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J. Robert Schrieffer Strange Quantum Numbers in Condensed Matter
Wednesday, May 1, 2002 3:00 pm APS Auditorium, Building 402, Argonne National Laboratory APS Colloquium home J. Robert Schrieffer Nobel Laureate National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Florida State University, Tallahassee [email protected] http://www.physics.fsu.edu/research/NHMFL.htm Strange Quantum Numbers in Condensed Matter Physics The origin of peculiar quantum numbers in condensed matter physics will be reviewed. The source of spin-charge separation and fractional charge in conducting polymers has to do with solitons in broken symmetry states. For superconductors with an energy gap, which is odd under time reversal, reverse spin-orbital angular momentum pairing occurs. In the fractional quantum Hall effect, quasi particles of fractional charge occur. In superfluid helium 3, a one-way branch of excitations exists if a domain wall occurs in the system. Many of these phenomena occur due to vacuum flow of particles without crossing the excitation of the energy gap. John Robert Schrieffer received his bachelor's degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1953 and his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois in 1957. In addition, he holds honorary Doctor of Science degrees from universities in Germany, Switzerland, and Israel, and from the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Cincinnati, and the University of Alabama. Since 1992, Dr. Schrieffer has been a professor of Physics at Florida State University and the University of Florida and the Chief Scientist of the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. He also holds the FSU Eminent Scholar Chair in Physics. Before moving to Florida in 1991, he served as director for the Institute for Theoretical Physics from 1984-1989 and was the Chancellor's Professor at the University of California in Santa Barbara from 1984-1991. -
Appendix E • Nobel Prizes
Appendix E • Nobel Prizes All Nobel Prizes in physics are listed (and marked with a P), as well as relevant Nobel Prizes in Chemistry (C). The key dates for some of the scientific work are supplied; they often antedate the prize considerably. 1901 (P) Wilhelm Roentgen for discovering x-rays (1895). 1902 (P) Hendrik A. Lorentz for predicting the Zeeman effect and Pieter Zeeman for discovering the Zeeman effect, the splitting of spectral lines in magnetic fields. 1903 (P) Antoine-Henri Becquerel for discovering radioactivity (1896) and Pierre and Marie Curie for studying radioactivity. 1904 (P) Lord Rayleigh for studying the density of gases and discovering argon. (C) William Ramsay for discovering the inert gas elements helium, neon, xenon, and krypton, and placing them in the periodic table. 1905 (P) Philipp Lenard for studying cathode rays, electrons (1898–1899). 1906 (P) J. J. Thomson for studying electrical discharge through gases and discover- ing the electron (1897). 1907 (P) Albert A. Michelson for inventing optical instruments and measuring the speed of light (1880s). 1908 (P) Gabriel Lippmann for making the first color photographic plate, using inter- ference methods (1891). (C) Ernest Rutherford for discovering that atoms can be broken apart by alpha rays and for studying radioactivity. 1909 (P) Guglielmo Marconi and Carl Ferdinand Braun for developing wireless telegraphy. 1910 (P) Johannes D. van der Waals for studying the equation of state for gases and liquids (1881). 1911 (P) Wilhelm Wien for discovering Wien’s law giving the peak of a blackbody spectrum (1893). (C) Marie Curie for discovering radium and polonium (1898) and isolating radium. -
John Robert Schrieffer Daniel Arovas, Greg Boebinger, and Nick Bonesteel
