Ing Forms: the Analysis of Their Meaning and Structure on the Basis of Lithuanian Translation of the Selected Novels by Jane Austen

LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES FACULTY OF PHILOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH PHILOLOGY

Aneta Narkevič

-ING FORMS: THE ANALYSIS OF THEIR MEANING AND STRUCTURE ON THE BASIS OF LITHUANIAN TRANSLATION OF THE SELECTED NOVELS BY JANE AUSTEN

MA THESIS

Academic advisor: Dr. Judita Giparaitė

Vilnius, 2016

LIETUVOS EDUKOLOGIJOS UNIVERSITETAS FILOLOGIJOS FAKULTETAS ANGLŲ FILOLOGIJOS KATEDRA

-ING FORMOS: REIKŠMIŲ IR STRUKTŪROS ANALIZĖ BEI VERTIMO STRATEGIJOS JANE AUSTEN ROMANUOSE

Magistro darbas

Magistro darbo autorė Aneta Narkevič Patvirtinu, kad darbas atliktas savarakiškai, naudojant tik darbe nurodytu šaltinius ______

Vadovas dr. Judita Giparaitė ______

CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...... 9 INTRODUCTION ...... 10 1. ANALYSIS OF –ING FORMS ...... 13 1.1.Traditional view of -ing forms ...... 13 1.1.1. -Ing forms: participles or gerunds? ...... 14 1.1.2. Nominal and verbal properties of ing forms ...... 14 1.1.3. Syntax of –ing forms ...... 15 1.1.4. Semantics of –ing ...... 16 1.2. The traditional distinction between gerunds and participles ...... 17 1.2.1. Difference in form: case of the subject NP ...... 18 1.2.2. No visible distinction in function ...... 18 1.2.3. No systematic differentiation in aspectuality ...... 19 1.3. Gerund-participles ...... 20 1.3.1. The structure of gerund-participles ...... 21 1.4. Participles in the Lithuanian language ...... 21 1.5. Translation of English –ing forms into the Lithuanian Language ...... 24 1.6. The translation theory ...... 26 1.6.1. Shifts or shifts of expression ...... 27 1.7. Problems of translating –ing forms ...... 28 2. THE REALISATION OF –ING FORMS IN JANE AUSTEN’S NOVELS 'EMMA' AND 'PRIDE AND PREJUDICE' AND THE TRANSLATION PATTERNS FOR THEIR EQUIVALENTS IN THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE ...... 30 2.1. Classification of the –ing forms ...... 30 2.2. The traditional translation of –ing forms ...... 33 2.2.1. The analysis of the translation strategies ...... 40 2.3. The non-traditional translation of –ing forms ...... 43 2.3.1. The non-traditional combinations for the translation –ing forms ...... 58 CONCLUSIONS ...... 65 SUMMARY ...... 67 REFERENCES ...... 69 SOURCES ...... 73 APPENDIX 1 ...... 74 APPENDIX 2 ...... 79

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the research is to investigate English –ing patterns and to analyse their equivalents in the Lithuanian language. The research is conducted in accordance with translation principles proposed by Pažūsis (2014); however, the cases translated using the equivalence strategy, based on the classification proposed by Baker (1992) and Catford (1965), will be analysed in a greater detail. The principal method chosen for the research is contrastive analysis. The data collected for the analysis is 135 sentences with –ing forms selected from the two novels and 135 translated variants of the sentences in the Lithuanian language. The research has revealed that -ing forms are not analogous to their translation options as –ing clauses are equivalent to numerous expressions in the Lithuanian language. Therefore, the research proves that the clasification of –ing forms proposed by Pullum& Huddleston (2002) may be helpful in the translation of –ing forms into the Lithuanian language.

INTRODUCTION The process of translation is considered as the most demanded and, at the same time, the most challenging skills, as translators have to preserve the meaning presented in the source language (SL) and fully convey it in the target language (TL). The complexities of the translators' task also involve a full knowledge of the two languages the translators work with, and the relevant choice of means to render the Source Language (SL) text. McArthur (1998, 618) claims that certain phrases or expressions may have several equivalents in the target language rendered at a different level thus being obstacles for translators. For a long time the structure of –ing clauses have been analysed by many linguists. The use and especially translation of such forms cause a mass of problems for translators. Complex semantics and different performance of syntactic functions of such forms are quite challenging issues as they do not have direct equivalents in the Lithuanian language. Due to different language structure and syntactic complexity of–ing forms, the thesis aims at analyzing –ing forms mainly (being + gerunds/present participles) and analysing their equivalents in the Lithuanian language. Both Denison (1993) and Warner (1997)1 emphasize the near -absence in Present-Day English of progressive containing the sequence being + present participle. As pointed out by Denison (1998, 204), in the 19th century there was more freedom to use –ing forms in general and especially (being + gerunds/present participles) construction in comparison to present-day English. That is why, a particular attention should be given to the translation of –ing (being + gerunds/present participles) forms in Jane Austen’s novels, as she is considered one of the last authors using such forms in her novels (Phillips (1970, 115)2. Jane Austen has been highlighted by Phillips (1970, 115) for her frequent use of both the progressive in general and especially for being + gerunds/present participles constructions. Austen seems to have been one of the last authors to use – ing constructions regularly as it was pointed out by Denison (1998, 204). This thesis presents the analysis of –ing forms in accordance to Pullum & Huddleston (2002) theory and their Lithuanian counterparts based on Pažūsis (2014) translation principles. Therefore, the thesis focuses on –ing forms and how the analysis of such forms varies in terms of Pullum & Huddleston (2002) classification of –ing forms and how such forms are realised in the Lithuanian language in accordance to Pažūsis (2014).

