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Almost Forgotten Anniversaries in 2019 Introduction
Almost Forgotten Anniversaries in 2019 Katharina Lodders Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Mc Donnell Center for the Space Sciences, Campus Box 1169, Washington University, Saint Louis MO 63130, USA Keywords: history, chemical elements, abundances Abstract: As we celebrate the International Year of the Periodic Table, the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11 and the meteorite falls of Allende and Murchison in 1969, other noteworthy science events with round birthdays seem to be overlooked and almost forgotten Several scientific organizations celebrate the birthdays of their foundation; and key events and discoveries related to meteoritics, astronomy, geo- and cosmochemistry, and nuclear sciences can be commemorated this year, including the anniversaries of the discoveries of eleven chemical elements, and the advancements of our knowledge of the elemental and isotopic abundances. Introduction. Introduction The 150th anniversary of the discovery of the periodic system of the elements by Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (8 Feb. 1834 – 2 Feb. 1907) and independently by Julius Lothar Meyer (19 August 1830 – 11 April 1895) is the reason for celebrating the International Year of the Periodic Table in 2019. Not only that, but several scientific organizations celebrate the birthdays of their foundation: The Astronomical Society of the Pacific (1889), The American Astronomical Society (1899), the American Geophysical Union (1919), the Mineralogical Society of America (1919), and the International Astronomical Union IAU (1919). The anniversaries in 2019 give us reasons to reflect on the major impacts of space exploration. In 1969, the first men landed on the moon and Apollo 11 safely returned with lunar rocks for study. The same year was blessed by the fall of the important carbonaceous chondrites Allende and Murchison. -
Harry Truman, the Atomic Bomb and the Apocalyptic Narrative
Volume 5 | Issue 7 | Article ID 2479 | Jul 12, 2007 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus The Decision to Risk the Future: Harry Truman, the Atomic Bomb and the Apocalyptic Narrative Peter J. Kuznick The Decision to Risk the Future: Harry stressed that the future of mankind would be Truman, the Atomic Bomb and theshaped by how such bombs were used and Apocalyptic Narrative subsequently controlled or shared.[3] Truman recalled Stimson “gravely” expressing his Peter J. Kuznick uncertainty about whether the U.S. should ever use the bomb, “because he was afraid it was so I powerful that it could end up destroying the whole world.” Truman admitted that, listening In his personal narrative Atomic Quest, Nobel to Stimson and Groves and reading Groves’s Prize-winning physicist Arthur Holly Compton, accompanying memo, he “felt the same who directed atomic research at the University fear.”[4] of Chicago’s Metallurgical Laboratory during the Second World War, tells of receiving an urgent visit from J. Robert Oppenheimer while vacationing in Michigan during the summer of 1942. Oppenheimer and the brain trust he assembled had just calculated the possibility that an atomic explosion could ignite all the hydrogen in the oceans or the nitrogen in the atmosphere. If such a possibility existed, Compton concluded, “these bombs must never be made.” As Compton said, “Better to accept the slavery of the Nazis than to run a chance of drawing the final curtain on mankind.”[1] Certainly, any reasonable human being could be expected to respond similarly. Three years later, with Hitler dead and the Nazis defeated, President Harry Truman faced Truman and Byrnes en route to Potsdam, July a comparably weighty decision. -
Atomic Physics & Quantum Effects
