Pages from the History of Quantum Electronics Research in the Soviet Union*
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RUSSIAN SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY STRUCTURE There Are Around 4000 Organizations in Russia Involved in Research and Development with Almost One Million Personnel
RUSSIAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STRUCTURE There are around 4000 organizations in Russia involved in research and development with almost one million personnel. Half of those people are doing scientific research. It is coordinated by Ministry of industry, science and technologies, where strategy and basic priorities of research and development are being formulated. Fundamental scientific research is concentrated in Russian Academy of Sciences, which now includes hundreds of institutes specializing in all major scientific disciplines such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, Earth sciences etc. The applied science and technology is mainly done in Institutions and Design Bureaus belonging to different Russian Ministers. They are involved in research and development in nuclear energy (Ministry of atomic energy), space exploration (Russian aviation and space agency), defense (Ministry of defense), telecommunications (Ministry of communications) and so on. Russian Academy of Sciences Russian Academy of Sciences is the community of the top-ranking Russian scientists and principal coordinating body for basic research in natural and social sciences, technology and production in Russia. It is composed of more than 350 research institutions. Outstanding Russian scientists are elected to the Academy, where membership is of three types - academicians, corresponding members and foreign members. The Academy is also involved in post graduate training of students and in publicizing scientific achievements and knowledge. It maintains -
Laser Physics Masatsugu Sei Suzuki Department of Physics, SUNY at Binghamton (Date: October 05, 2013)
Laser Physics Masatsugu Sei Suzuki Department of Physics, SUNY at Binghamton (Date: October 05, 2013) Laser: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation ________________________________________________________________________ Charles Hard Townes (born July 28, 1915) is an American Nobel Prize-winning physicist and educator. Townes is known for his work on the theory and application of the maser, on which he got the fundamental patent, and other work in quantum electronics connected with both maser and laser devices. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 with Nikolay Basov and Alexander Prokhorov. The Japanese FM Towns computer and game console is named in his honor. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes http://physics.aps.org/assets/ab8dcdddc4c2309c?1321836906 ________________________________________________________________________ Nikolay Gennadiyevich Basov (Russian: Никола́й Генна́диевич Ба́сов; 14 December 1922 – 1 July 2001) was a Soviet physicist and educator. For his fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics that led to the development of laser and maser, Basov shared the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics with Alexander Prokhorov and Charles Hard Townes. 1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Basov ________________________________________________________________________ Alexander Mikhaylovich Prokhorov (Russian: Алекса́ндр Миха́йлович Про́хоров) (11 July 1916– 8 January 2002) was a Russian physicist known for his pioneering research on lasers and masers for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 with Charles Hard Townes and Nikolay Basov. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov Nobel prizes related to laser physics 1964 Charles H. Townes, Nikolai G. Basov, and Alexandr M. Prokhorov for developing masers (1951–1952) and lasers. 2 1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen and Arthur L. Schawlow for developing laser spectroscopy and Kai M. -
Soviet Journalism, the Public, and the Limits of Reform After Stalin, 1953- 1968
ORBIT-OnlineRepository ofBirkbeckInstitutionalTheses Enabling Open Access to Birkbeck’s Research Degree output A Compass in the Sea of Life: Soviet Journalism, the Public, and the Limits of Reform After Stalin, 1953- 1968 https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/40022/ Version: Full Version Citation: Huxtable, Simon (2013) A Compass in the Sea of Life: Soviet Journalism, the Public, and the Limits of Reform After Stalin, 1953-1968. [Thesis] (Unpublished) c 2020 The Author(s) All material available through ORBIT is protected by intellectual property law, including copy- right law. Any use made of the contents should comply with the relevant law. Deposit Guide Contact: email A Compass in the Sea of Life Soviet Journalism, the Public, and the Limits of Reform After Stalin, 1953-1968 Simon Huxtable Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of London 2012 2 I confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own, and the work of other persons is appropriately acknowledged. Simon Huxtable The copyright of this thesis rests with the author, who asserts his right to be known as such according to the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988. No dealing with the thesis contrary to the copyright or moral rights of the author is permitted. 3 ABSTRACT This thesis examines the development of Soviet journalism between 1953 and 1968 through a case study of the youth newspaper Komsomol’skaia pravda. Stalin’s death removed the climate of fear and caution that had hitherto characterised Soviet journalism, and allowed for many values to be debated and renegotiated. -