John Robert Schrieffer Daniel Arovas, Greg Boebinger, and Nick Bonesteel Citation: Physics Today 73, 1, 63 (2020); doi: 10.1063/PT.3.4395 View online: https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4395 View Table of Contents: https://physicstoday.scitation.org/toc/pto/73/1 Published by the American Institute of Physics ARTICLES YOU MAY BE INTERESTED IN Gaurang Bhaskar Yodh Physics Today 73, 64 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4396 Johannes Kepler’s pursuit of harmony Physics Today 73, 36 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4388 Rare earths in a nutshell Physics Today 73, 66 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4397 The sounds around us Physics Today 73, 28 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4387 Charles Kittel Physics Today 72, 73 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4326 The usefulness of GRE scores Physics Today 73, 10 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4376 OBITUARIES made when Cooper solved the problem John Robert Schrieffer of two electrons above a quiescent Fermi towering figure in theoretical con- sea. He took into account the effective at- densed-matter physics, John Robert tractive interaction mediated by phonons, ASchrieffer died on 27 July 2019 in Tal- which resulted in a bound state of elec- lahassee, Florida. He is best known for trons. Schrieffer’s focus crystallized on his crucial contributions to the theory of finding a many-electron theory that superconductivity, a problem that since could incorporate Cooper’s bound pairs, its discovery in 1911 had vexed physi- which, though not quite bosons, some- cists searching for a microscopic expla- how needed to be condensed. -
Nobel Prizes in Physics Closely Connected with the Physics of Solids
Nobel Prizes in Physics Closely Connected with the Physics of Solids 1901 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Munich, for the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him 1909 Guglielmo Marconi, London, and Ferdinand Braun, Strassburg, for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy 1913 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, Leiden, for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which lead, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium 1914 Max von Laue, Frankfort/Main, for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals 1915 William Henry Bragg, London, and William Lawrence Bragg, Manchester, for their analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays 1918 Max Planck, Berlin, in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta 1920 Charles Edouard Guillaume, Sèvres, in recognition of the service he has rendered to precise measurements in Physics by his discovery of anoma- lies in nickel steel alloys 1921 Albert Einstein, Berlin, for services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect 1923 Robert Andrews Millikan, Pasadena, California, for his work on the ele- mentary charge of electricity and on the photo-electric effect 1924 Manne Siegbahn, Uppsala, for his discoveries and researches in the field of X-ray spectroscopy 1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin, Paris, for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium 1928 Owen Willans Richardson, London, for his work on the thermionic phe- nomenon and especially for his discovery of the law named after him 1929 Louis Victor de Broglie, Paris, for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons 1930 Venkata Raman, Calcutta, for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 199 R.P. -
Annual Report 2017
67th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting 6th Lindau Meeting on Economic Sciences Annual Report 2017 The Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings Contents »67 th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting (Chemistry) »6th Lindau Meeting on Economic Sciences Over the last 67 years, more than 450 Nobel Laureates have come 67th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting (Chemistry) Science as an Insurance Policy Against the Risks of Climate Change 10 The Interdependence of Research and Policymaking 82 to Lindau to meet the next generation of leading scientists. 25–30 June 2017 Keynote by Nobel Laureate Steven Chu Keynote by ECB President Mario Draghi The laureates shape the scientific programme with their topical #LiNo17 preferences. In various session types, they teach and discuss Opening Ceremony 14 Opening Ceremony 86 scientific and societal issues and provide invaluable feedback Scientific Chairpersons to the participating young scientists. – Astrid Gräslund, Professor of Biophysics, Department of New Friends Across Borders 16 An Inspiring Hothouse of Intergenerational 88 Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Sweden By Scientific Chairpersons Astrid Gräslund and Wolfgang Lubitz and Cross-Cultural Exchange Outstanding scientists and economists up to the age of 35 are – Wolfgang Lubitz, Director, Max Planck Institute By Scientific Chairpersons Torsten Persson and Klaus Schmidt invited to take part in the Lindau Meetings. The participants for Chemical Energy Conversion, Germany Nobel Laureates 18 include undergraduates, PhD students as well as post-doctoral Laureates 90 researchers. In order to participate in a meeting, they have to Nominating Institutions 22 pass a multi-step application and selection process. 6th Lindau Meeting on Economic Sciences Nominating Institutions 93 22–26 August 2017 Young Scientists 23 #LiNoEcon Young Economists 103 Scientific Chairpersons SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME – Martin F. -
