of the Deepflight Aviator, yons around Cocos Island. The submersible consideration in a tourism operation in Key which will undergo a number of changes was featured in two television productions West, Florida. Pacific Subsea Saipan Inc. is and be renamed the Orca Sub. on deep marine life in Cocos for the BBC one of the few companies in the world that Nuytco’s progress on the Exosuit in the UK and NHK in Japan. has managed to maintain and sustain a suc- continues as well. A new generation of cessful level of operations over an extended atmospheric dive suits, the full dexterity DeepSee Submersible period of time. ADS system, is designed for a maximum depth of 100 or 200 m and will include specially designed fins that allow the diver 10. Deepworker and Dual to literally swim. The company is on a Deepworker parallel development of a prehensile hand The Deepworker 2000 is Lloyds Reg- manipulator named the “Prehensor.” The ister classed, single occupant submersible goal is to replicate the capability of the built by Nuytco Research Ltd. and is rated human hand, so the design features fully to a depth of 2000 feet. The design offers a dexterous fingers but also a fully function- small package submersible, easily portable ing opposable thumb. Operated from aboard a wide array of support ships. In inside the Exosuit, this will allow divers to 2000, the company designed and devel- work underwater with the benefit of the oped a two-person version named the Dual full productivity of two hands. Deepworker, also rated to 2000 ft, to enable a trained pilot to take a novice underwater safely in the single atmospheric pressure of 11. Delta In 2007, the company purchased and the cabin. Over the years, a great number Delta Oceanographics operates the is refitting a dedicated ship for Deepsee to of these submersibles, nearly twenty ves- two-person, ABS classed Delta submersible extend its range and reach out into the far sels in total, have been built for filming, from Camarillo, California. The submers- oceans. Named the “Argos,” the new ship research, exploration and commercial div- ible has a long history with a total of 6978 is equipped with a large crane and A-Frame ing applications. completed dives by the end of 2007. The and will be launched in early spring. This The main expedition in 2007 involved company experienced some changes but will coincide with the installation of a new a voyage into the Bering Sea to investigate continues the diving work, with three expe- manipulator arm, which will extend the the Pribilof canyon, the largest single spe- ditions scheduled for 2008. DELTA made submersible’s versatility for scientific, bio- cies fishing grounds in the world (Nuytten, a total of 246 dives in 2007, piloted by Joe logical and archaeological applications. 2008). The submersibles were mainly used Lilly and Chris Ijames (Ijames, 2008).

Spring 2008 Volume 42, Number 1 29 The sub and its support equipment to the island of Palau (Kohnen, W., 2008). submersibles are on track for major projects were shipped to Juneau, Alaska, in July The work is being performed by DOER this year in Belize and points south. A second to work on a two-week contract with the Marine, which is upgrading the manipu- set of submersibles owned by Deep Marine Alaska Department of Fish and Game. lator, lights and video equipment. Deep Technology came to DOER for integration The submersible was mobilized aboard Marine Technology recently announced services prior to a long-term deployment for the ADF&G Research Vessel Medeia and entering in a one-year contract with the science and film applications in Palau. In ad- used to collect density estimates of fishes in Coral Reef Research Foundation (CRRF) dition to adding dual Sea Mantis 5 function an area between Sitka and Cape Omaney. in Palau. Scheduled to arrive on the island manipulators, a number of upgrades and Over a period of eleven dive days, Delta in early 2008, the submersibles will be used integrations were accomplished ensuring performed 42 dives. Starting in Seattle on- for the collection of deep water marine reliability in a remote location. board the Velero Four, Delta proceeded to samples for the National Cancer Institute’s To address a growing need for sub- Monterey to begin 50 days of diving. The research program. Palau is the home base mersible “self rescue” operations, DOER dives were used to study fish, invertebrates for the program, which ranges throughout combined the flexible open frame design and habitats. The dives included work by the Indo-Pacific region. It is part of a world- of its Ocean Explorer 1000 m ROV with the San Jose State Research Foundation to wide effort to find cures for cancer and the power of hydraulic ROVs resulting in study Marine Protected Areas in Monterey AIDS from deep ocean organisms. the DOER Thug, a series of modular, all Bay and south as far as Big Creek. Finally, hydraulic 25–75 HP ROVs. Compact and the submersible studied fish assemblages powerful, these ROVs provide security for on the oil platforms in the Santa Barbara 13. Deep Ocean Engineering submersible owners while doubling as a Channel. Delta made a total of 204 dives Research (DOER) highly stable film platform for depths to during the 50 days expedition. During 2006 and 2007, DOER has 3000 m. continued to expand its integration and DOER was also engaged by both ves- engineering services to submersible owners/ sel management firms and private parties 12. Deep Marine Technology operators. With its core engineering team to develop and implement training and Deep Marine Technology owns four and full in-house machine capability, the maintenance programs for both manned Deepworker submersibles to complement company offers custom, one off and limited and unmanned systems. The company its commercial diving work in the Gulf production capability for a broad range continues to expand its ability to sup- of Mexico. The Deepworker 2000 is a of subsea equipment, including pressure port submersible owners for integrated one-person submersible, built by Nuytco housings, valve packs, manifolds, mounts, shipboard applications as well as ship of Research Ltd., rated to a maximum depth adapters, and more. opportunity deployment. of 2000 ft and classed by Lloyds Registry. In addition to work with several multi- Two of the submersibles are presently being passenger crafts, DOER performed a major refitted for a one-year research expedition refit of two 2000-ft-rated one-person sub- 14. GSE Trieste Nautilus Underwater Systems is a com- Deepworker 2000 mersibles owned by Deep See LLC, return- ing them to full operational class (Lloyds pany based in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Register) after a prolonged layup (Taylor, specializing in diving systems on yachts. 