ETD Template
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by D-Scholarship@Pitt ENGENDERING BYT: RUSSIAN WOMEN’S WRITING AND EVERYDAY LIFE FROM I. GREKOVA TO LIUDMILA ULITSKAIA by Benjamin Massey Sutcliffe BA, Reed College, 1996 MA, University of Pittsburgh, 1999 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2004 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Benjamin Massey Sutcliffe It was defended on October 21, 2004 and approved by David Birnbaum Nancy Condee Nancy Glazener Helena Goscilo Dissertation Director ii © Benjamin Massey Sutcliffe, 2004 iii ENGENDERING BYT: RUSSIAN WOMEN’S WRITING AND EVERYDAY LIFE FROM I. GREKOVA TO LIUDMILA ULITSKAIA Benjamin Massey Sutcliffe, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2004 Gender and byt (everyday life) in post-Stalinist culture stem from tacit conceptions linking the quotidian to women. During the Thaw and Stagnation the posited egalitarianism of Soviet rhetoric and pre-exiting conceptions of the quotidian caused critics to use byt as shorthand for female experience and its literary expression. Addressing the prose of Natal'ia Baranskaia and I. Grekova, they connected the everyday to banality, reduced scope, ateleological time, private life, and anomaly. The authors, for their part, relied on selective representation of the quotidian and a chronotope of crisis to hesitantly address taboo subjects. During perestroika women’s prose reemerged in the context of social turmoil and changing gender roles. The appearance of six literary anthologies gave women authors and Liudmila Petrushevskaia in particular a new visibility. -
The Light That Shin
THE LIGHT THAT SHIN by CHARLES H. TOWNES A Nobel laureate recounts ON JULY 21, 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin set up an array of small reflectors on the invention of the laser the moon, facing them toward Earth. At the same time, two teams of astrophysicists, one at the University of California’s Lick Observatory and the other at the University of Texas’s and the birth of quantum McDonald Observatory, were preparing small instruments on two big telescopes. Ten days later, the Lick team pointed electronics. its telescope at the precise location of the reflectors on the moon and sent a small pulse of power into the hardware they had added to it. A few days after that, the McDonald team went through the same steps. In the heart of each telescope, a narrow beam of extraordinarily pure red light emerged from a synthetic ruby crystal, pierced the sky, and entered the near vacuum of space. The two rays were still only a thousand yards wide after traveling 240,000 miles to illumi- nate the moon-based reflectors. Slightly more than a second after each light beam hit its target, the crews in California and Texas detected its faint reflection. The brief time inter- val between launch and detection of these light pulses per- mitted calculation of the distance to the moon to within an inch—a measurement of unprecedented precision. The ruby crystal for each light source was the heart of a laser (an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emis- sion of radiation), which is a device first demonstrated in 1960, just nine years earlier. -
PASS Scripta Varia 21
22_TOWNES (G-L)chiuso_137-148.QXD_Layout 1 01/08/11 10:09 Pagina 137 The Scientific Legacy of the 20th Century Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Acta 21, Vatican City 2011 www.pas.va/content/dam/accademia/pdf/acta21/acta21-townes.pdf The Laser and How it Happened Charles H. Townes I’m going to discuss the history of the laser and my own personal partici- pation in it. It will be a very personal story. On the other hand, I want to use it as an illustration of how science develops, how new ideas occur, and so on. I think there are some important issues there that we need to recognize clearly. How do new discoveries really happen? Well, some of them completely by accident. For example, I was at Bell Telephone Laboratories when the transistor was discovered and how? Walter Brattain was making measure- ments of copper oxide on copper, making electrical measurements, and he got some puzzling things he didn’t understand, so he went to John Bardeen, a theorist, and said, ‘What in the world is going on here?’ John Bardeen studied it a little bit and said, ‘Hey, you’ve got amplification, wow!’. Well, their boss was Bill Shockley, and Bill Shockley immediately jumped into the business and added a little bit. They published separate papers but got the Nobel Prize together for discovering the transistor by accident. Another accidental discovery of importance was of a former student of mine, Arno Penzias. I’d assigned him the job of looking for hydrogen in outer space using radio frequencies. -
