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The Project Physics Course Text and Handbook Models of the Atom /•. •• The Project Physics Course Text and Handbook UNIT 5 Models of the Atom Published by A Component of the HOLT, RINEHART and WINSTON, Inc. Project Physics Course New York, Toronto Directors of Harvard Project Physics Acknowledgments, Text Section Gerald Holton, Department of Physics, Harvard The authors and publisher have made every effort University to trace the ownership of all selections found in this F. James Rutherford, Capuchino High School, book and to make full acknowledgment for their use. San Bruno, Cahfornia, and Harvard University Many of the selections are in the public domain. G. Fletcher Watson, Harvard Graduate School Grateful acknowledgment is hereby made to the of Education following authors, pubUshers, agents, and individ- uals for use of their copyrighted material. P. 3 Excerpts from The Way Things Are: The De Special Consultant to Project Physics Rerum Natura of Titus Lucretius Caius, a transla- Andrew Ahlgren, Harvard Graduate School of tion by Rolfe Humphries, copyright © 1969 by Education Indiana University Press. P. 5 From 'The First Chapter of Aristotle's 'Foundations of Scientij&c Thought' (Metaphysica, Liber A)," translated by Daniel E. Gershenson and A partial Ust of staff and consultants to Harvard Daniel A. Greenburg, in The Natural Philosopher, Project Physics appears on page iv. Vol. II, copyright © 1963 by the Blaisdell Pub- lishing Company, pp. 14—15. This Text-Handbook, Unit 5 is one of the many in- P. 7 From The Life of the Honorable Henry structional materials developed for the Project Cavendish, by George Wilson, printed for the Physics Course. These materials include Texts, Cavendish Society, 1851, 186-187. Handbooks, Teacher Resource Books, Readers, pp. Pp. 7-8 From "Elements of Chemistry" by Antoine Programmed Instruction booklets, Film Loops, Laurent Lavoisier, translated by Robert Kerr in Great Transparencies, 16mm films, and laboratory equipment. Books of the Western World, Vol. 45, copyright 1952 by Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., pp. 3-4. P. 11 From "The Atomic Molecular Theory" by Leonard K. Nash in Harvard Case Histories in Experimental Science, Case 4, Vol. 1, copyright 1950 by Harvard University, p. 228. P. 21 From The Principles of Chemistry by Dmitri Mendeleev, translated by George Kamensky, copy- right 1905 by Longmans, Green and Company, London, p. 27. P. 22 Mendeleev, Dmitri, 1872. P. 29 From "Experimental Researches in Elec- tricity" by Michael Faraday from Great Books of the Western World, Vol. 45, copyright 1952 by Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., pp. 389-390. Pp. 43-44 Einstein, Albert, trans, by Professor Irving Kaplan, Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology. P. 48 Roentgen, W. K. P. 57 From "Opticks" by Isaac Newton from Great Books of the Western World, Vol. 34, copyright 1952 by Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., pp. 525-531. P. 67 From Background to Modeim Science, Needham, Joseph and Pagel, Walter, eds., copyright 1938 by The Macmillan Company, pp. 68-69. P. 88 Letter from Rutherford to Bohr, March 1913. Copyright © 1970 Project Physics P. 91 From "Opticks" by Isaac Newton from Great All Rights Reserved Books of the Western World, Vol. 34, copyright 1952 SBN 03-084501-7 by Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., p. 541. 1234 039 98765432 P. 113 From Atom,ic Physics by Max Bom, copy- Project Physics is a registered trademark right 1952 by Blackie & Son, Ltd., p. 95. p. 114 Letter from Albert Einstein to Max Bom, American Institute of Radiology; (reactor vessel) 1926. Nuclear Division, Combustion Engineering, Inc. P. 119 From A Philosophical Essay on Possibilities P. 58 Science Museum, London. Lent by Sir by Pierre Simon Laplace, translated by Frederick W. Lawrence Bragg, F.R.S. Truscott and Frederick L. Emory, copyright 1951 P. 64 Courtesy of Dr. Owen J. Gingerich, by Dover Publications, Inc., p. 4. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. P. 67 Courtesy of Professor Lawrence Badash, Dept. of History, University of California, Picture Credits, Text Section Santa Barbara. P. 76 (top) American Institute of Physics; Cover photo: Courtesy of Professor Erwin W. (bottom, right) Courtesy of Niels Bohr Library, Mueller, The Pennsylvania State University. American Institute of Physics. P. P. 1 (top) Merck Sharp & Dohme Research 80 (ceremony) Courtesy of Professor Edward Laboratories; (center) Loomis Dean, LIFE M. Purcell, Harvard University; (medal) Swedish MAGAZINE, © Time Inc. Information Service, N.Y.C. P. 2 (charioteer) Hirmer Fotoarchiv, Munich; P. 93 Science Museum, London. Lent by Sir (architectural ruins) Greek National Tourist Lawrence Bragg, F.R.S. Office, N.Y.C. P. 94 from the P.S.S.C. film Matter Waves. P. 4 Electrum pendant (enlarged). Archaic. P. 100 American Institute of Physics. Greek. Gold. Courtesy, Museum