1 Denison and Warner (1993) is quoted in Smitterberg, E., The Progressive in 19th – century English – A process of Integration, 2005, New York [accessed in 22nd of April, 2015] [available from]: https://books.google.lt/books?id=63MNejuDwU8C&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&dq=denison+1993+progressive&sou rce=bl&ots=QBmCi4kU2f&sig=zZDW6PFdRo_EejmQsK2g1fNRhbA&hl=lt&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLsey2qoj MAhXLFJoKHfuXAkoQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=denison%201993%20progressive&f=false 2 Information is found in Smitterberg, E., The Progressive in 19th – century English – A process of Integration, 2005, New York

The hypothesis of the research is as follows: due to different language systems, the translation of –ing forms causes morphological, syntactic as well as semantic changes; however, in certain cases, –ing constructions may have similar forms with a help of which meaning in the TL is expressed using equivalence strategy.

Object of the study: The object of this thesis is –ing (being + gerunds/present participles) forms in English and their equivalents in Lithuanian.

The aim of the study is to investigate the meanings of English –ing forms, to analyse and compare features of English and Lithuanian counterparts and to analyse the common translation patterns of Lithuanian translation for the English –ing forms in terms of syntactic and morphological and semantic differences.

The following objectives are pursued:

1. To analyze and define the –ing forms in both languages and present the systematic paradigms of being + gerunds/present participles in Lithuanian and English; 2. To explain structure of –ing (being + gerunds/present participles) forms with reference to the synthetic and analytic nature of the languages; 3. To analyze two novels and pick up 135 examples of English –ing forms (being + gerunds/present participles); 4. To investigate the selected -ing clauses according to Pullum & Huddleston (2002) proposed theory (syntax of –ing clauses); 5. To examine the Lithuanian counterparts for the English –ing forms (being+ gerunds/present participles) and determine the most common translation patterns.

The methods applied in the work are:

1. Content analysis was applied for the analysis of two novels and collection examples of English -ing clauses. 2. The descriptive method was used for the investigation of English –ing (being + gerunds/present participles) forms based on syntax and determine the translation options that could be applied in order to convey the same idea as in SL. 3. Contrastive analysis is the prevailing method used in the thesis, which has proved the importance to compare two languages: Lithuanian and English, and providing the main differences in translation of –ing forms. 4. Statistical method was applied to calculate relevant data and reveal certain tendencies in the translation of –ing forms. 5. Generalization was used for drawing conclusions.

The scope of the research is 135 sentences from both languages, mainly including being+ gerunds/present participles) selected from novels ''Emma' and 'Pride and Prejudice' and their equivalents in the Lithuanian language (making 270 examples all in all). The equivalents in the Lithuanian language are taken from translated versions of the novels: “Puikybė ir Prietarai” translated by Romualda Zagorskienė and “Ema” translated by Milda Dyke & Irena Jomatienė. The choice of the novels was determined by the fact that Jane Austen was considered to be one of the last authors to use –ing being+ gerunds/present participles) constructions regularly in 19th century and both novels were first published at the early 19th century, i.e. 'Emma' was first published in 1815 and 'Pride and Prejudice' was published in 1813.

The significance of the work lies in the possibility of using and applying the results of the research in translation process and study. What is more, although the translation of the infinitive and -ing form has been examined by certain authors (Barnotaitė, 2005; Pažūsis, Rosinienė, Žemaitienė, 1993), in both languages, not many researches have been made on the basis of how those meanings as well as different language nature is reflect in the translation from one language into another; therefore, the current thesis may extend the knowledge in the field of translation and may be useful for the learning purposes. Analytic nature of English –ing forms helps to perceive and evaluate the meanings and functions of Lithuanian –ing forms more effectively.

The thesis consists of an abstract, introduction, summary, the review of the literature, practical part, conclusions, references, sources and appendixes.

1. ANALYSIS OF –ING FORMS The translation of –ing forms (e.g., being so addressed - kreipimąsi, being so much attached - yra palankus) have received a growing interest in the present-day syntax from morphological (Bresnan, 1982,2001; Embick, 2004; Laczkó, 2001; Alexiadou and Anagnostopolou, 2007) syntactical (Anagnostopolou, 2003; Cinque, 2003; Cinque, 2010) and semantics (Bresnan, 2001; Haspelmth, 1994; Wassow, 1977, etc.) points of view. It is significant not only because of their complicated use in terms of morphological, syntactical as well as semantics peculiarities but also because of their diversity in the translation from a source language into a target language. De Smet (2010), Pullum & Huddleston (2002), Pullum (1991), Langacker (1991), Smith and Escobedo (2002) and Egan (2003) reject the classification of –ing forms claiming that if the distributional evidence cannot support the distinction between gerunds and participles that is why the classification of -ing clauses comes into a question. The object of investigation is –ing forms; namely, the being+-ing forms and their equivalents in the Lithuanian language. The necessity to analyse the translation patterns of –ing forms lies in the different language typology as the Lithuanian language has participles, but has no gerunds. The aim of the study is to analyse the common translation strategies used to translate the English –ing forms into the Lithuanian language in terms of syntactical, morphological and semantic differences on the basis of the collected data. Since the two languages are fundamentally different, the hypothesis of the thesis is that the translation of English –ing forms does not fully coincide with the Lithuanian non- finite forms of the verb, thus in certain cases the meaning is conveyed using the equivalence strategy. Finally, taking into consideration different language typologies on the basis of translation theories, the thesis aims to show the feasibility of the equivalence strategy used for the realization of –ing forms in the Lithuanian language.

1.1.Traditional view of -ing forms A traditional view, held by Biber (1999), Burtons-Roberts (2001), Sleeman (2011), Aya Meltzer-Asscher (2010), Jespersen (1940), Declerck (1991), Hudson (2007) is that English -ing forms are divided into gerunds and participles. According to Smet (2014, 1) the nominalisation is the essential phenomenon, which differentiates gerunds and participles. According to him: “Gerunds are typically seen as nominalisations, meaning that while their internal structure may be clausal, their external syntax is that of a noun” (Smet, 2010, 1). In addition, the author presents more–ing constructions that are found outside nominal positions and which are considered to be participles. De Smet (2010, 1) emphasises that, the sentences below contain participles that are internally clausal as gerunds, yet they take adjectival and adverbial positions. On the basis of the examples below, De Smet (2010, 2) brings the division of –ing constructions into question.

