Appendix 2. Motion semantic grid: All-level analysis of 186 motion ideophones in sixteen different languages.

FIGURE GROUND PATH MOTION MANNER CAUSE EVENT EXTENSION IDEOPHONE TRANSLATION quanta animacy physical type physical contour direction deixis move. stationary motor energy rate force regularity step leg instrum. posture F-I- casual. sound causer reason phase aspect charact. charact. pattern behaviour baw baw hopping lifting the legs from up move. jump two the ground together daf rush into or out without noise in / out move. walk fast mute fud come out unexpectedly out ven move. sudden mute

and noiselessly li a gaf come out, off out ven move. m

o jalaw fall, drop in a narrow place shape down move. unrestrain. S shuluq fall, drop into the water or a liquid liquid down-in move. unrestrain. shulux fall into or out of something in / out move. unrestrain. quiet with a soft sound wab fall down rolling circle down move. body m. unrestrain. sound yulux pass through with a swishing sound through move. fast čhóli small object fall neatly into a size shape down-in move. unrestrain. regular deep hole deseredesere slow movements of a fat person size move. slow physical dzandidzandi walk unsteadily everywhere place move. walk irregular gubudu rocks knocking against other plural inanimate solid / circle down move. body m. unrestrain. rocks rolling downhill or water downstream

big object falling in water a khu:vu: size water down-in move. unrestrain. sound

w producing a splash e

ch stop completely i kwí:čhí: stationary stop accomplish h C msi: putting an object at the very top place up move. irregular posture causative of a heap; not tying it but pressing it so that it clings precariously ndwi: sit motionless a long time stationary sitting durative táŋátaŋa walk with legs spread apart and move. walk two posture feet pointing in different thápsáthapsa walk on m ud viscous move. walk thi thi thi feet stamping the ground move. high forceful two zúngúlízúngúlí go round and round circle and move. protractive gadara-gadara walk like a drunk move. walk irregular physical gidigidi running energetically move. run high kpiɛ careful step of an antelope non-human move. smooth type (quadrupedal) pɔ frog hop move. jump four crouched physical

ɣààà flowing quietly without obstruction move. body m. smooth regular quiet u

w kpɔtɔrɔ-kpɔtɔrɔ walk like a tortoise move. walk physical Si tsoàà splash; a sudden movement of liquid in move. sudden punctual water nyɛmɛrɛ-nyɛmɛrɛ small snake wriggling non-human size move. body m. (no- legs) nyɔ̃ɔ̃ɔ̃ big snake wriggling non-human size move. body m. (no- legs) kpɛ͂gɛ͂ɛ͂ proud upright body posture up stationary erect attitude kṵnḭkṵnḭ caterpillar crawling non-human move. walk four+ physical (other) laksliwilaksliwi a four-legged animal limping along non-human move. walk irregular three

on three legs (quadrupedal) xa

a c ɬanaɬana person running around in a human move. run attitude reason frequentative a ec

n panic because s/he is late N o

t r

o liŋʃiliŋʃi a heavy animal walking and non-human size move. walk high forceful physical resultative T

ppe making the ground shake U luŋɬuluŋɬu something jumping around inanimate move. jump frequentative slupslup object falling into water inanimate liquid down-in move. unrestrain. tʃaʃtʃaʃ person moving quickly, person human move. high making an energetic motion FIGURE GROUND PATH MOTION MANNER CAUSE EVENT EXTENSION IDEOPHONE TRANSLATION quanta animacy physical type physical contour direction deixis move. stationary motor energy rate force regularity step leg instrum. posture F-I- casual. sound causer reason phase aspect charact. charact. pattern behaviour aki kind of back and forth path back-forw. move. protractive of movement chack X moves in the manner of X makes out move. forceful causer resultative impact with something and X is spread outward dzir frictional movement; X moves in along move. body m. smooth regular the manner of X slides along

huy dangling move. move. smooth hanging a ki released objects spilling place out move. body m. resultative chu i and configuring into a pile u