2008). The submersibles were refitted They are the worldwide sales agent for with HD video cameras, video decks and GSE Trieste in Italy, manufacturers of DOER HMI lamps. In addition, a DOER the VAS diver lockout submersibles. GSE Sea Mantis manipulator was customized to Trieste is headed by Mr. Giunio Santi, an support positioning of the HD Camera. The industry expert in the construction of spe-

Deepworker Subs at DOER GSE Trieste

30 Marine Technology Society Journal cial manned vehicles for various military 600 or 1200 feet. Subsurface propulsion is operating from the IFM GEOMAR re- applications. The company is currently battery-powered, and the vessel projects a search institute in Kiel, Germany. During in the final stages of completion of a five- significant horizontal range with over 136 March/April the submersible was mobilized person private submersible to be installed KWh battery capacity. to the west coast of Namibia. Aboard the on a new 74-meter yacht in 2009 (Dooley, The prototype underwent significant South African research vessel FRS Algoa, 2008). GSE Trieste also announced the testing in 2007, logging 21 complete dives JAGO performed geological survey and development of a 10-meter, eight-person and over 20 hours submerged carrying ground truthing with geologists, engineers, diver lockout submersible that would crews of up to 3 (Marion, 2008). The vessel and technical personnel of De Beers Marine feature a 2-meter interior diameter, three also operated in surface boat mode where Namibia within the offshore diamond min- acrylic viewports on each side, with an it initiated each dive after charging its own ing area Atlantic 1, off the Oranje River estimated speed of 8 knots. dive systems. The prototype was tested to mouth (Hissmann, 2008). a maximum depth of 30 feet and traversed JAGO returned north to Norway in courses of 1.0 to 1.3 miles long at speeds of June, heading out aboard the German Re- 15. Hyper-Sub up to 2.5 knots. All testing was conducted search vessel RV Polarstern for cold water In 2007, Marion Hyper-Submersible within the confines of an inland lake, at an coral reefs study. This diving campaign was Powerboat Design, LLC began testing a average depth of 15 feet. With the prototype part of the EU project HERMES (Hotspot novel proof-of-concept prototype subma- having completed its service as the test bed Ecosystem Research on the Margins of rine. The concept incorporates a 1 ATM for the concept, work on an ABS classed European Seas). Dives took place at sev- pressure hull that is also capable of planing production model is underway for 2008. eral reefs at the continental shelf break powerboat performance on the surface. The near the Lofoten Islands, which includes Hyper-Sub is intended as a general-purpose one of the largest known cold water coral small submarine, offering independence 16. Idabel reef complexes, where corals grow along from the need of a support ship, along Idabel is built by Stanley submarines, the back wall of a giant submarine slide with both a long surface travel range and a which operates the unique three-person at water depths between 300 and 400 m. high weight carrying capacity. The vehicle tourism submersible in Roatan, Honduras. The reef complex is about 40 km long. is designed to be configurable as a multiple Named in honor of the town in Oklahoma Scientists measured physical and chemical use platform, including charter tourism, where the submersible was constructed, the parameters within the reefs, took samples salvage, research, submerged infrastruc- design uses three separate spherical steel for genetic and microbial analyses, and ture inspection and maintenance, as well pressure hulls, joined so as to provide room collected sponges associated with the reefs. as military and security applications. The for the pilot and two observers. Although In September 2007, JAGO headed to Hyper-Sub is designed to seat a pilot and not a formally classed design, the company Spain, in the northeast Mediterranean, to up to 4 passengers, or alternatively, provide rates the submersible to a maximum depth continue the cold coral reef research. The a small berth and sanitary facilities for of 900 meters (3000 ft). The design offers team participated in a diving campaign, deployment of a 2-man crew for extended a large 30-inch diameter viewport for its part of the EU project HERMES, exploring missions. Surfaced, the submarine is an passengers, plus nine separate viewports the Cap de Creus Canyon in the Gulf of autonomous, seafaring 40-foot boat with for the pilot. The submersible operates near Lion. Scientists confirmed the patchy oc- self-recharge capacity, 800 horsepower Half Moon Bay, in Roatan. Situated near currence of cold water corals and a divers’ diesel engines and diesel stores for deploy- deep underwater canyons, the operation benthic fauna along the canyon margins. ment over a range of 500 miles. Submerged, does not require a surface support ship and Different species of reef-building corals production models will be rated to either operates independently. The submersible were observed to grow within the canyons was completed in 2002 and operation in that do not form complex reefs like in Hyper-Sub Roatan started in 2003 (Stanley, 2008). In JAGO 2007, the submersible completed its 500th dive with its deepest voyage to 2400 ft. Idabel was in layup for two months for its first complete overhaul.