(1) He thinks that just saying sorry fixes the problem. (Smet, 2010, 2 referring to YQAC3) (2) But at least he ran away crying out loud and holding his stomach. (Smet, 2010, 2 referring to YQAC) 1.1.1. -Ing forms: participles or gerunds?

In the Middle English period participles had been already analysed as a separate category of non-finite forms in English. According to Štrmelh’s (2011) , the development of participles even in ancient history is based on a number of detailed researches carried out by Chomsky (1965), Wasow (1977), Laskova (2007), Meltzer Asscher (2010), Sleeman (2011) and others.

1.1.2. Nominal and verbal properties of ing forms

Seiss (2008, 1) introduces one more classification of English -ing forms and he ascribes such forms as the mixtures of nominal and verbal features. He introduces one of the verbal feature of –ing forms claiming that such forms can take a direct object or they can be modified by adverbs. Additionally, Seiss (2008, 1), Bresnan (2001), Hudson (2003) and Malouf (1998) state that nominal properties of such forms are revealed when they are used as complements of prepositions or subject. Therefore, Seiss (2008, 3) introduces certain features showing either nominal or verbal characters on the basis of which certain cases where verbal and nominal properties of were identified. Consider the table below:

Verbal properties of –ing forms Nominal properties of –ing forms

1) Subjects in non- genitive case: We object to him 1)Be coordinated with an nominal phrase (NP) : We joining the club. (Seiss, 2008, 3) object to joining the club. (Seiss, 2008, 3)

2)Negation by not: We object to not joining the club. 2)Be replaced by it: We object to it. (Seiss, 2008, 3) (Seiss, 2008, 3)

3)Governing a direct object: We object to joining the 3)Function as subject: Joining the club is objected to. club. (Seiss, 2008, 3) (Seiss, 2008, 3)

4)Tense and voice distinctions: We object to having 4)Function as object: We object to joining the club. joined the club. (Seiss, 2008, 3) (Seiss, 2008, 3)

5)Modification by adverbs: We object to 5)Be complement to prepositions: We object to joining immediately joining the club. (Seiss, 2008, 3) the club. (Seiss, 2008, 3)

Table 1. Nominal and verbal features of –ing forms proposed by Seiss (2008)

3Yahoo Questions Answers Corpus

1.1.3. Syntax of –ing forms

It is believed that from the traditional grammarians’ point of view, gerunds could be modified by various determiners or quantifiers, whereas participles do not represent such syntactic feature. Consider:

(3) Its flat blade is useful for grooving drills on deep beds and the consolidating the soil afterwards. (CB4 presented in De Smet (2014, 4) (4) Well, I hope that sentence will deter you from any more writing on wall (BNC presented in De Smet (2010) De Smet (2010) contradicts the use of determiners as disjunctive feature for gerundial clauses emphasising that a determiner itself cannot be considered as the distinguishing element of the internal syntax of –ing clauses. Therefore, De Smet (2010) states that oblique subjects are found in –ing clauses; typically, genitive subjects are found in gerundial clauses, whereas participles are fou;nd with nominative subjects..

(5) She represented his/ him/ *he being invited to open the debate. (Pullum & Huddleston (2002) presented in De Smet (2010) (6) the director, Brett Leonard, originally sent me the script with the idea of my playing the good guy. (CB2 presented in De Smet (2010) Pullum & Huddleston (2002, 1221) only partially reject the division of gerundial and participial clauses, explaining that the genitive case is restrained to –ing clauses in complement position5, whereas the nominative case is restricted to non-complement positions and introduces some modifications. Furthermore, one more aspect being emphasised by Pullum & Huddleston (2002) and De Smet (2010) is the possessive subject that is associated with gerunds and is considered to be the distinguishable categorical status of gerunds and the limitation of possessive subject to participle. Typically, possessive subjects are figured out in order not to present different types of -ing clauses (De Smet, 2010). Therefore, De Smet (2010) explains that possessive forms, together with gerunds, are presented as being either a proper determiner (see 6) or a proper subject (see7). Based on this explanation, the importance of the latter issue is highlighted as it is suggestive of the existential presuppositions that are activated by definite determiners. In example (8a), gerund, together with the possessive his, is factive, whereas gerunds in (8b), with oblique his, is not.

(7) a. She swerved to avoid hitting the guardrail on First Bridge, swung the wheel angrily at the thought of his refusing to discuss even the selling price. (CB presented in in De Smet (2010, 15) (8) b. at least his problem had been caught early. I just couldn’t bear the thought of him going through what I did as a child. (CB presented in in De Smet (2010, 15)

4Collins Cobuild Corpus 5Huddleston & Pullum (2002) ascribes complements positions as being nominal positions with which gerunds are associated with (subject, object, subject-complementation, prepositional complement). De Smet (2010)

In addition, De Smet (2010) emphasises one more aspect against the determiner analysis of possessive subject claiming that typically it consists of non-obligatory and highly defective slot which are treated as exceptions, i.e. no other nominalised clauses can be used with determiners which have to be understood as co-referential containing the subject of the –ing form that cannot be followed by an oblique subject.

Finally, De Smet (2010) claims that while real possessive determiners can be omitted, possessives, which go with gerunds, cannot be left out. Pullum (1991) provides the following examples to illustrate his claim:

(9) a. I was amazed at Stacy’s eagerness, ant at Morgan’s too. (Pullum (1991) cited in De Smet (2010). b. * I was amazed at Stacy’s being so eager, and at Morgan’s too. (Pullum (1991) cited in De Smet (2010). The conclusion to be drawn from the examples above is that the possessive of the gerund is structurally similar to a mixture of a subject and a determiner, ascribed as 'subjectoids6' (Pullum (1991) cited in De Smet (2010). The idea emphasised here is that possessive subjectoids are regarded as syntactic options that are used with -ing clauses in nominal positions.