Q ling the insertion of something place in move. causative a z

a into a contained space s t a lyuw a curving, back and forth circle back-forth move. P movement polo movement through a barrier place through move. sa sa scattered; expanded or from move. unrestrain. random movement from or within a locus tupung X moves in the manner of X falls liquid down move. unrestrain. loud and X moves downward; falling into water with a resonant kerplunk-y kind of a sound pakarararara falling of ripe fruit from a tree inanimate place down move. pitso pitso a woman walking with gyrating human (adult) move. walk physical hips sakiririri a flock of birds flying in one plural non-human direction move. fly regular

é direction (bipedal) n e r sheroririri sliding down the tree place down move. body m. smooth regular e P shetak shetak walking limping (of polio victims human move. walk irregular physical a k or cripples) n i shiri shiri slowly climbing up a tree place up move. body m. slow four shén

A shoi shoi turning/walking around an object circle move. walk tapo tapo leaping like a frog move. jump four crouched physical tek tek tek running move. run terempiri terempiri moving in a curved trajectory circle move. tsomi tsomi walking with bouncing breast move. walk physical tyaapaki tyaapaki walking in a duck-like manner move. walk physical burk noise of flying up from ground up move. fly sound cari·l cari·l with noise of a snakes move. body m. smooth regular physical sound move., glidingly cor cor noise made in walking over fallen place move. walk sound leaf daba·r noise of a body falling in a heap place up-down move. unrestrain. sound

onto ground from a height n a t diḍdiḍ trampling noise move. walk forceful type sound o

K goḷbak noise of a large body falling size liquid down move. unrestrain. sound into water goṛgoṛ swift movement move. very fast guṛguṛ noise of water running with a gurgle inanimate move. fast sound molmol (small objects, tears, etc.) fall plural inanimate size down move. unrestrain. in a shower neṭe·n directly (of move.) direction move. FIGURE GROUND PATH MOTION MANNER CAUSE EVENT EXTENSION IDEOPHONE TRANSLATION quanta animacy physical type physical contour direction deixis move. stationary motor energy rate force regularity step leg instrum. posture F-I- casual. sound causer reason phase aspect charact. charact. pattern behaviour tiṛi; / tiṛika sudden skip move. jump sudden momentane kilkil / kilbil movement in a swarm (of fish, mass animate size move. physical esp. small ones, worms, etc.) gaṭgaṭ / gaṭmaṭ the sound of walking or move. walk high forceful attitude marching firmly and arrogantly jhap the sound of diving or falling liquid / down move. unrestrain. sudden sound into water or air suddenly; a gaseous sudden splashing sound jhaljhal the state of hanging loosely stationary smooth hanging ṭoṭo continuous and frequent move. walk purpo. frequentative wandering without any aim tartar quick climbing or the quick running inanimate up move. fast of a stream tharthar violently trembling or shaking stationary forceful irregular erect

thuṛthuṛ / thurthur constant trembling or inability to stationary unrestrain. irregular erect physical causer li

a stand steady owing to g

n decrepitude or weakness Be duṛduṛ /duṛdaṛ noise of heavy and hurried move. walk fast type sound footsteps or of the rustling of cloud pilpil a swarming crowd mass animate move. physical pyācpyāc the noise caused by going along viscous along and move. walk sound or wading through a slimy or miry place pharphar fluttering noise as made by the inanimate size gaseous move. very fast regular repeated and rapid movement of a thin article in air phuṛuk / phuṛut sudden flying away away move. fly sudden hanhan walking or moving at a great speed move. walk very fast hiṛhiṛ 1 rapid and violent dragging along along move. body m. very fast forceful causative or falling down hiṛhiṛ 2 rapid and violent dragging along down move. very fast unrestrain. or falling down doya-doya the manner in which a large plural human in / out move. walk physical loud number of people enter or leave a place together noisily ettira-ottira the manner of walking with an move. walk irregular cause unsteady gait, as if weighed down by something giku-giku the state in which ones stationary posture physical movements are stiff and awkward hyoi the manner of making a single move. fast smooth momentane light and nimble movement hyoro-hyoro the manner of swaying move. walk irregular type unsteadily from side to side as

one walks with faltering steps nosi-nosi the manner of walking heavily move. walk low sorori-sorori the manner of moving slowly move. slow