KEY CONCEPTS ATOMIC PHYSICS & QUANTUM EFFECTS 1. PHOTONS & THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT Max Planck explained blackbody radiation with his quantum hypothesis, which states that the energy of a thermal oscillator, Eosc, is not continuous, but instead is a discrete quantity given by the equation: Eosc = nhf n = 1, 2, 3,... where f is the frequency and h is a constant now known as Planck’s constant. Albert Einstein extended the idea by adding that all emitted radiation is quantized. He suggested that light is composed of discrete quanta, rather than of waves. According to his theory, each particle of light, known as a photon, has an energy E given by: E = hf Einstein’s theory helped him explain a phenomenon known as the photoelectric effect, in which a photon of light strikes a photosensitive material and causes an electron to be ejected from the material. A photocell constructed from photosensitive material can produce an electrical current when light shines on it. The kinetic energy, K, of a photoelectron displaced by a photon of energy, hf, is given by: K = hf - φ where the work function, φ, is the minimum energy needed to free the electron from the photosensitive material. No photoemission occurs if the frequency of the incident light falls below a certain cutoff frequency – or threshold frequency – given by: φ f0 = h Einstein's theory explained several aspects of the photoelectric effect that could not be explained by classical theory: • The kinetic energy of photoelectrons is dependent on the light’s frequency. • No photoemission occurs for light below a certain threshold frequency. -
Historical Development of the Periodic Classification of the Chemical Elements
THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS by RONALD LEE FFISTER B. S., Kansas State University, 1962 A MASTER'S REPORT submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree FASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Physical Science KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 196A Approved by: Major PrafeLoor ii |c/ TABLE OF CONTENTS t<y THE PROBLEM AND DEFINITION 0? TEH-IS USED 1 The Problem 1 Statement of the Problem 1 Importance of the Study 1 Definition of Terms Used 2 Atomic Number 2 Atomic Weight 2 Element 2 Periodic Classification 2 Periodic Lav • • 3 BRIEF RtiVJiM OF THE LITERATURE 3 Books .3 Other References. .A BACKGROUND HISTORY A Purpose A Early Attempts at Classification A Early "Elements" A Attempts by Aristotle 6 Other Attempts 7 DOBEREBIER'S TRIADS AND SUBSEQUENT INVESTIGATIONS. 8 The Triad Theory of Dobereiner 10 Investigations by Others. ... .10 Dumas 10 Pettehkofer 10 Odling 11 iii TEE TELLURIC EELIX OF DE CHANCOURTOIS H Development of the Telluric Helix 11 Acceptance of the Helix 12 NEWLANDS' LAW OF THE OCTAVES 12 Newlands' Chemical Background 12 The Law of the Octaves. .........' 13 Acceptance and Significance of Newlands' Work 15 THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF LOTHAR MEYER ' 16 Chemical Background of Meyer 16 Lothar Meyer's Arrangement of the Elements. 17 THE WORK OF MENDELEEV AND ITS CONSEQUENCES 19 Mendeleev's Scientific Background .19 Development of the Periodic Law . .19 Significance of Mendeleev's Table 21 Atomic Weight Corrections. 21 Prediction of Hew Elements . .22 Influence -
*Revelle, Roger Baltimore 18, Maryland
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES July 1, 1962 OFFICERS Term expires President-Frederick Seitz June 30, 1966 Vice President-J. A. Stratton June 30, 1965 Home Secretary-Hugh L. Dryden June 30, 1963 Foreign Secretary-Harrison Brown June 30, 1966 Treasurer-L. V. Berkner June 30, 1964 Executive Officer Business Manager S. D. Cornell G. D. Meid COUNCIL *Berkner L. V. (1964) *Revelle, Roger (1965) *Brown, Harrison (1966) *Seitz, Frederick (1966) *Dryden, Hugh L. (1963) *Stratton, J. A. (1965) Hutchinson, G. Evelyn (1963) Williams, Robley C. (1963) *Kistiakowsky, G. B. (1964) Wood, W. Barry, Jr. (1965) Raper, Kenneth B. (1964) MEMBERS The number in parentheses, following year of election, indicates the Section to which the member belongs, as follows: (1) Mathematics (8) Zoology and Anatomy (2) Astronomy (9) Physiology (3) Physics (10) Pathology and Microbiology (4) Engineering (11) Anthropology (5) Chemistry (12) Psychology (6) Geology (13) Geophysics (7) Botany (14) Biochemistry Abbot, Charles Greeley, 1915 (2), Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D. C. Abelson, Philip Hauge, 1959 (6), Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 2801 Upton Street, N. W., Washington 8, D. C. Adams, Leason Heberling, 1943 (13), Institute of Geophysics, University of Cali- fornia, Los Angeles 24, California Adams, Roger, 1929 (5), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois Ahlfors, Lars Valerian, 1953 (1), Department of Mathematics, Harvard University, 2 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge 38, Massachusetts Albert, Abraham Adrian, 1943 (1), 111 Eckhart Hall, University of Chicago, 1118 East 58th Street, Chicago 37, Illinois Albright, William Foxwell, 1955 (11), Oriental Seminary, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 18, Maryland * Members of the Executive Committee of the Council of the Academy. -