1.1.4. Semantics of –ing

De Smet (2010) states that semantics deals with the unity between participles and gerunds whilst syntax focuses on different problematic degrees. Furthermore, he emphasises the importance to differentiate semantics that is established on the basis of syntactic environment, from the one that is found in a nominal/ verbal/ adjectival position as well as the semantic inheritance in –ing clauses (De Smet, 2010). Langacker (1991) and Heyvaert (2003) propose the notion, on the basis of which -ing forms refer to so-called atemporalizing suffix. In accordance to this idea, De Smet (2010) provides the explanation: "The –ing is a so-called atemporalizing suffix, which means that when it is attached to a verbal stem of its verbal process is depicted as a single gestalt without profiling the temporal sequentiality of its component states and without relating it to the time of speaking" (De Smet, 15, 2010). In order to illustrate his idea, De Smet (2010) refers to some examples, emphasising the necessity to compare contextualized -ing clauses to the isolated ones. The following examples, introduced by De Smet (2010), (10) and (11), indicate what aspects of semantic clauses disappear due to the atemporalization process and show how such clauses are contextually re-established. The example (12) illustrates the case in which, due to the effect caused by the process of atemporalization the distribution among participles and gerunds is not so clearly palpable.

6The term 'subjectoid' was introduced by Pullum (1991).

(10) a. falling in love with the tragic Cardinal Newman (CB presented in De Smet (2010,15) b. I can still remember falling in love with the tragic Cardinal Newman (CB presented in De Smet (2010, 15) (11) a. taking out a Fanta bottle (CB presented in De Smet (2010,15) b. Wali turned and rummaged in the saddlebag of his battered bike, taking out a Fanta bottle. (CB presented in De Smet (2010, 16)

(12) Pragmatics in linguistics is all about suiting the way you speak to the situation you are in. You do this naturally in some situations, of course: for example, not swearing in front of your parents. (YQA presented in De Smet (2010, 16) Furthermore, Langacker (1991), Smith and Escobedo (2002) and Egan (2003), describes –ing forms as being imperfectivizing, meaning that it represents the inner aspect of a process, rather than its beginning or ending points. On the one hand, the case (13a) indicates that the imperfectivizing character refers to the progressive and can be widened by the various constructions like in (13b-c) (De Smet, 2010). On the other hand, the idea of –ing forms being imperfectivizing suffix have been widely criticised by De Smet and Heyvaert (2008) whose criticism has been expanded to participles and gerunds that were considered as the argumentations against Duffley’s (1999) proposals (De Smet, 2010). Therefore, De Smet (2010) claims that it is unobjectionable that some -ing forms present more meanings, being imperfectivizing and other being atemporalizing, thus, from this perspective, there is no semantic division that could be established on the basis of the traditional classification of gerunds and participles. Furthermore, it is stated that –ing forms lose their atemporalizing character due to the absence of the verb form of to be. Consider example (14).

(13) a. We had been having such a good time and now it’s been ruined. (CB presented in De Smet (2010, 16) b. Mother, he was old and tough: you would not have enjoyed eating him. (BNC presented in De Smet (2010, 16) c. she’d seen the witch’s riding through the air on a broom stick. (BNC presented in De Smet (2010, 16) (14) a. say your cousin she going to stay the night (COLT7 presented in De Smet (2010, 17) b. Why you bugging her? (COLT presented in De Smet (2010, 17) To summarise the ideas discussed in this section, it could be concluded that there are no considerable semantic differences between –ing clauses and that is why participles and gerunds cannot be differentiated on the basis of semantic properties (De Smet, 2010).

1.2. The traditional distinction between gerunds and participles Pullum & Huddleston (2002, 1120) claim that there is no clear differentiating aspect between the cases (15) and (16), i.e. no difference between gerundial and participial clauses, as all the underlined forms are ascribed to the same inflectional category. Pullum & Huddleston (2002, 1120) call this form gerund-participle, taking into consideration the fact that encompass the field of gerunds and participles in other languages. Also, at the word level, the necessity to

7Bergen Corpus of London Teenage Language differentiate gerund-participle form of verbs from nouns (the reading of the poem) and adjectives (a very inviting prospect) is highlighted. Therefore, in terms of a function, the distinction between complement and non-complement gerund-participle has been proposed. The former presents both traditional categories, whereas the later are described as present participles.

(15) a. Inviting the twins was a bad mistake. (Pullum & Huddleston (2002, 1120) b. We’re thinking of giving them one more chance. (Pullum & Huddleston (2002, 1120) GERUNDS c. I remember seeing them together. (Pullum & Huddleston (2002, 1120) (16) a. Those living alone are most at risk. (Pullum & Huddleston (2002, 1120) b. Not having read this book, I can’t comment. (Pullum & Huddleston (2002, 1120) PARTICIPLES c. She is mowing the lawn. (Pullum & Huddleston (2002, 1120)

1.2.1. Difference in form: case of the subject NP

As it was already said, Pullum & Huddleston (2002, 1120) state that there is no disjunctive feature differentiating gerundial and participial clauses in their internal structure. According to them, subjects in genitive case are typically found in gerundial clauses with accusative and plain case being less formal alternant. Whereas, in participial clauses, genitive is rarely found but pronouns with nominative-accusative contrast are found in nominative case with accusative an alternant in more informal style. Consider the following examples:

(17) She presented his/ him/ * he being invented to open the debate. (Pullum & Huddleston ,1120, 2002) (18) We appointed Max, he/ him/ * his being much the best qualified of the candidate. (Pullum & Huddleston ,1120, 2002) Pullum & Huddleston (2012, 1221) explains that the distinguishing feature can be applied only to the cases when subject is found in non-finite clauses. The scholars emphasise that this cannot serve as a distinctive aspect between gerunds and participles, especially in the cases where subjects are not allowed. Pullum & Huddleston (2012, 1221) provides the following explanation: "The contrast in the case if the subject is handed by the distinction between complement and non-complement gerund-participles: genitive case is restricted to the former, nominative to the latter". In addition, they highlight the idea that the distinction between gerunds and participles has to be based on the subjectless constructions features. Thus, the lack of differences in internal forms of such constructions have become the focus of attention.