Japansese ota-ota the manner of walking, stumbling move. walk unrestrain. irregular attitude or acting in a confused way pyon-pyon: the manner of jumping or move. jump frequentative hopping repeatedly sina-sina the manner of moving gracefully move. smooth attitude and pliantly toko-toko 1 the walking, trotting, etc., with move. walk fast size quick, short steps toko-toko 2 the manner in which a slow- inanimate move. fast physical moving vehicle travels at its maximum speed zuka-zuka the manner of walking into a in move. walk attitude place rudely or without hesitation FIGURE GROUND PATH MOTION MANNER CAUSE EVENT EXTENSION IDEOPHONE TRANSLATION quanta animacy physical type physical contour direction deixis move. stationary motor energy rate force regularity step leg instrum. posture F-I- casual. sound causer reason phase aspect charact. charact. pattern behaviour cidu͂ ʔcide͂ ʔ impression of a short, chubby human size move. walk irregular leaning physical person, tilting from one side to another when walking cmcayɛm contracted fingers of human animate stationary posture or animal, not moving cmcŋayɛm contracted legs of insect moving animate move. posture dyɔ͂:ldyɔ͂:l the appearance of an object inanima te liquid along move. obstructed irregular sudden beginning floating down a river and getting stuck here and there klcwu͂ cklcwɛ͂ c irregular flapping circular circle move. med. irregular movements (e.g. of a tortoises feet struggling to escape) klknare:l 1 an arrow or knife stiffly vibrating inanimate solid in stationary forceful intentional

after embedding itself into a piece i a of wood m e

S klknare:l 2 it can also describe the walk of a human (old) size- move. walk physical tall, skinny old man shape laʔor impression of someone strolling human move. walk purpose reason in a carefree manner, eager to make contact with people ɲnara͂ :w appearance of several people plural human move. jump sudden beginning jumping parparpar 1 noise of appearance of birds in plural non-human gaseous move. fly sudden sound beginning flight, of fish struggling among roots in water parparpar 2 noise of appearance of birds in plural non-human liquid move. swim forceful sudden sound causer beginning flight, of fish struggling among roots in water pɛrpɛrpɛr small bird or insect in flight non-human size gaseous move. fly tustustus repeated sound of running fast move. run sound frequentative galála-adala splashing, disrupting surface (as liquid move. irregular rain or fish feeding) gidogído-adala trembling stationary irregular erect golópu-adala through move. body m. smooth regular accidental slipping or dripping through

ká-andala bouncing back, ricocheting solid back move. jump kelekále(-adala) meandering, staggering move. obstructed unrestrain. irregular crackling, scurrying, scampering kilikála(-adala) move. walk fast size

mi kilikíli-adala scampering, scurrying, crackling move. run type attitude a b páku-adala plopping, splashing inanimate move. unrestrain. physical sound m u palapála-adala flip-flopping, moving restlessly up-down move. attitude sound N pí-andala bouncing up, springing up, rising up up move. jump fast sudden sái-andala spurting, spraying inanimate out move. fast forceful sudden salála-adala slipping, sliding move. body m. smooth regular solólo-adala plummeting, whistling straight down move. very fast sulúpu-adala disappearing move. sudden end taká-adala stuck fast, planted firmly stationary controlled erect talála-adala slipping, sliding move. body m. smooth regular talápu-adala slipping, sliding move. body m. smooth regular

FIGURE GROUND PATH MOTION MANNER CAUSE EVENT EXTENSION IDEOPHONE TRANSLATION quanta animacy physical type physical contour direction deixis move. stationary motor energy rate force regularity step leg instrum. posture F-I- casual. sound causer reason phase aspect charact. charact. pattern behaviour aŋtageŋ with one leap, taking an move. jump size momentane enormous leap balap get away with one forceful jump away move. jump forceful size momentane (said of game breaking away)

bambam the quicker flapping of wings just non-human other solid move. fly fast before prospective before a flying fox…settles on a (other) branch duŋduŋ stamping and tramping on the floor solid move. walk high forceful type sound or ground, resounding gaiŋgauŋ splashing, e.g., when walking liquid move. walk sound through water guluc-guluc(geŋ) roll about, move about (in the place circle move. body m. womb); rumble (in the stomach) gwalac-gwalac splashing, e.g., while walking liquid move. walk loud through water or a loud blow / clap / clatter /slap, as caused by