Sterns Lebensdaten Und Chronologie Seines Wirkens
Sterns Lebensdaten und Chronologie seines Wirkens Diese Chronologie von Otto Sterns Wirken basiert auf folgenden Quellen: 1. Otto Sterns selbst verfassten Lebensläufen, 2. Sterns Briefen und Sterns Publikationen, 3. Sterns Reisepässen 4. Sterns Züricher Interview 1961 5. Dokumenten der Hochschularchive (17.2.1888 bis 17.8.1969) 1888 Geb. 17.2.1888 als Otto Stern in Sohrau/Oberschlesien In allen Lebensläufen und Dokumenten findet man immer nur den VornamenOt- to. Im polizeilichen Führungszeugnis ausgestellt am 12.7.1912 vom königlichen Polizeipräsidium Abt. IV in Breslau wird bei Stern ebenfalls nur der Vorname Otto erwähnt. Nur im Emeritierungsdokument des Carnegie Institutes of Tech- nology wird ein zweiter Vorname Otto M. Stern erwähnt. Vater: Mühlenbesitzer Oskar Stern (*1850–1919) und Mutter Eugenie Stern geb. Rosenthal (*1863–1907) Nach Angabe von Diana Templeton-Killan, der Enkeltochter von Berta Kamm und somit Großnichte von Otto Stern (E-Mail vom 3.12.2015 an Horst Schmidt- Böcking) war Ottos Großvater Abraham Stern. Abraham hatte 5 Kinder mit seiner ersten Frau Nanni Freund. Nanni starb kurz nach der Geburt des fünften Kindes. Bald danach heiratete Abraham Berta Ben- der, mit der er 6 weitere Kinder hatte. Ottos Vater Oskar war das dritte Kind von Berta. Abraham und Nannis erstes Kind war Heinrich Stern (1833–1908). Heinrich hatte 4 Kinder. Das erste Kind war Richard Stern (1865–1911), der Toni Asch © Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland 2018 325 H. Schmidt-Böcking, A. Templeton, W. Trageser (Hrsg.), Otto Sterns gesammelte Briefe – Band 1, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55735-8 326 Sterns Lebensdaten und Chronologie seines Wirkens heiratete. -
Characterization and Design Requirements for Antennas in the Near-field and the Random-LOS Propagation Environment
Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Characterization and Design Requirements for Antennas in the Near-field and the Random-LOS Propagation Environment Aidin Razavi Department of Signals and Systems Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg, Sweden 2016 Characterization and Design Requirements for Antennas in the Near-field and the Random-LOS Propagation Environment Aidin Razavi ISBN 978-91-7597-494-1 c Aidin Razavi, 2016. Doktorsavhandlingar vid Chalmers tekniska högskola Ny serie nr 4175 ISSN 0346-718X Department of Signals and Systems Antenna Systems Division Chalmers University of Technology SE–412 96 Göteborg Sweden Telephone: +46 (0)31 – 772 1000 Email: [email protected] [email protected] Typeset by the author using LATEX. Chalmers Reproservice Göteborg, Sweden 2016 To Baba, Maman, Azin and my beloved Maryam Abstract The choice of antenna for a particular application depends on the require- ments imposed by that application. These include the field region (i.e., near-field or far-field), polarization, radiation pattern, radiation efficiency, system throughput, etc. Accordingly, during an antenna’s design process, different characteristics and characterization methods have to be taken into account. The present thesis focuses on two different aspects of antenna characterization and design: The first concerns antennas in near-field ap- plications dealing with lossy materials. The second is on the Over-The-Air (OTA) measurements of wireless devices and the Random-Line-Of-Sight (Random-LOS) environment. The characterization, design criteria, and fundamental limitations of antennas in the near-field, especially in lossy media, have not been addressed as thoroughly as in the far-field. -
Advances in Theoretical & Computational Physics