1.2.2. No visible distinction in function

Pullum & Huddleston (2012, 1221) emphasise the idea that the division of gerunds and participles is based on the fact that the former are treated as nouns, whereas the latter are considered to be adjectives. Therefore, Pullum & Huddleston (2012, 1221) stress that cotenative complements are ascribed to the gerund group (see example 15c), whereas other are considered

to be part of participial group (16a-c). The scholars emphasise that in order to have clear distinction, the former forms are analysed as objects, whereas the latter as predicative complements on the analogies with NPs and AdjPs. In addition, as stated by Pullum & Huddleston (2012, 1221), the contrast between predicative complements and objects is no more relevant to the gerund-participles cotenative complements than to infinitival ones. The scholars present the following examples where they introduce some verbs that typically take adjectival positions rather than gerund-participial. Consider:

(19) a. They seemed resentful. b.* They seemed resenting it. (Pullum & Huddleston, 1221, 2012) (20) a. He became remorseful. b.* He became feeling remorse. (Pullum & Huddleston, 1221, 2012) (21) a. This made them hostile. b.* This made them wanting to harm us. (Pullum & Huddleston, 1221, 2012) Pullum & Huddleston (2012) provide the following explanation for the examples above: "Constructions headed by 'present participle' verbs (as distinct from participial adjectives) are not systematically substitutable for predicative AdjsPs8: their distribution is not predictable from that of AdjsPs but has to be stated directly” (Pullum & Huddleston, 2012, 1221). Therefore, the possibility to have AdjP instead of gerund-participles does not provide the sole criterion for the distinction between objects and predicative complements (Pullum & Huddleston, 2012, 1221).

(22) a. He kept staring at them. b. He kept calm. (Pullum & Huddleston, 1221, 2012) (23) a. He went on staring at him. b.* He went on calm. (Pullum & Huddleston, 1221, 2012) (24) a. He stopped staring at them. b.* He stopped calm. (Pullum & Huddleston, 1221, 2012) 1.2.3. No systematic differentiation in aspectuality

Furthermore, Pullum & Huddleston (2012, 1222) state that typically participles are found in the form of modifiers or supplement function or in the form of a verb that is used with the progressive auxiliary be. Therefore, the idea that participles do not always contain the progressive meaning is emphasised that is why there is no clear systematic difference between gerunds and participles in their aspectual meanings. Consider:

(25) a. On hearing his cry, she dashed into the garden. (Pullum & Huddleston 1222, 2012) b. Hearing his cry, she dashed into the garden. (Pullum & Huddleston, 1222, 2012) (26) a. Despite having no TV himself, he was able to see the programme. (Pullum & Huddleston, 1222, 2012) b. Although having no TV himself, he was able to see the programme. (Pullum & Huddleston, 1222, 2012) In the examples above (25a) and (26a) the underlined clauses are considered to be 'gerunds', whereas instances (25b) and (26b) are treated as 'present participles'. Based on the examples above, Pullum & Huddleston (2012, 1222) state that there is no difference in aspectuality. In

8Adjectives, Adjective phrases addition, they claim that aspectuality presented in the case (19a/b) is perfective, whereas in cases (20a/b) it is more imperfective rather than progressive. (Pullum & Huddleston 1222, 1222). Finally, the division of gerunds and participles was rejected as, according to Pullum & Huddleston (2012, 1222), there is no clear difference in function, form or interpretation that systematically correspond to the traditional division of gerunds and participles. Furthermore, the traditional distinction of gerunds and participles involves 'an unmotivated complication' into the grammar (Pullum & Huddleston (2012, 1222). As a result, such distinction is considered to be the most redundant aspect of traditional grammar.

1.3. Gerund-participles De Smet (2010,11) presents a controversial idea claiming that if the distributional evidence cannot support the distinction between gerunds and participles, then the possibility of encircling category of -ing clauses comes into a question. At this point, he emphasises the necessity to analyse criteria carefully based on which the classification between gerunds and participles could be established. Smet (2010, 11), referring to Huddleston and Pullum (2002, 11), introduced the term gerund-participles, which includes both gerunds and participles emphasising that there are no semantic and inflectional differences between them as well as no differentiation in internal syntax on the basis of which the division of gerunds and participles could be established.

De Smet (2012, 2) states that in the period of Modern English -ing forms cannot be ascribed as being either gerunds or participles. De Smet (2014, 4) emphasises that –ing clauses in (27) are not nominalisations as they do not alternate with noun phrases, as well as they do not present features of present participles such as prepositional phrases or adjectival alternations.

(27) a. 'twill be this hour ere I have done weeping (Viser (1963, 73:2009) in De Smet (2014, 4) b. As you walk with a High German officer, the salutes of passing soldiers come so aimlessly that you wonder why he bothers taking them. (Time (1942) in De Smet (2014, 4) In addition, De Smet (2014) emphasises subject marking treated as differentiator between gerunds and participles. He states: "No gerunds are attested with a subject-case subject, and no participles are attested with a possessively marked subject' (De Smet, 2014, 4). Taking into consideration examples below, possessively marked subject (28 a) presents gerundial features, whereas a subject-marked subject (28 b) possess participial features.

(28) a. in the event of my having misjudged the situation (BNC 9(1989) presented in De Smet (2014, 4) b. They met on the Ponte Trinita, she seeing and calling out to him first. (BNC (1991) presented in De Smet (2014, 4)

9British National Corpus

The idea of subject marking as the disjunctive feature between participles and gerunds was argued by Pullum & Huddleston (2002). According to them, a great number of -ing clauses simply do not have a subject, thus both participles and gerunds constantly allow the alternative of oblique-case subjects. Consider the examples below:

(29) a. What do you mean by us being set in our ways?(BNC (1991) presented in De Smet (2014, 4) b. He knows how I feel, me being an only child… (BNC (1991) presented in De Smet (2014, 4) 1.3.1. The structure of gerund-participles

Pullum & Huddleston’s (2012, 1188) contested division of –ing forms claiming that since no verb lexeme presents various forms in such constructions there is no proof for saying that such forms consist of different inflectional forms. As there is no clear distinguishing aspect for such classification, scholars (2012, 1188) state that gerund-participles includes both gerunds and participles.