17. JAGO Jago is a two-person, 400-meter- rated, GL Classed submersible built by the Max Planck Institute and presently

Spring 2008 Volume 42, Number 1 31 Norway. JAGO ended the year in Octo- Lula MIR-1 ber/November 2007 in Toplitzsee, Austria, taking German and Dutch microbiologists to explore the deep Alpine lake (103 m), which is anoxic below 20 m.

18. Johnson Sea Link The Johnson Sea Link I and II are two-person, 1000-m-deep-rated, ABS classed submersibles operated by the Har- bor Branch Oceanographic Institutions (HBOI) in Ft. Pierce, Florida, since the early 1970s. During 2007, the JSL II con- subject to yearly inspections by the naval ducted operations in the Florida Straights, authority (Jacobsen, 2008). During 2007, media event of 2007 was the North Pole the Florida Keys, and the Bahamas, Lula participated in a three-year bio-ero- expedition (Sagalevich, 2008). On August supporting Marine Scientists studying: sion project with the German University of 2nd, MIR-1 and MIR-2 made two dives 1) The Deep Lophellia Coral Reefs in 1800 Erlangen/Institute of Palaeontology. 2007 to the point of Geographic North Pole at a to 3000 feet of water, 2) the ecosystems of was the second year of cooperation and the maximum depth of 4300 meters. The dives the Florida Offshore Sinkholes, and 3) The submersible was used to recover several ex- were performed through a narrow breach Fluorescence, Bioluminescence and Neu- perimental panels that had been deployed by in the ice, created by the accompanying ice rophysiology of benthic crustaceans. On Lula last year in several locations, at depths breaker. The hole was no larger than 100 December 31, 2007, Harbor Branch Ocea- of 60, 150 and 500 meters. Samples of deep- m x 50 m-wide, surrounded with an ice nographic Institution, Inc. joined Florida water corals and deepwater giant oysters of cover of 2-2.5 m-thick. The submersibles Atlantic University (www.fau.edu) as a a yet unnamed species were also collected. were transferred and stowed in the hold of stand-alone research institute (Liberatore, Finally, Lula actively participated in the R/V Akademik Fedorov, which served as 2008). The new institute’s name, mission, archaeological project called “Underwater the support vessel for the MIRs, which fol- and organizational structure remain un- Archaeological Map of the Azores” with the lowed the nuclear icebreaker Rossia, which changed. Dr. Shirley Pomponi, who was Azorean Government, which is running for broke ice to pave the way. Navigation under president and CEO of HBOI, continues to 4 years from 2005 to 2008 (www.rebikoff. the ice was very unusual and supported by lead the organization as Executive Director org/html/arqueology.html). The Foundation various hydroacoustical means, like LBL of Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute also commissioned the construction of a new and USBL navigation special directional at Florida Atlantic University (www.hboi. support ship, the “Ada Rebikoff,” a 16 m systems. The submersibles both dove to fau.edu). HBOI will continue to conduct motor catamaran, scheduled for delivery to the designated point, took video and still business from their current campus in Ft. the Azores in early 2008. photography, and deposited a titanium flag Pierce, Florida, and will now have access of Russia along with a small time capsule to to legislative appropriations for infra- mark the event. Both submersibles returned structure, facilities, new construction and 20. MIR safely to surface and the crew learned a great program expansion. The MIR-1 and MIR-2 submersibles deal about the complexity of navigation are both three-person, deep submergence methods under thick ice. After the expedi- vehicles rated to a maximum depth of tion, both MIR submersibles, equipment 19. Lula 6000 m, class by Germanischer Lloyds. and crew returned to their normal support The autonomous submarine Lula The submersibles are operated by the P.P. ship, the R/V Mstislav Keldysh. (Portuguese for squid) is a three-person Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the submarine, built in 2000 and capable of Russian Academy of Sciences (IO RAS), diving to a maximum depth of 500 meters. which is the oldest and the largest Russian 21. Nautile The submarine incorporates both a diesel research center in the field of oceanology. The Nautile is a three-person manned combustion engine (24Kw) for surface travel The submersibles were constructed in submarine designed for observing and and an electric propulsion system (8Kw) 1987 and operate from the mothership operating at depths reaching 6000 meters. when diving. Operated by the Foundation R/V Akademik Mstislav Keldysh. The Maintained and operated by the French Rebikoff-Niggeler (FRN), based in the MIR submersibles are famous for their research institute IFREMER, the Nautile Azores, Lula is classed +A1 by ABS and is extensive survey of the HMS Titanic. The was commissioned in 1984 and had logged