On the History of Condensed Matter Physics AIF - Pisa, February 2014
From Germanium to Graphene!: On the history of Condensed Matter Physics! AIF - Pisa, February 2014! A survey of Solid State Physics from 20-th to 21-th century:! a science that transformed the world around us! G. Grosso! February 18, 2014! Some considerations on a framework from which to grasp aspects and programs of fundamental and technological research in Condensed Matter Physics (CMP): a necessarily very incomplete account of condensed matter physics at the beginning of the 21th century. ! In the history of fundamental science, the area of Solid State Physics! represents the widest section of Physics and provides an example of! how Physics changes and what Physics can be.! In the 20-th century, research in Solid State Physics had enormous impact! both in basic aspects as well in technological applications.! Advances in ! - experimental techniques of measurements, ! - control of materials structures, ! - new theoretical concepts and numerical methods ! have been and actually are at the heart of this evolution.! Solid State Physics is at the root of most technologies of today’s world and! is a most clear evidence of how evolution of technology can be traced to! fundamental physics discoveries.! Just an example: Physics in communication industry…….! Eras of physics Communications technology changes Era of electromagnetism First electromagnet (1825) Electric currents<--> Magnetic fields (Oersted Telegraph systems (Cooke,Wheatstone, 1820, Faraday and Henry 1825) Morse 1837) Electromagnetic eq.s (Maxwell 1864), First transcontinental telegraph line (1861) e.m. waves propagation (Hertz 1880) Telephone (Bell 1874-76) Era of the electron Vacuum-tube diode (Fleming 1904)…… Discovery of the electron (Thomson, 1897) Wireless telegraph (Marconi 1896) Thermionic emission (Richardson 1901) Low energy electron diffraction (LEED) Wave nature of the electron (Davisson 1927) Radio astronomy (Jansky 1933) Era of quantum mechanics Kelly at Bell Labs. -
Nobel Laureates
NOBEL LAUREATES ALUMNI EDWARD DOISY JOHN ROBERT SCHRIEFFER (1892–1986) shared the Nobel Prize in medicine and physiology in (1931– ) shared the 1972 Nobel Prize in physics with faculty 1943. Doisy discovered the chemical nature of vitamin K. His work member John Bardeen and postdoctoral fellow Leon Cooper for The involvedcampus synthesis, isolation, and characterization of the K vitamins. their work at the U of I on the theory of superconductivity. Schrieffer Doisy received two U of I degrees: a Bachelor of Arts (1914) and a received a Master of Science in 1954 and a Ph.D. in 1957 from the boastsMaster two of Science (1916). University and served on the physics faculty from 1959 to 1962. National Historic VINCENT DU VIGNEAUD PHILLIP A. SHARP Landmarks:(1901–1978) the won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1955 for his (1944– ) shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in medicine and physiology work on “biochemically important sulfur compounds, especially for the discovery of split genes, which proved that genes can be Astronomical for achieving the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone.” Du composed of several separate segments. Sharp received a Ph.D. in ObservatoryVigneaud received a Bachelor of Science (1923) and a Master of chemistry from the U of I in 1969. Science (1924) from the U of I. He served on the University faculty HAMILTON SMITH and fromthe Morrow1929 to 1932. (1931– ) shared the 1978 Nobel Prize in medicine and physiology Plots. A number ROBERT HOLLEY for “the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to of buildings(1922–1993) have won the Nobel Prize in medicine and physiology in problems of molecular genetics.” Smith graduated from University 1968 for his work determining the precise structure of nucleic acids. -