(30) a. There’s no point in breaking the seal. b. They were entertaining the troops. Gerund-participle form of a verb (Pullum & Huddleston 1222, 2012) Furthermore, Pullum & Huddleston (2012, 1188) take into consideration complement and non- complement use of gerund-participles, stating that from the traditional grammarian’s point of view, the use of non-complements involves only participles, whereas the use complements involve gerunds. Additionally, Pullum & Huddleston (2012, 1187) differentiate between gerund-participles with complement and non-complement function. Consider:

(31) a. Telling her father was a big mistake. (Pullum & Huddleston 1187, 2012) b. Anyone knowing his whereabouts should contact the police. (Pullum & Huddleston 1188, 2012) The conclusion of this subsection is that traditional grammarians such as Biber, Burton- Roberts provide a number of aspects according to which the modern English grammar relies on. According to their theory, -ing forms are divided into gerunds and participles, thus, various scholars like De Smet, Pullum & Huddleston reject this division claiming that there is no clear evidence for such a classification. Certain criteria have been distinguished according to which –ing forms cannot be divided into gerunds and participles. The further thesis will be based on the theory proposed by Pullum& Huddleston (2002).

1.4. Participles in the Lithuanian language Klimas (1993) emphasises that contrary to the English language, the Lithuanian language has not only inherited all the major participial forms from the Indo-European language, but all these forms are used nowadays. The underlying difference between SL and TL lies in the

different language nature, i.e. the former being analytical10 whereas the latter being synthetic11. Similarly to SL, participles in TL are a variation of adjectives which are formed from verbs. Klimas (1987, 21) distinguishes thirteen participial forms in the Lithuanian language. He emphasises that differently from SL, the TL is inflected. In addition to Klimas (1987), Dambriunas, Klimas and Schmalstily (2006) provide the classification of participles into active and passive forms in terms of their formal characteristics.

Active Participles Passive Participles

Present tense active participle → skaitąs (is Present tense passive participle → skaitomas reading) (the thing which is being read)

Past tense active participle → skaitęs (had Past tense passive participle → skaitydavus read) (after having read frequently)

Frequentative past active participle → Future tense passive participle→ skaitysiant skaitydavęs (used to read) (having to read yet) Future active participle → skaitysiąs (the thing which is going to be read)

Past tense active adverbial participle → skaitant (while reading)

Past frequentative active adverbial participle → skaitytas (the thing which has been read)

Future active adverbial participle → skaitysimas (having to read)

Special active adverbial participle → skaitydamas (while reading)

Participle of necessity→ skaitytinas (the one which is still has to be read)

Table 2. The classification of active and passive participles in TL provided by Dambriunas, Klimas and Schmalstily (2006). Similarly, Ambrazas & Garšva (1997) divide participles into active and passive forms thus, he emphasises that only four active participles are distinguished in the Lithuanian language that are derived either from transitive or intransitive verbs: present active participle (nešąs), past active participle (nešęs), frequentative active participle (nešdavęs) and future active participle (nešiąs). In addition, one more participial form has been distinguished – special adverbial participle that is used to express minor action that does not coincide with the main. Likewise Klimas (1987), Dambriunas, Klimas and Schmalstily (2006) provide the division of three

10Analytic language uses specific grammatical words, or particles, rather than inflection, to express syntactic relations within sentences. Taken from: http://www.britannica.com/topic/synthetic-language 11Synthetic language expresses syntactic relations within sentences that are expressed by inflection (the change in the form of a word that indicates distinctions of tense, person, gender, number, mood, voice, and case). Taken from: http://www.britannica.com/topic/synthetic-language

passive participles which are derived from transitive and intransitive verbs, but in most cases do not possess passive meaning: present passive (nešamas), past passive (neštas) and future passive (nešimas) participles. Contrary, Ambrazas argues the idea that participle of necessity should belong to the group of the active participles as it presents the characteristics of an action that has to be carried out. Subsequently, he emphasises that the participle of necessity should belong to the group of passive participles. Following the classification proposed by Ambrazas it should be mentioned that four out of thirteen participles are not inflected. Eventually, they are not participles to a certain extent, but rather the so called 'pure adverbs'. These forms are called 'special gerunds' in English and 'padalyviai' in Lithuanian. Subsequently, four types of such gerunds are distinguished: special present tense gerund (rašant), special past tense gerund (rašius), special frequentative past tense gerund (rašydavus) and special future tense gerund (rašysiant). Following the explanation, provided by Latin linguists, special participles cannot be considered true gerunds or gerunditives. For this reason, they are called adverbial participles or special present tense adverbial participles. As a result, these four forms are part of the participial system in the Lithuanian language as they are close to the meaning of the main verb (Klimas, 1987).

(32) Man skaitant šią knygą, mano draugai negali man telefonuoti. (Klimas, 1987, While I am reading this book, my friends cannot call me up. Talking about the function of participles, it should be stressed that similarly to most Indo- European languages such as Spanish, German and English, participles in Lithuanian are primarily used as adjectives, i.e. they function as attributive adjectives in a sentence. Syntactically as well as morphologically they are adjectives and correspond to a noun, which they modify in terms of gender, case and number. Additionally, when participles correspond to the subject they modify, they can function as a part of the verbal predicate in a sentence (see examples 33, 34). Similarly to the SL, participles in TL can function as a separate component of a sentence: subjects, predicates, complements, direct and indirect objects. Such cases are illustrated below (see cases 35-39).