32 Marine Technology Society Journal a total of 1682 dives by the end of 2007. In different passengers repeatedly during the inspection and subsea field development 2007, Nautile participated in three major day without the need for the sub’s retrieval installation, maintenance, and infrastruc- expeditions with six missions in the Medi- aboard Maniki. During 2007, Nemo and ture remediation. These are currently used terranean and the Atlantic Ocean (Lev- Maniki traveled all along the Western Aus- in operations in the Gulf of Mexico as well eque, 2008). Three of the missions were tralia coast, covering in excess of 5000 km, as the South China Sea (English, 2008). for engineering and technology evaluation diving on shipwrecks near Albany in the Military ADS applications include purposes and three for scientific studies. Southwest to volcanic islands near Broome submarine ventilation & decompression, The season started in April 2007 in the in the Northwest (Kohnen, C., 2008). Back ELSS Pod posting, submarine escape hatch Mediterranean Sea with three technology in Perth, the submersible continues to be clearing for rescue operations, search and evaluation dives followed by two scientific used in a historical documentary project salvage, and aircraft and weapons recovery. missions. The Nautile operated in April, of U.S. warships and military hardware Hardsuits™ continue to support interna- May and June, completing a total of 36 sci- scuttled off Rottnest Island at the end of tional submarine rescue exercises such as entific dives for the ATANAUT – MBNA WWII. Sorbet Royale (Mediterranean), Pacific and MARNAUT missions. During the Reach (Asia Pacific) and Bold Monarch month of July, the team headed to the (North Sea). Navies that currently own Atlantic Ocean, performing an additional 23. OceanWorks and operate Hardsuit™ ADS systems in- 11 dives as part of the MoMarDream- OceanWorks International is a Cana- clude the United States, Russian, French, NAUT mission for the study of deep-sea dian manufacturer of international military Italian, and the Turkish navies. macrofauna, to depths reaching 3000 and commercial Atmospheric Diving Sys- November 2007 saw OceanWorks m, with the aim to use biological means tems (ADS). These include sophisticated International deliver the U.S. Navy’s next- of evaluating the stress response of these one-person dive suits such as the Hard- generation submarine rescue capability; fauna resulting from sampling at depth. suit™, rated to depths of 365 m (1200 the “Pressurized Rescue Module System” Nautile is in layup as of December 1, 2007, ft) or 610 m (2000 ft), to full submarine (PRMS), to the Deep Submergence Unit completely disassembled for a 5-month de- rescue systems. The OceanWorks’ ADS in San Diego, CA. The new tethered rescue tailed inspection. The inspection is mostly technology was released in 1986 and has vehicle has a capacity of 18 people; with focused on maintenance, with replacement evolved into the Hardsuit™ Quantum. 230 HP of hydraulic thrust it achieves installations for older computers and video This latest suit represents the state of the speeds of 3+ knots. Unique features in- systems. Engineering dives are planned for art in atmospheric diving systems, with clude a bottom hatch opening into a Trans- May 2008; no science projects are planned almost double the thrust performance of fer Skirt, incorporating rotating joints that as yet for the 2008 season. previous ADS systems, including the latest allow omni-directional approach into a generation of electronics and instrumenta- current and mating to a DISSUB at angles tion. Commercial ADS applications in the up to 45 degrees, while maintaining a nor- 22. Nemo – Australia offshore oil and gas industry have expanded mal horizontal vehicle attitude. The vehicle Nemo is a completely autonomous, one and include projects involving platform is rated to 6 ATA internal pressure and atmosphere submersible currently based in includes an end hatch for Transfer Under OceanWorks Hardsuit™ Quantum Fremantle, Australia. Together with its 40 Pressure (TUP) to Surface Decompres- ton support ship Maniki III, it is capable sion Chambers. The vehicle is controlled of a multitude of tasks within a three from a topside van using a state-of-the-art hundred mile radius of port. Launched in fiber optic redundant telemetry system, 2004, NEMO is a two-person submersible advanced auto controls and navigation ca- rated to a maximum depth of 90 meters. pability. The PRMS represents a quantum Manufactured by SEAmagine Hydrospace step forward in submarine rescue capability Corp., the submersible is easily integrated to a depth of 2000 ft and up to sea state 4 into the 70–ft support ship. One of Nemo’s surface conditions. major design features is its ease of deployment. It can be lowered (unmanned) into the sea, avoiding the requirement of a ‘man 24. PC1201 rated’ crane. Once on the sea’s surface, its PC1201 is one of the PC-12 series of hyperlon pontoons create a stable platform submersibles built by Perry Submarine allowing the cabin to be opened and closed Builders in the mid 1970s and represents a without fear of water intrusion. This feature class of submersibles with tremendous div- gives Nemo the ability to submerge with ing heritage worldwide and an unblemished