Image-Brochure-LNLM-2020-LQ.Pdf
NOBEL LAUREATES PARTICIPATING IN LINDAU EVENTS SINCE 1951 Peter Agre | George A. Akerlof | Kurt Alder | Zhores I. Alferov | Hannes Alfvén | Sidney Altman | Hiroshi Amano | Philip W. Anderson | Christian B. Anfinsen | Edward V. Appleton | Werner Arber | Frances H. Arnold | Robert J. Aumann | Julius Axelrod | Abhijit Banerjee | John Bardeen | Barry C. Barish | Françoise Barré-Sinoussi | Derek H. R. Barton | Nicolay G. Basov | George W. Beadle | J. Georg Bednorz | Georg von Békésy |Eric Betzig | Bruce A. Beutler | Gerd Binnig | J. Michael Bishop | James W. Black | Elizabeth H. Blackburn | Patrick M. S. Blackett | Günter Blobel | Konrad Bloch | Felix Bloch | Nicolaas Bloembergen | Baruch S. Blumberg | Niels Bohr | Max Born | Paul Boyer | William Lawrence Bragg | Willy Brandt | Walter H. Brattain | Bertram N. Brockhouse | Herbert C. Brown | James M. Buchanan Jr. | Frank Burnet | Adolf F. Butenandt | Melvin Calvin Thomas R. Cech | Martin Chalfie | Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar | Pavel A. Cherenkov | Steven Chu | Aaron Ciechanover | Albert Claude | John Cockcroft | Claude Cohen- Tannoudji | Leon N. Cooper | Carl Cori | Allan M. Cormack | John Cornforth André F. Cournand | Francis Crick | James Cronin | Paul J. Crutzen | Robert F. Curl Jr. | Henrik Dam | Jean Dausset | Angus S. Deaton | Gérard Debreu | Petrus Debye | Hans G. Dehmelt | Johann Deisenhofer Peter A. Diamond | Paul A. M. Dirac | Peter C. Doherty | Gerhard Domagk | Esther Duflo | Renato Dulbecco | Christian de Duve John Eccles | Gerald M. Edelman | Manfred Eigen | Gertrude B. Elion | Robert F. Engle III | François Englert | Richard R. Ernst Gerhard Ertl | Leo Esaki | Ulf von Euler | Hans von Euler- Chelpin | Martin J. Evans | John B. Fenn | Bernard L. Feringa Albert Fert | Ernst O. Fischer | Edmond H. Fischer | Val Fitch | Paul J. -
24 August 2013 Seminar Held
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NOBEL PRIZE SEMINAR 2012 (NPS 2012) 0 Organized by School of Chemistry Editor: Dr. Nabakrushna Behera Lecturer, School of Chemistry, S.U. (E-mail: [email protected]) 24 August 2013 Seminar Held Sambalpur University Jyoti Vihar-768 019 Odisha Organizing Secretary: Dr. N. K. Behera, School of Chemistry, S.U., Jyoti Vihar, 768 019, Odisha. Dr. S. C. Jamir Governor, Odisha Raj Bhawan Bhubaneswar-751 008 August 13, 2013 EMSSSEM I am glad to know that the School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, like previous years is organizing a Seminar on "Nobel Prize" on August 24, 2013. The Nobel Prize instituted on the lines of its mentor and founder Alfred Nobel's last will to establish a series of prizes for those who confer the “greatest benefit on mankind’ is widely regarded as the most coveted international award given in recognition to excellent work done in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. The Prize since its introduction in 1901 has a very impressive list of winners and each of them has their own story of success. It is heartening that a seminar is being organized annually focusing on the Nobel Prize winning work of the Nobel laureates of that particular year. The initiative is indeed laudable as it will help teachers as well as students a lot in knowing more about the works of illustrious recipients and drawing inspiration to excel and work for the betterment of mankind. I am sure the proceeding to be brought out on the occasion will be highly enlightening. -
Magnetic Resonance Force Microscopy for Condensed Matter Issue Date: 2017-07-05 1 Introduction
Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/50492 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Wagenaar, Jelmer J.T. Title: Magnetic resonance force microscopy for condensed matter Issue Date: 2017-07-05 1 Introduction Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is known for its application as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It provides the spatial mapping of 1H nuclei in biological tis- sues and is therefore used in hospitals around the world. 