(33) Pailsusi moteris – tired woman, pailsusį vyrą – tired man. (Klimas, 1987, 76-78) (34) Tas vyras yra labai pailsęs. – That man is very tired. (Klimas, 1987,15) (35) Subject: Sužeistoji gulėjo lovoje. → The injured woman was lying in bed. (Klimas, 1987, 14) (36) Predicate: Jis norįs namo važiuoti. → He wants to go home. (Klimas, 1987, 14)

(37) Indirect object: Jis man ištroškusiam davė gerti. → He gave me something to drink when I was thirsty. (Klimas, 1987, 14)

(38) Direct object: Jis mane sergantį retai lankė. → He visited me rarely when I was ill. (Klimas, 1987, 14)

(39) Complement: Jis prikumusiai gieda. → He sings with a hoarse voice. (Klimas, 1987,14)

To conclude this section, it should be emphasised that the Lithuanian language is considered to be conservative as well as archaic as it has retained all Indo-European participial forms. Therefore, there are thirteen participles in modern Lithuanian language: four active participles, three passive participles, special active adverbial participle, participle of necessity and four adverbial participles. Finally, all thirteen participles in a sentence can function as complements, direct or indirect objects, subjects or predicates.

1.5. Translation of English –ing forms into the Lithuanian Language The process of translation, on the one hand, involves the observation of grammatical and syntactic peculiarities of the SL12 but, on the other hand, the focus has to remain on the accepted translation norms of the TL13. The translation patterns of –ing forms from the SL into the TL have not been exhaustively examined; thus, there are some authors who have presented some peculiarities in the field of translation of –ing forms. Svecevičienė (1978) was one of the first authors who has introduced certain translation patterns. According to the author, the translation of–ing forms depends on the function they perform in a sentence. Svecevičienė (1978, 50) claims that typically –ing forms are translated as infinitives, verbal nouns, special active adverbial participles, special gerunds or attributes in prenominal or postnominal position.

(40) a. Upon being heated to a high temperature many compound are decomposed. (Svecevičienė, 1978, 51) Daugelis junginių suskyla, pašildžius juos ligi aukštos temperatūros. (Svecevičienė, 1978, 51) In the example (40) the idea is expressed by –ing form (being heated) in the Lithuanian language is conveyed with a help of a special gerund (Svecevičienė, 1978, 51). However, the author does not present deep analysis about the possible translation options with –ing forms and concentrates on only one translation variant. Contrary to Svecevičienė, Pažūsis, Rosinienė, and Žemaitienė (1993, 235) put emphasis on a wider translation possibilities such as abstract nouns, adjectives, infinitives, various tense forms, special gerunds or special active adverbial participles. The authors provide certain cases and their translation options that are based on particular function the –ing form performs in a sentence. For instance, it is suggested by –ing forms should be translated as special gerunds (41 a, b), active adverbial participles (42 a, b), infinitives (43 a,b ) and nouns (44 a,b):

(41) a. He rode away whispering. Jis nujojo švilpaudamas. (Pažūsis et.al. 1993, 236)

(42) a. Opening the drawer, she took out several letters. Atsidariusi stalčių, ji išsiėmė keletą laiškų. (Pažūsis et.al. 1993, 236)

(43) a. The room needs/ wants painting. Kambarį reikia dažyti. (Pažūsis et.al. 1993, 236)

12 Abbreviation SL stands for the Source Language http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/target+language 13 Abbreviation TL stands for Target Language http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/target+language

(44) a. He avoided being punished.) Jis išvengė bausmės. (Pažūsis et.al. 1993, 238) According to Mažeikienė (2000), the translation of –ing forms is a complicated and diverse process as it requires considerable knowledge of both SL and TL. Therefore, the author emphasises three most common translation options. First, she suggests that the idea expressed by –ing forms in English should be rendered with a help of inflections. The author highlights differences between synthetic and analytical languages and proposes several translation options. Mažeikienė (2000) claims that in almost all cases -ing forms have to be translated as subordinate clauses in the TL. The first option proposed by Mažeikienė (2000, 49) is that -ing forms should be translated as attributive subordinate clauses:

(45) a. The work required results in a lose of of energy. Darbas, kurį reikia atlikti, duoda energijos nuostolį. / Reikalaujamas darbas duoda energijos nuostolį. (Mažeikienė, 2000, 49) In accordance to Mažeikienė (2000), -ing forms can be translated as subordinate clauses functioning as participles, special gerunds or special active adverbial participles. The author claims that in the cases where word-for-word translation is applied, conjunctions may be omitted on condition that the context should be observed still emphasising that such forms should be translated as subordinate clauses (Mažeikienė, 2000, 49).

(46) a. Damage to the meter when measuring A.C. voltage is impossible. Matuoklio gedimas, matuojant ;kintamosios srovės įtampą, neįmanomas. / Sugadinti matuoklį , matuojant kintamosios srovės įtampą, neįmanoma. (Mažeikienė, 2000, 49) Presenting the last translation option, Mažeikienė (2000) refers to the differences between synthetic and analytical languages, claiming that in order to transfer the meaning presented by–ing forms, the inflections are used in the TL. According to Mažeikienė (2000), one more way to render -ing forms into the TL, is the use of dative case and special gerunds.

(47) a. The evaporation increases with temperature, other things being equal. Išgarintas didėja kylant temperatūrai, kitiems reiškiniams esant vienodiems. (Mažeikienė, 2000, 49) According to Pravackaitė & Sakalauskienė (2002), the major complexity is the absence of such forms in the TL. In addition to Mažeikienė (2000), Pravackaitė & Sakalauskienė (2002) maintain an idea that such constructions in the TL are introduced as subordinate clauses with conjunctions kad, tai…kad, jei, etc. Pažūsis, Rosinienė, Žemaitienė (1993) mention the use of conjunctions as a possible way to render the same ideas as in SL and provide the following examples:

(48) a. She suggested Tom’s applying for work. Jis pasiūlė, kad Tomas kreiptųsi dėl darbo. (Pažūsis, Rosinienė, Žemaitienė, 1993, 237)

(49) a. Would you mind my moving your car? Ar jūs nieko pries, jei aš pavaryčiau jūsų mašiną į šalį? (Pažūsis, Rosinienė, Žemaitienė, 1993, 237) Finally, Pažūsis, Rosinienė, Žemaitienė (1993), in accordance with the ideas mentioned above,

present some basic translation patterns as well. Due to the absence of -ing forms in the TL, five basic translation patters can be introduced. Such constructions are tra as subjects (54a, b), predicates (55 a,b), past and present active participles (54 a, b), object clauses (57a, b) and as infinitives.