Spring 2008 Volume 42, Number 1 33 safety record. PC1201 was fully overhauled planned to visit various detected anomalies. The two submersibles are operated and refurbished by Deep Sea Adventures in This is seen as a long-term project and the from the R/V Ka’imi’kai-o-kamloa (R/V Florida, and ABS classed to a depth of 1000 Institute is eager to participate in future KoK) mothership, a 70-meter-long, 2000 feet (304 m). PC1201 will participate in MTS MUV programs. ton research vessel. The R/V KoK is fully the DEEP REEF project in 2008, which is equipped for long expeditions and provides a partnership between the Cape Eluethera 24-hour capability for its submersibles Institute, The Island School and Deep 26. Pisces IV and Pisces V and ROV operations and is also equipped Sea Adventures LLC of West Palm Beach, The Hawaii Undersea Research Lab with full multibeam mapping capability. Florida. The site selected is on the very tip (HURL) is part of the University of Hawaii’s HURL’s objectives are to continue the up- of Cape Eleuthera, on the southwestern School of Ocean and Earth Science Tech- grade of their two submersibles in scientific end of the Bahamian Island of Eleuthera nology. It operates two ABS classed sub- equipment with a goal to make the two (Wicklund, 2007). mersibles: Pisces IV, rated to 1980 meters vessels as identical as possible with a com- (6500 ft) and Pisces V, rated to 1915 meters plete set of spares. The two vessels afford (6280 ft). By the end of 2007, HURL has the added safety of providing complete self 25. PC8B accumulated a total of 911 dives on its two rescue capability and full versatility for a PC8 is a two-person Perry Submersible manned submersibles; PISCES IV with broad range of research projects. launched in 1979 that is presently operated 201 logged dives and PISCES V with 710 by the Institute of Oceanology, Bulgarian dives. PISCES IV was acquired and put Academy of Sciences, located in Varna, into operation in 2000 and performed a 27. ProMare S201 Bulgaria. The submersible was designed for total of 10 dives in 2007 (Kirby, 2008). ProMare, based in Houston, Texas, maximum depth of 250 m (800 ft) and was While PISCES IV was being upgraded with drafted a concept design in mid-2005 the first Perry submersible to use an acrylic science and operational gear that included for the construction of a small, manned bow window. The 140-degree window pro- a new robotic manipulator, the vehicles submarine with a specific focus on sub- vides a downward view of approximately 13 performed three test and training dives plus merged endurance significantly in excess of degrees from the horizontal, a concept that a series of seven exploration dives, along other manned submersibles of similar size was extended to all the Perry models there- with PISCES V for the deep investigation (Phaneuf, 2007). The 2-person submers- after. PC8B started operation in Bulgaria of Mauna Kea (3 dives) and of the deep ible is designed to a maximum depth rating in 1987. The submersible is equipped with coral reefs (4 dives). PISCES V, in operation of 1000 ft. The design is based on a large scientific instruments, still photo and video at HURL since 1987, logged a total of 32 1.65 m diameter hull, with a total length cameras, a manipulator, sampling devices, dives in 2007. This included five dives for of 9.0 m and a displacement of 9 tons. In and is supported by the R/V Akademik test and training, and actively participated an effort to push the envelope of technol- mother ship. Dr. Ilya Shtirkov, director in nine different investigation projects. ogy, adherence to classification rules was of the Institute of Oceanology, attended Among them, PISCES V made six dives for set aside and the MARIAN S201 was built the MTS MUV program at UI2008 and the investigation of climate variability from by MSubs Ltd. in the United Kingdom. reported personally that the Institute is deep sea corals in the Central North Pacific The vehicle was completed in late 2006 being funded for research work through Gyre. An additional six dives were made for and ready for testing in the early spring of the European Union and that they plan the study of ageing and growth validation 2007. The submersible was operated under to perform a full high-resolution scan of of the deep Gold Coral, plus seven dives for contract to the U.S. Navy in support of the Black Sea shores of Bulgaria (Shtirkov, the study of megafauna of deep seamounts R&D projects managed by the Office of 2008). The Institute acquired a Klein and ridges in Hawaii’s Papahanaumokuakea multibeam sonar and the submersible is Marine National Monument. ProMare S201 PC8B Pisces V