1 Glover and Mansfield 2002 The resolution of MRI is limited to the micrometer scale1, which makes it impossible to obtain information of struc- tures on the nanometer scale, a holy grail in the fields of medicine, chemistry and physics. In the early nineties, Sidles (1991) came with a solution to combine the force microscopy techniques sensitive to atoms with that of magnetic resonance techniques: Mag- netic Resonance Force Microscopy (MRFM) was born. The technique was promising, big steps were taken, and the holy grail of atomic resolution imaging of biological tis- sues seemed within an arm’s reach. Unfortunately, the last steps are the most difficult. The technique is experimentally challenging and so far, the images of biological structures are no better than those obtained by other conventional techniques. In order to be an attractive technique, MRFM needs to be scientifi- cally relevant while the technique is further improved to- wards the holy grail of imaging biological structures on the nanometer scale. In this thesis, we show how MRFM can usefully con- tribute to the field of condensed-matter. In this chap- ter, we give a short history of why NMR has been, and still is, an important technique in the understanding of condensed-matter systems. -
Brief Reports of Nobel Laureates in Physics
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) e-ISSN: 2278-4861. Volume 5, Issue 2 (Nov. - Dec. 2013), PP 60-68 www.iosrjournals.org Brief Reports of Nobel Laureates in Physics Dr.Shaikh Sarfaraz Ali Department of Physics, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology (VSSUT), Burla-768018, Samalpur, Odisha, India. Abstract: Alfred B. Nobel, a Swedish chemist and engineer who invented dynamite left $ 9 million in his will to establish the Nobel Prize, which are awarded annually, without regard to nationality, in six different areas like Peace, Literature, Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine and Economic Science to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind. Here the complete list of all the Nobel Laureates in Physics since 1901 to 2013 is compiled. 1901-Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen, Born in Lennep, Rhenish Prussia, Germany (1845-1923) was awarded the Nobel Prize for the Discovery of Rontgen rays which is also known as X-rays. 1902-Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, Born in Arnhen, the Netherlands (1853-1928) was awarded 1/2 of the Nobel Prize for the investigations of effects of magnetism on the phenomena of radiation. 1902-Pieter Zeeman, Born in Zonnemaire, the Netherlands (1865-1943) was awarded 1/2 of the Nobel Prize for the Investigations of the effects of magnetism on the phenomena of radiation. 1903-Henri Antoine Becquerel, Born in Paris (1852-1908) was awarded 1/2 of the Nobel Prize for the discovery of spontaneous radioactivity. 1903-Pierre Curie, Born in Paris (1859-1906) was awarded 1/4 of the Nobel Prize for the Phenomena of radiation discovered by Becquerel. -
Changing Concepts of Light and Matter
Evolving Concepts of Nature Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Acta 23, Vatican City 2016 www.pas.va/content/dam/accademia/pdf/acta23/acta23-haensch.pdf Changing Concepts of Light and Matter Theodor W. Hänsch Introduction Light and matter, just as space and time, play a central role in our life. Evolution has given our brain a compelling intuition for these concepts. This intuition has been essential for survival of our species, but it can hin- der our progress towards a deeper understanding. Light Light was long considered as something given by God. Artists learned to use of colours to express beauty and emotions. Leonardo da Vinci ob- served in his Tratto della Pittura that it is possible to arrange colours in a circle so that the most pleasing combinations are opposites. Already around 300 BCE, Euclid recognized that light travels along straight lines. There were many unsuccessful early attempts to find out the speed of light, including experiments by Galileo Galilei. The first quan- titative estimate was made in 1676 by Olaf Roemer from astronomical observations of the moons of Jupiter. He estimated a speed of light which was about 26% smaller than the value of 299,792,458 meters per second, as it is now determined for light in vacuum. Isaac Newton was perhaps the first to investigate systematically what happens when a ray of white sunlight is sent through a glass prism, so that the light is dispersed into a rainbow of colours. Newton argued that these different colors must correspond to different kinds of light particles. Light waves Around the beginning of the 19th century, Thomas Young demonstrated that light behaves like a wave.