14Th European Conference on Liquid Crystals in Moscow at the Ninetieth Anniversary of the Fréedericksz Transition
Liquid Crystals Today ISSN: 1358-314X (Print) 1464-5181 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tlcy20 14th European Conference on Liquid Crystals in Moscow at the ninetieth anniversary of the Fréedericksz transition Cliff Jones To cite this article: Cliff Jones (2018) 14th European Conference on Liquid Crystals in Moscow at the ninetieth anniversary of the Fréedericksz transition, Liquid Crystals Today, 27:1, 12-17, DOI: 10.1080/1358314X.2018.1438044 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/1358314X.2018.1438044 © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Published online: 22 Feb 2018. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tlcy20 LIQUID CRYSTALS TODAY, 2018 VOL. 27, NO. 1, 12–17 https://doi.org/10.1080/1358314X.2018.1438044 CONFERENCE REPORT 14th European Conference on Liquid Crystals in Moscow at the ninetieth anniversary of the Fréedericksz transition When work is a pleasure, life is a joy. When work is a molecular design of liquid crystals. A highlight of the duty, life is slavery. conference was the moment when many previous win- – Maxim Gorky, 1868 1936 ners of the prize joined Tabiryan and Goodby on the stage to be welcomed to the conference, Figure 2. Resembling Orwell’s Ministry of Truth from his dys- The conference was opened by vice-rector of the topian novel Nineteen Eighty-four, the main building of university and conference chair Professor Alexei Lomonosov Moscow State University towers 182 m Khokhlov. -
2020 Convention Program.Pdf
aseees Association for Slavic, East European, & Eurasian Studies 2020 ASEEES VIRTUAL CONVENTION Nov. 5-8 • Nov. 14-15 ASSOCIATION FOR SLAVIC, EAST EUROPEAN, & EURASIAN STUDIES 52nd Annual ASEEES Convention November 5-8 and 14-15, 2020 Convention Theme: Anxiety & Rebellion The 2020 ASEEES Annual Convention will examine the social, cultural, and economic sources of the rising anxiety, examine the concept’s strengths and limitations, reconstruct the politics driving anti- cosmopolitan rebellions and counter-rebellions, and provide a deeper understanding of the discourses and forms of artistic expression that reflect, amplify or stoke sentiments and motivate actions of the people involved. Jan Kubik, President; Rutgers, The State U of New Jersey / U College London 2020 ASEEES Board President 3 CONVENTION SPONSORS ASEEES thanks all of our sponsors whose generous contributions and support help to promote the continued growth and visibility of the Association during our Annual Convention and throughout the year. PLATINUM SPONSORS: Cambridge University Press GOLD SPONSOR: East View information Services SILVER SPONSOR: Indiana University, Robert F. Byrnes Russian and East European Institute BRONZE SPONSORS: Baylor University, Modern Languages and Cultures | Communist and Post-Communist Studies by University of California Press | Open Water RUSSIAN SCHOLAR REGISTRATION SPONSOR: The Carnegie Corporation of New York FILM SCREENING SPONSOR: Arizona State University, The Melikian Center: Russian, Eurasian and East European Studies FRIENDS OF ASEEES: -
Sam Goudsmit: Physics, Editor, and More FHP Session at the APS 2010 March Meeting
HistoryNEWSLETTER Physics A FORUM OF THE AMERICAN PHYSICALof SOCIETY • VOLUME XI • NO. 2 • WINTER 2011 The Laser: Its History and Impact on Precision Measurements (joint session with the FIAP) at the 2010 “April” meeting, Washington D.C. By Daniel Kleppner, Forum Chair At the “April” 2010 meeting (held in February to be joint with the American Association of Physics Teachers),the FHP and the Forum on Industrial and Applied Physics sponsored “The Laser: Its History and Impact on Precision Measurement” (Ses- sion X4). The speakers were Joseph Giordmaine, Frederico Capas- so, and John Hall. Dr. Giordmaine, completed his Ph.D. with Charles Townes at Columbia University, on the use of the maser amplifier in planetary astronomy. Later at Bell Labs he worked with ruby lasers, harmonic generation, and nonlinear optics, and is now retired vice president of physical science research at NEC Labs. Dr. Capasso pioneered band structure engineering through molecular beam epitaxy, resulting in electronic and photonic devices dominated by mesoscopic scale quantum effects, includ- ing the quantum cascade laser. Dr. Hall, currently a NIST Senior Fellow Emeritus and Fellow at the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics (JILA), won the 2005 Nobel Prize in physics (with Theodor W. Hnsh) for his work on laser-based precision spectros- copy and the optical comb technique. oseph Giordmaine traced the pioneering advances made in the laser during the years 1960-1964, in his Jtalk “The Laser: Historical Perspectives and Impact on Precision Measurements.” The seminal concept, stimu- Fig. 1. Charles Townes (left) and J. P. Gordon standing with the lated emission, introduced by Albert Einstein in 1917, took second ammonia beam maser at Columbia University, 1955. -