34 Marine Technology Society Journal Naval Research, Naval Research Labora- 29. SEAmagine VII oil recovery operations (Usher, 2008). tory and the Special Operations Command In August 2007, SEAmagine Certain oils are heavier than water and will and in concert with private corporations. Hydrospace Corporation delivered Hull sink to the seafloor. Although recovery of The main feature of the design integrates #7, an ABS classed two-person Ocean submerged oil can be accomplished using lithium-ion batteries that are aimed at Pearl model rated to a depth of 300 ft. The diver-assisted pumping techniques, these providing a speed in excess of 6.0 knots submersible is the first of a series to be inte- operations are costly, time consuming and for a range of 225 miles. The vehicle is grated onto a megayacht, which sails in the inherently dangerous to perform. Due to designed as a test platform that allows rapid Mediterranean Sea. The vehicle is stowed the simplicity of the diving logistics and integration of commercially available and and operated from a shadow ship that fol- safety factors, the simulated spill recovery proprietary instruments to be evaluated by lows the main 85 m yacht. The submersible was very successful. the United States Navy. was integrated onto the support ship in SEAmagine also responded to the RFP In 2007, the submersible accumulated Barcelona while it was undergoing a refit for the construction of a 4000 m research more than 100 dives to a maximum depth (Kohnen, C., 2008). During this overhaul submersible for the Indian government. of 200 ft, the majority of the research period, SEAmagine personnel trained the The design is a much more classical form programs being focused in the littoral crew in handling of the submersible for and provides room for a pilot and two zone. In 2008, S201 will continue work- Launch & Recovery operations, as well as observers. The international competition ing with the U.S. Navy as a large-diameter maintenance and operation of the vehicle. included firms from Russia, Canada (In- Unmanned Underwater Vehicle surrogate, The Ocean Pearl model is equipped with ternational Submarine Engineering) and and also serve as a test platform for the underwater lights, acoustic and RF com- USA (Lockheed Martin). internal development of ProMare’s next munication, sonar navigation and USBL submersible system, S301, to be launched surface tracking equipment. in the fall of 2008. Plans for 2009 include The company also upgraded its design 30. Shinkai 6500 modification of the S201 to integrate a for the three-person Triumph model for a The Japan Agency for Marine-Earth new hybrid lithium-ion battery fuel cell maximum depth of 3000 ft. This would Science Technology (JAMSTEC) operates power system for extended testing at sea provide a unique scientific capability that today’s deepest diving manned submersible, and development of a larger and deeper can carry a pilot and two scientists to a the Shinkai 6500. Rated to a maximum submersible, S401, in 2010. significant scientific depth, similar to the depth of 6500 m (21,325 ft) the submers- Deep Rovers and the Johnson Sea Link ible weighs 25.8 tons and has a crew of but with 50% more room. A joint effort 2 pilots and 1 researcher. In 2004, the 28. Russian AS-37 in 2007 with Marine Pollution Control submersible was refit with new batteries, A new deep submergence vehicle (MPC), an oil spill recovery specialist, exchanging its silver-zinc for pressure com- was delivered to the Russian navy in St. used the SEAmobile I submersible as the pensated lithium-ion batteries (Komuku, Petersburg in Spring 2007. Designated primary control platform for underwater 2006). The submersible reports excellent as the AS-37, the submersible is rated to performance, and, in particular, the crew SEAmagine VII a maximum depth of 6000 m and resem- is very satisfied with the easier mainte- bles closely the two MIR submersibles, nance procedures. Shinkai 6500 is the only operated by the PP Shirshov Institute of submersible presently operating regular Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, research dives with the lithium battery in Moscow. From the published news, the technology. Much progress has been made main pressure hull holds three occupants in this field, especially for applications in and, unlike the Maraging steel hulls used AUVs, and the American Bureau of Ship- on the MIR submersibles, the AS-37 uses ping is working on regulatory language to a titanium hull, like Nautile, Shinkai 6500 certify these types of batteries for manned and the new Alvin RHOV. Total reported underwater vehicles. weight of the submersible is 25 tons. The official delivery was made at the Kouznet- sov Marine Academie in St. Petersburg in 31. Thetis February 2007. The third generation Rus Thetis is a two-person acrylic hull AS-37 submersible was designed by the submersible owned and operated by the Malakhit Design Bureau of St. Petersburg Hellenic Center for Marine Research and constructed at the Admiralty Ship- (HCMR), based in Athens, Greece. Built yards (Novosti, 2007). by COMEX in France in 1997, Thetis