ISSN: 2639-0108 Research Article Advances in Theoretical & Computational Physics Supreme Theory of Everything Ulaanbaatar Tarzad *Corresponding author Ulaanbaatar Tarzad, Department of Physics, School of Applied Sciences, Department of Physics, School of Applied Sciences, Mongolian Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, University of Science and Technology E-mail: [email protected] Submitted: 27 Mar 2019; Accepted: 24 Apr 2019; Published: 06 June 2019 Abstract Not only universe, but everything has general characters as eternal, infinite, cyclic and wave-particle duality. Everything from elementary particles to celestial bodies, from electromagnetic wave to gravity is in eternal motions, which dissects only to circle. Since everything is described only by trigonometry. Without trigonometry and mathematical circle, the science cannot indicate all the beauty of harmonic universe. Other method may be very good, but it is not perfect. Some part is very nice, another part is problematic. General Theory of Relativity holds that gravity is geometric. Quantum Mechanics describes all particles by wave function of trigonometry. In this paper using trigonometry, particularly mathematics circle, a possible version of the unification of partial theories, evolution history and structure of expanding universe, and the parallel universes are shown. Keywords: HRD, Trigonometry, Projection of Circle, Singularity, The reality of universe describes by geometry, because of that not Celestial Body, Black Hole and Parallel Universes. only gravity is geometrical, but everything is it and nothing is linear. One of the important branches of geometry is trigonometry dealing Introduction with circle and triangle. For this reason, it is easier to describe nature Today scientists describe the universe in terms of two basic partial of universe by mathematics circle. -
The Emergence of Radioecology
Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09602-8 — Radioecology R. J. Pentreath Excerpt More Information 1 The Emergence of Radioecology 1.1 Glowing in the Dark On the frieze of the south-west facing Grenelle side of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, sandwiched between the names of Broca and Coriolis, is the name Becquerel. Paul Broca was a gifted physician and anthropologist and Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis a famous engineer and scientist. Antoine César Becquerel, however, was a physicist who, with his son Alexandre- Edmund, had made major contributions to the study of electricity. Alexandre-Edmund was himself to make major contributions to science, not only in relation to the study of electricity but also to the early development of photography; he was very interested in the curious phenomena of luminescence and phosphorescence as well. But it was Alexandre-Edmund’s son, Antoine Henri Becquerel, who was to stumble upon a completely different phenom- enon that was to change forever our understanding of the world around us, and that phenomenon was radioactivity. Just as fortunate, perhaps, was the fact that Henri did so only because of the very recent discovery of what we now know as ionising radiation by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, and that discovery had been very dramatic indeed. Röntgen had been experimenting with the discharge of electricity in vacuum tubes that had metal plates sealed into their ends so that they could be connected to a battery or an induction coil. Such tubes, first produced by Johann Geissler in 1857, had been used by Julius Plücker in 1858 to study the nature of electricity, the flow of which caused a glowing light to emerge from the negative plate (the cathode) and then disappear into the positive plate (the anode). -
Fabrication and Characterization of Hybrid Energy Harvesting Microdevices Zhongcheng Gong
Louisiana Tech University Louisiana Tech Digital Commons Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School Spring 2012 Fabrication and characterization of hybrid energy harvesting microdevices Zhongcheng Gong Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.latech.edu/dissertations Part of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Commons, and the Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Commons FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HYBRID ENERGY HARVESTING MICRODEVICES by Zhongcheng Gong, B.E., M.S. A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE LOUISIANA TECH UNIVERSITY May 2012 UMI Number: 3515931 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. DiygrMution UMI 3515931 Published by ProQuest LLC 2012. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 LOUISIANA TECH UNIVERSITY THE GRADUATE SCHOOL 3-2012 Date We hereby recommend that the dissertation prepared under our supervision by Zhorigcheng Gong entitled Fabrication and Characterization of Hybrid Energy Harvesting Microdevices be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Long Que I of Department College of Engineering & Science Department Recommendation concurred in: Chester Wilson Hisham E. -