Collaborative Publications Laboratory for Laser Energetics
LIST OF COLLABORATIVE PUBLICATIONS LABORATORY FOR LASER ENERGETICS 2613. B. Militzer, F. González-Cataldo, S. Zhang, H. D. Whitley, D. C. Swift, and M. Millot, “Nonideal Mixing Effects in Warm Dense Matter Studied with First- Principles Computer Simulations,” J. Chem. Phys. 153 (18), 184101 (2020). 2612. P. K. Patel, P. T. Springer, C. R. Weber, L. C. Jarrott, O. A. Hurricane, B. Bachmann, K. L. Baker, L. F. Berzak Hopkins, D. A. Callahan, D. T. Casey, C. J. Cerjan, D. S. Clark, E. L. Dewald, L. Divol, T. Döppner, J. E. Field, D. Fittinghoff, J. Gaffney, V. Geppert-Kleinrath, G. P. Grim, E. P. Hartouni, R. Hatarik, D. E. Hinkel, M. Hohenberger, K. Humbird, N. Izumi, O. S. Jones, S. F. Khan, A. L. Kritcher, M. Kruse, O. L. Landen, S. Le Pape, T. Ma, S. A. MacLaren, A. G. MacPhee, L. P. Masse, N. B. Meezan, J. L. Milovich, R. Nora, A. Pak, J. L. Peterson, J. Ralph, H. F. Robey, J. D. Salmonson, V. A. Smalyuk, B. K. Spears, C. A. Thomas, P. L. Volegov, A. Zylstra, and M. J. Edwards, “Hotspot Conditions Achieved in Inertial Confinement Fusion Experiments on the National Ignition Facility,” Phys. Plasmas 27 (5), 050901 (2020). 2611. B. M. Haines, R. C. Shah, J. M. Smidt, B. J. Albright, T. Cardenas, M. R. Douglas, C. Forrest, V. Yu. Glebov, M. A. Gunderson, C. Hamilton, K. Henderson, Y. Kim, M. N. Lee, T. J. Murphy, J. A. Oertel, R. E. Olson, B. M. Patterson, R. B. Randolph, and D. Schmidt, “The Rate of Development of Atomic Mixing and Temperature Equilibration in Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions,” Phys. -
37 Maser Physics
Maser Masatsugu Sei Suzuki Department of Physics, SUNY at Binghamton (Date: January 13, 2012) A maser is a device that produces coherent electromagnetic waves through amplification due to stimulated emission. Historically the term came from the acronym "microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation", although modern masers emit over a broad portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. This has led some to replace "microwave" with "molecular" in the acronym, as suggested by Townes. When optical coherent oscillators were first developed, they were called optical masers, but it has become more common to refer to these as lasers. Theoretically, reflecting principles previously discussed by Joseph Weber at the June 1952 conference of the Institute of Radio Engineers[1], the principle of the maser was described by Nikolay Basov and Alexander Prokhorov from Lebedev Institute of Physics at an All-Union Conference on Radio-Spectroscopy held by USSR Academy of Sciences in May 1952. They subsequently published their results in October 1954. Independently, Charles H. Townes, J. P. Gordon, and H. J. Zeiger built the first maser at Columbia University in 1953. The device used stimulated emission in a stream of energized ammonia molecules to produce amplification of microwaves at a frequency of 24 GHz. Townes later worked with Arthur L. Schawlow to describe the principle of the optical maser, or laser, which Theodore H. Maiman first demonstrated in 1960. For their research in this field Townes, Basov and Prokhorov were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964. ________________________________________________________________________ Charles Hard Townes (born July 28, 1915) is an American Nobel Prize-winning physicist and educator. -
A Nobel for Détente?
A Nobel for Détente? Laser and scientific internationalism in the Cold War Climério Paulo da Silva Neto* 15º Seminário Nacional de História da Ciência e da Tecnologia Florianópolis, SC, 16 – 18 de Novembro The Nobel prize in physics for 1964 was one of a few controversial awards given by the Nobel Committee. The controversy surrounding that prize may be summarized in the following quote by Theodore Maiman, the man who actually made the first laser work, but was left out of the prize: “[The Nobel Committee] did not do their homework. It would have made more sense to recognize the Russian physicist Fabricant.”1 Maiman was certainly aggrieved for being left out of the prize. As historians we should not take his words for granted. To judge whether or not someone did a homework well we need to take in account several factor, the most important being to know what exactly the homework was. And that is what I am going to discuss in this paper. The paper is organized in the following way. First, I will discuss the Nobel Prize of 1964 in physics and what is controversial about it. Then, I will talk about Nobel Prize and Politics and how taking politics in account might help us to make sense of the 1964 physics prize. Finally, I will present some preliminary results of archival research. The Nobel Prize of 1964 was awarded to Charles Townes, Alexander Prokhorov and Nikolai Basov “for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics that has led to the creation of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser/laser principle”.