Spring 2008 Volume 42, Number 1 35 THETIS Triton 1000 Applications remain as diverse as the ocean itself, as evidenced from this review. The Marine Technology Society committee on Manned Underwater Vehicles (MUV) continues to maintain its database of active submersibles and provides the latest information on operation, construction, regulation and technology development for the benefit of operators, enthusiasts and manufacturers alike. Although this paper cannot claim it is a complete overview, it maximum depth of 1000 feet. The Triton does capture the majority of recent manned is rated to a maximum depth of 2000 ft. is designed in a catamaran configuration vehicle activity. For reasons of space, the (Volonakis, 2007) Thetis participated in a which provides both the surface stability scope of this article was limited to active number of projects of HCMR, the most and freeboard to allow passengers easy and atmospheric submersibles, leaving out a important among them was the scientific safe boarding while at surface. The full number of historical, ambient pressure, project #8220 and Nautile #8221, under acrylic cabin, with a diameter of 57 inches, or laid up submersibles. For a complete the supervision of the Institute of Oceanog- provides exceptional visibility for both overview that includes submersibles not raphy. In this project, Thetis performed a pilot and observer. For control, a digital included in this article, readers are invited number of dives in areas of high scientific joystick provides full maneuverability with to the MTS Manned Underwater Vehicle interest in the Aegean Sea. These areas a speed of 2-2.5 knots (Lahey, 2007). The online database at the committee’s website contained red corals, geothermic areas, submersible is compact with a length of (www.mtsmuv.org). and underwater fresh water springs. In the just under 10 feet (3.0m) and a weight of field of underwater archaeology, Thetis 3.3 tons. The submersible was completed also participated in the search for ancient in 2007 with testing performed in Florida References Minoan wrecks south of Crete under the and the Caribbean. The design is ABS Bass, G. 2008. Institute of Nautical Ar- supervision of the Hellenic Ministry of classed and the submersible completed its chaeology. Texas A&M University, College Culture in cooperation with Professor Shel- sea trials, operating from aboard the 164-ft Station, Texas. http://ina.tamu.edu ley Wachsman of the University of Texas. yacht Mine Games. The submersible is also Boggs, R. 2008. International Regulatory In the area of technical development, the equipped with a full complement of lights, Requirements for Submersible Operation Thetis submersible participated in live underwater video recording equipment and on Yachts. In: Underwater Intervention ‘08 search and rescue exercises designed to navigation instruments. Conference, MTS Manned Submersible Pro- train and familiarize personnel with these ceedings. New Orleans, Louisiana, ADCI. operations. The scenario included various distress conditions of Thetis. The final Conclusion Brown, R. 2006. The US National Deep exercise was the recovery of Thetis with the The manned submersible industry Submergence Facility Replacement HOV. use of the ROV MAX Rover, which was the is growing and developing vehicles with In: Underwater Intervention ‘06 Conference, first time this exercise was executed. The new capabilities based on numerous MTS Manned Submersible Proceedings. Hellenic Navy participated with observers technologies that have been primarily Tampa, Florida, ADCI. (Volonakis, 2008). commercialized by the ROV and AUV Busby, F. 1976. Manned Submersibles. markets. Beyond the ultimate benefit of Arlington , VA : Office of the Oceanographer in situ observation provided by manned of the Navy. 32. Triton 1000 vehicles, these new technologies greatly In 2007, U.S. Submarines, which enhance the real-time analytic capabilities Dietrich, R. 2008. Woods Holes Oceano- has for many years offered a wide range and productivity of the submersibles for graphic Institution. www.whoi.edu of submarines and submersible designs research, commercial and security appli- Dooley, S. 2008. Nautilus Underwater and consulted for the luxury yachting cations, as well as increasing the safety of Systems. Ft. Lauderdale, FL. http://web.mac. market, completed construction of its operators. The technologies include naviga- com/nus2/NUS first submersible. Called the Triton 1000, tion instruments, lighting, video recording, this new submersible model uses a full robotic manipulators and high energy English, J. 2008. Oceanworks International. acrylic hyper-hemisphere design as cabin density batteries. For all applications, this North Vancouver, BC, Canada. www.ocean- for its two occupants, and is rated to a raises the level of safety features available. works.com