of Fine Arts, P. 102 Professor Harry Meiners, Rensselaer Boston. Henry Lillie Pierce Residuary Fund. Polytechnic Institute. P. 7 Fisher Scientific Company, Medford, Mass. P. 106 American Institute of Physics. Paris; P. 10 from Dalton, John, A New System of P. 107 (de Broglie) Academic des Sciences, Chemical Philosophy, R. BickerstafF, London, (Heisenberg) Professor Werner K. Heisenberg; 1808-1827, as reproduced in A History of (Schrodinger) Ameriq^n Institute of Physics. Chemistry by Charles-Albert Reichen, c 1963, P. 109 (top, left) Perkin-Elmer Corp. Hawthorn Books Inc., 70 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C. P. 112 Orear, Jay, Fundamental Physics, © 1961 P. 13 Engraved portrait by Worthington from a by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. painting by Allen. The Science Museum, London. P. 115 The Graphic Work of M. C. Escher, 2." P. 15 (drawing) Reprinted by permission from Hawthorn Books Inc., N.Y. "Lucht en Water CHEMICAL SYSTEMS by Chemical Bond Approach Project. Copyright 1964 by Earlham College Press, Picture Credits, Handbook Section Inc. Published by Webster Division, McGraw-Hill Book Company. Cover: Drawing by Saul Steinberg, from P. 20 Moscow Technological Institute. The Sketchbook for 1967, Hallmark Cards, Inc. P. 26 (portrait) The Royal Society of London. P. 130 These tables appear on pp. 122, 157 and P. 27 Courtesy of Aluminum Company of America. 158 of Types of Graphic Representation of the P. 32 Science Museum, London. Lent by J. J. Periodic System of Chemical Elements by Thomson, M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge. Edmund G. Mazurs, published in 1957 by the P. 35 Courtesy of Sir George Thomson. author. They also appear on p. 8 of Chemistry P. 39 (top) California Institute of Technology. magazine, July 1966. P. 45 (left, top) Courtesy of The New York Times; P. 136 Courtesy L. J. Lippie, Dow Chemical (left, middle) American Institute of Physics; Company, Midland. Michigan. (middle, right) Courtesy of California Institute of P. 149 From the cover of The Science Teacher, Technology Archives; (left, bottom) Courtesy of Vol. 31, No. 8, December 1964, illustration for Europa Verlag, Zurich. the article, "Scientists on Stamps; Reflections of P. 47 (left, top) Dr. Max F. Millikan; (right, top) Scientists' Public Image, " by Victor Showalter, Harper Library, University of Chicago; (right The Science Teacher, December 1964, pp. 40—42. margin) R. Diihrkoop photo. All photographs used with film loops courtesy P. 48 The Smithsonian Institution. of National Film Board of Canada. P. 49 Burndy Library, Norwalk, Conn. Photographs of laboratory equipment and of P. 51 Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N.Y. students using laboratory equipment were supplied P. 52 High Voltage Engineering Corp. with the cooperation of the Project Physics staff P. 53 (rose) Eastman Kodak Company; (fish) and Damon Corporation. Partial List of Staff and Consultants The individuals listed below (and on the following pages) have each contributed in some way to the development of the course materials. Their periods of participation ranged from brief consultations to full-time involvement in the team for several years. The affiliations indicated are those just prior to or during the period of participation. Advisory Committee E. G. Begle, Stanford University, Calif. Donald Brittain, National Film Board of Canada. Paul F. Brandwein, Harcourt, Brace & World, Montreal Inc., San Francisco, Calif. Joan Bromberg, Harvard University Robert Brode, University of California, Berkeley Vinson Bronson, Newton South High School, Erwin Hiebert, University of Wisconsin, Madison Newton Centre, Mass. Harry Kelly, North Carolina State College, Raleigh Stephen G. Brush, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, William C. Kelly, National Research Council, University of California. Livermore Washington, D.C. Michael Butler. CIASA Films Mundiales. S. A.. Philippe LeCorbeiller, New School for Social Mexico Research, New York, N.Y. Leon Callihan, St. Mark's School of Texas. Dallas Thomas Miner, Garden City High School, New Douglas Campbell, Harvard University York. J. Arthur Campbell, Harvey Mudd College, Philip Morrison, Massachusetts Institute of Claremont, California Technology, Cambridge Dean R. Casperson. Harvard University Ernest Nagel, Columbia University, New York, Bobby Chambers. Oak Ridge Associated N.Y. Universities. Tenn. Leonard K. Nash, Harvard University Robert Chesley. Thacher School, Ojai, Calif. I. I. Rabi, Columbia University, New York. N.Y. John Christensen. Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Tenn. Staff and Consultants David Clarke. Browne and Nichols School. Cambridge. Mass. L. K. Akers, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Robert S. Cohen. Boston University. Mass. Tenn. Brother Columban Francis. F.S.C.. Mater Christi Roger A. Albrecht, Osage Community Schools,
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