hitting a board or shield with a stick noise caused by s.t. heavy falling Jabem koŋ tageŋ size place down move. unrestrain. physical sound onto s.t. elastic, e.g., s.t. falling from the upper room of a mens house onto its bottom section pêlaŋ tageŋ noise caused by an object hung up inanimate solid place down move. unrestrain. hanging sound on a wall dropping / falling / sliding

puip tageŋ gliding, skidding, sliding, slipping off off move. body m. smooth regular soloŋ tageŋ glide, slide, slip move. body m. smooth regular chan of hanging or being suspended stationary hanging chichichi non-human move. run of a dog running (quadrupedal) chirr of a boats fast move. inanimate move. fast churup non-human liquid down move. of a manta ray landing on the water (other) nyom 1 of losing ones footing as ones legs stationary irregular one posture causer

go rubbery, or when deep in water t n

o nyom 2 of going under water, deliberately liquid down and move. attitude r

o poooor of floating up to surface of water liquid place up move. Y - r of emerging or appearing or rising Yi purr up move. sudden ([…] general association with upward puy of s etting off an d going away away move. beginning turr of jumping move. jump tharrch of sudden upward move. up move. sudden thut of assuming a stable relative stationary controlled wurl wurl wurl of runnin g from water in a panic liquid away move. run attitude wuuuu(t) non-human down move. unrestrain. beginning of tree beginning to fall (other) jönt-jönt move steadily, heavily move. low controlled kohvat-kohvat move slowly, cumbersome, move. low slow dragging along liipadi-laapadi move heavily, cumbersome, move. low dragging along tinga-tinga move steadily, heavily with move. walk low controlled size

short steps n a i tipa-tapa walk carefully with quick and move. walk fast smooth size n

o short steps s t E tipp-tibinal move with short and quick steps move. walk fast size tuikadi-tuikadi move swaying, staggering, waddling move. obstructed irregular vinka-vinka (for a vehicle) when not heading inanimate move. straight, from one side to the other, zigzagging vuta-vuta (childs movements) quickly, human (child) move. walk fast size easily, with short steps FIGURE GROUND PATH MOTION MANNER CAUSE EVENT EXTENSION IDEOPHONE TRANSLATION quanta animacy physical type physical contour direction deixis move. stationary motor energy rate force regularity step leg instrum. posture F-I- casual. sound causer reason phase aspect charact. charact. pattern behaviour banzim-banzam swinging, rocking, especially move. walk smooth regular when walking catric-catrac sound of steps when walking move. walk object sound or dancing with high-heels or similar shoes patrip-patrap / trap- dry and repetitive sound of steps move. walk object sound trap when walking or running with clogs or similar shoes pengim-penjam walk idly, swaying, side to move. walk low attitude side, without any grace or enthusiasm an l a tras-tras sound of walking move. walk sound t a

C tris-tras walk with determination place towards move. walk attitude towards a specific place xi sound of a liquid spurting, gushing inanimate out move. high forceful physical sudden out forcefully and suddenly xip-xap/ patatxip- splish-splash, splosh; murmur liquid move. swim high sound patatxap / patxip- of water splashing when patxap swimming xuc-xuc sound of a train in rapid move. inanimate move. very fast zim-zam sound of things that swing such inanimate stationary body m. smooth regular as waves, rocking chairs, and swings abuen-abuen about to fall down down move. unrestrain. prospective bristi-brasta walk hastily move. walk fast faia-faia go and move. protactive fil fil fil fall down slowly in circles circle down move. slow unrestrain. firin-faran walk to and fro aimlessly back-forward move. walk purpose reason hilinki-halanka walk with difficulty, trudge move. walk forceful irregular irrist slid, slide move. body m. smooth regular punctual e jitipiti-hatapata crawl human (child) move. walk four

squ klun-klan rock inanimate move. body m. smooth regular a B kruk-kruk walk on snow solid move. walk pilinpi-palanpa walk purposefully move. walk high purpose plisti-plasta splish-splash, wade liquid move. walk pur-pur-pur exit (crowd) plural out move. protactive tenk stop stationary stop punctual tipirri-taparra run with difficulty move. run forceful tuku-tuku walk little by little to leave move. walk medium regular purpose quiet reason unnoticed zapa-zapa walk without stopping move. walk mediu protractive