36 Marine Technology Society Journal Foreman, W. 1999. American Deep Submersible Komuku, T. 2006. Operation of the Manned Sagalevich, A. 2008. Deep Ocean Under Ice Operations. Flagstaff : Best Publishing Co. Deep Submergence Vehicle Shinkai 6500. Operations of the MIR Submersibles on the In: Underwater Intervention ‘06 Conference, North Pole. In: Underwater Intervention Hawkes, G. 2008. The Design and Build of MTS Manned Submersible Proceedings. ‘08 Conference, MTS Manned Submersible the First Full Ocean Depth Submersible. In: Tampa, Florida, ADCI. Proceedings. New Orleans, Louisiana, ADCI. Underwater Intervention ‘08 Conference, MTS Manned Submersible Proceedings. Lahey, P. 2007. Triton 1000, a versatile Schtirkov, I. 2008. Institute of Oceanology, New Orleans, Louisiana, ADCI. yacht-based manned submersible. In: Un- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Varna, derwater Intervention ‘07 Conference, MTS Bulgaria. www.io-bas.bg Hissmann, Juergen and Karen. 2008. The Manned Submersible Proceedings. Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences at the Stanley, K. 2008. Stanley Submarines, Roatan New Orleans, Louisiana, ADCI. University of Kiel (IFM-GEOMAR). Kiel, Institute of Deepsea Exploration. Roatan, Germany. www.ifm-geomar.de Leveque, JP. and Drogou, JF. 2006. Opera- Honduras. www.stanleysubmarines.com tional Overview of the NAUTILE Deep Sub- Hoffman, P. 2008. Hoffman Marine LLC. Taylor, L. 2008. DOER Marine. Alameda, mergence Vehicle at IFREMER since 2001 Pompano Beach, Florida. www.subdive.com California. www.DOERmarine.com In: Underwater Intervention ‘06 Conference, Ijames, C. 2008. Delta Oceanographics, MTS Manned Submersible Proceedings. Usher, D. 2008. Submerged Oil Recovery Camarillo California. www.deltaoceano- Tampa, Florida, ADCI. Operations Using Manned Submersible graphics.com Vehicles. In: Underwater Intervention ‘08 Leveque, JP. 2008. IFREMER, La Seyne sur Conference, MTS Manned Submersible Jacobsen, J. 2008. Foundation Rebikoff- Mer, France. www.ifremer.fr Niggeler, Faial, Azores, Portugal. www. Proceedings. New Orleans, Louisiana, ADCI. Liberatore, D. 2008. Harbor Branch Ocea- rebikoff.org Volonakis, S. 2007. HCMR’s Submerged nographic Institution. Fort Pierce, FL. Operations with the S/M THETIS and Kirby, T. 2008. NOAA’s Undersea Research www.hboi.edu Center for Hawai‘i & the Western Pacific. ROVs. In: Underwater Intervention ‘07 Hawaii Undersea Research Lab at SOEST, Marion, R. 2008. Marion Hyper-Submers- Conference, MTS Manned Submersible University of Hawaii. www.soest.hawaii. ible Powerboat Design LLC. Florida USA. Proceedings. New Orleans, Louisiana, ADCI. www.hyper-sub.com edu/HURL/ Volonakis, S. 2008. Hellenic Centre for Kohnen, C. 2008. 2007 Review of SEAm- McCallum, R. 2008. Deep Ocean Expedi- Marine Research, Anavissos, Greece. agine Submersible Operations in Research tions. San Juan, Costa Rica. www.deepocean- www.hcmr.gr expeditions.com and Tourism. In: Underwater Intervention Wicklund, R and Lahey, P. 2007. Reconstruction ‘08 Conference, MTS Manned Submersible McClure, J. 2008. Pacific Subsea Saipan Inc., of the Manned Submersible PC1201. In: Proceedings. New Orleans, Louisiana, ADCI. Saipan, U.S. Marrianas Islands. Underwater Intervention ‘07 Conference, Kohnen, W. 2005. Manned Research Sub- www.submarine.co.mp MTS Manned Submersible Proceedings. New Orleans, Louisiana, ADCI. mersibles: State of Technology. Mar Technol Novosti, RIA. 2007. La Russie prend livraison Soc J. 39(3):121-126. d’un engin sous-marin AS-37. In: Le Portail Kohnen, W. 2006. Global Overview of des sous-marins. www.corlobe.tk Manned Submersible Activity in 2005. In: Nuytten, P. 2008. Deepworker & Dual Underwater Intervention ‘06 Conference, Deepworker Submersible Field Operations in MTS Manned Submersible Proceedings. 2007. In: Underwater Intervention ‘08 Tampa, Florida, ADCI. Conference. New Orleans, Louisiana, ADCI.

Kohnen, W. 2007. MTS Overview of Onofri, JM. 2008. Personal Submersible Manned Submersible Activity in 2006. In: Industries, La Ciotat, France. http://psi. Underwater Intervention ‘07 Conference, france.free.fr MTS Manned Submersible Proceedings. New Orleans, Louisiana, ADCI. Phaneuf, B. 2007. Development of a Manned Submarine for use as a Large Kohnen, W. 2008. MTS Overview of Diameter Unmanned Underwater Vehicle Manned Submersible Activity in 2007. In: Development Platform. In: Underwater Underwater Intervention ‘08 Conference, Intervention ‘07 Conference, MTS Manned MTS Manned Submersible Proceedings. Submersible Proceedings. New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, ADCI. Louisiana, ADCI.

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