Flynn Creek Crater, Tennessee: Final Report, by David J
1967010060 ASTROGEOLOGIC STUDIES / ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT " July 1, 1965 to July 1, 1966 ° 'i t PART B - h . CRATERINVESTIGATIONS N 67_1_389 N 57-" .]9400 (ACCEC_ION [4U _" EiER! (THRU} .2_ / PP (PAGLS) (CO_ w ) _5 (NASA GR OR I"MX OR AD NUMBER) (_ATEGORY) DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOQICAL SURVEY • iri i i i i iiii i i 1967010060-002 ASTROGEOLOGIC STUDIES ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT July i, 1965 to July I, 1966 PART B: CRATER INVESTIGATIONS November 1966 This preliminary report is distributed without editorial and technical review for conformity with official standards and nomenclature. It should not be quoted without permission. This report concerns work done on behalf of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1967010060-003 • #' C OING PAGE ,BLANK NO/" FILMED. CONTENTS PART B--CRATER INVESTIGATIONS Page Introduction ........................ vii History and origin of the Flynn Creek crater, Tennessee: final report, by David J. Roddy .............. 1 Introductien ..................... 1 Geologic history of the Flynn Creek crater ....... 5 Origin of the Flynn Creek crater ............ ii Conc lusions ...................... 32 References cited .................... 35 Geology of the Sierra Madera structure, Texas: progress report, by H. G. Wilshire ............ 41_ Introduction ...................... 41 Stratigraphy ...................... 41 Petrography and chemical composition .......... 49 S truc ture ....................... 62 References cited ............. ...... 69 Some aspects of the Manicouagan Lake structure in Quebec, Canada, by Stephen H. Wolfe ................ 71 f Craters produced by missile impacts, by H. J. Moore ..... 79 Introduction ...................... 79 Experimental procedure ................. 80 Experimental results .................. 81 Summary ........................ 103 References cited .................... 103 Hypervelocity impact craters in pumice, by H. J. Moore and / F. -
PDF Scan to USB Stick
NOTES AND COMMENTS E. G. J. "The Hendricksons of Crum Creek and the 'Old Swedes House'" is a well documented article by H. Edgar Hammond and Ruth L. Springer, published in The Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine (Vol. XXII, No. 2 [1961] pp. 45-82). "Until the autumn of 1958, on a plot of ground on the east side of Crum Creek, near the Delaware River, there stood a small stone house which' was built in 1690 for Andrew Hendrickson, a young Swedish farmer, and his bride, Birgitta, daugh• ter of Morton Mortonson"—thus reads the opening statement of the article, and at the end is this: "The restored Hendrickson house, still within the early Swedish colony, now stands on the west side of the churchyard of Holy Trinity Church (Old Swedes) in Wilmington, approximately eighteen miles from where it was originally built." The 37 pages between these sentences record the 270 years of the history of the house and the genealogical lists of generations of the Hendrickson family. The Rev. H. Edgar Hammond, one of the au• thors, is rector of Holy Trinity, Old Swedes, Church in Wilmington. • * * A carefully prepared article entitled "Amerika i Sverige: Herman Lagercrantz, emigrationen och den nationella väckelsen" by Nils Runeby appeared in Arkivvetenskapliga Studier 3, pp. 163-184 (Lund, 1962). Based on documents in the Lagercrantz papers at Virsbo Man• or, Sweden, Mr. Runeby records the story of the attempts in 1907- 1910, the years of Herman Lagercrantz's ambassadorship in Wash• ington, of promoting a campaign to induce immigrant Swedes in America to return to their homeland.