(50) He is busy packing. Jis užsiėmęs – kraunasi daiktus. (Pažūsis, Rosinienė, Žemaitienė ,1993, 238) (51) .He admitted taking the book. . Jis prisipažino paėmęs knygą. (Pažūsis, Rosinienė, Žemaitienė ,1993, 238)

(52) .I remember posting the letter. Prisimenu išsiuntusi laišką / Prisimenu, kad išsiunčiau tavo laišką.(Pažūsis, Rosinienė, Žemaitienė ,1993, 237)

(53) He detests writing a letters. Jis nekenčia rašyti laiškų. (Pažūsis, Rosinienė, Žemaitienė ,1993, 238) 1.6. The translation theory Newmark (1988) emphasises the importance of translation theory, which serves as a link between translation theory and practice and derives from translation theory frameworks. He states that the method of translation must be 'natural', especially when the main purpose is to convey the meaning presented in the SL (Newmark, 1988, 19). Following the natural translation theory, the author presents two main approaches: (Newmark, 1988, 21)

1. Sentence by sentence translation (each sentence in the SL is translated into the TL based on the attempt to keep as close as possible meaning thus observing the rules of TL).

2. Translation based on the analysis of the text (analysis of the register, tone, difficult words and passages and start translating only when translation bearings are overtaken)

Newmark (1988) claims that the former translation method is more typical for the translation of a literary text. In accordance to Newmark’s (1988) theory, sentence by sentence proach is applied in the translation of -ing forms. Pažūsis (2014) highlights that the use of specific translation techniques, sometimes called transformations, is divided into three main categories: shifts, additions, omissions/ deletions (changes, additions, omissions (Louw (2007)). Newmark (1988) basically focuses on the two latter types, claiming that theoretically they are related to non-equivalence in the TL. As a result, he introduces transformations and concretisations which are used when translators encounter particular obstacles. According to the author, these two strategies are applied when word by word translation is not possible or it is not pragmatically, stylistically or syntactically acceptable (Pažūsis, 2012, 361). Therefore, Rosinienė, Žemaitienė (1993), Svecevičienė, (1978) and Mažeikienė (2000) emphasise the translation peculiarities of non-finite forms. Pažūsis (2014) does not introduce any particular parts of speech into which - ing forms should be translated, thus he introduces several translation strategies that could be applied in order to convey the same or similar idea presented in the SL.

1.6.1. Shifts or shifts of expression 14

Catford (1978, 73) states that this translation strategy can occur at the lower and higher levels of a text. He describes shifts as small linguistic changes occurring in the process of translation. In accordance to Catford’s (1978) explanation, Pažūsis (2014, 361) distinguishes two categories of shifts, which are used in the translation from SL into TL:

Grammatical shifts/ changes Semantic shifts/ changes

1. Changes of accidence (changes made 1. Concretisation (the usage of more concrete concern the category of number). In word in the TL). On the basis of the principle accordance to Pažūsis (2014, 363), nouns in of semantic valency, verbs of more concrete plural can be changed into singular in the notion are chosen in the TL, in order to convey TL due to the fact that nouns in Lithuanian the ideas expressed by more abstract verbs. have more generalised meaning than in (55) We spent a lot of time walkng about the noisy English. streets…. (James Joyce cited in Pažūsis, 2012, (54) You are not angry with people when you Ilgai slampinėjim triukšmingomis laugh at them. (W.S. Maugham cited in gatvėmis….(James Joyce cited in Pažūsis, Pažūsis, 2012 , 363) Jūs nepykstate ant 2012, 527) žmogaus, kai iš jo juokiatės. (W.S. Maugham cited in Pažūsis, 2012 , 363)

2. Changes of the word class 15(one part of 2. Generalisation16 (the usage of more abstract speech is changed into another). word in the TL than in the SL). Pažūsis(2014, 543) states that the generalisation approach is (56) There was a great deal of laughing and not only used for translation of nouns. joking during the meal. (James Joyce cited in Pažūsis, 2012, 384) .Valgydamos (57) “I am waited in Egypt, “answered the Swallow. moterys garsiai juokėsi ir pokštavo. (James (Oscar Wilde cited in Pažūsis, 2014, 543) - Joyce cited in Pažūsis, 2012, 384) Manęs laukia Egipte, - tarė kregždžiukas. (Oscar Wilde cited in Pažūsis, 2014, 543)

3. Changes of a syntactic function (the most 3. Addition (the usage of additional words or common change, is depassivasation: word combinations in order to specify the passive in English is changed into active meaning in the TL)17. voice in Lithuanian. (59) . …..and then, understanding, strove to rise to (58) The clapping and stamping in the hall his feet. (JamesJoyce cited in Pažūsis, 2014, were punctuated by whistling. (James …o tada, supratęs, kas atsitiko, Joyce cited in Pažūsis, 2012, 403) b. pamėgino stotis. (JamesJoyce cited in Pažūsis, Nesiliaujančius publikos plojimus ir 2014, 570) trypimą tarpais perrėždavo švilpimas. (James Joyce cited in Pažūsis, 2012, 403)

14Dictionary of Translation Studies 15 According to the Pikčinlingis (1975, 170) the Lithuanian language is considered to be more verbal, whereas English is treated as a more substantival language 16 According to Hervey&Higgins (1992, 92) generalisation is a natural semantic shift acceptable in the cases, when there are no equivalents in the TL or such forms are understandable from the context. 17 According to Pažūsis (2014, 564), there are lots of different reasons of adding new lexical elements in the TL. He emphasises that sometimes the sentence surface in different languages is not the same, thus sharing the same internal structure.

4. Omission (deletion of notional words in the process of translation)18.

(63). The reading of the card persuaded me that he was dead….(James Joyce cited in Pažūsis, 2014, 611 Kortelė patvirtino, jog ji miręs…(James Joyce cited in Pažūsis, 2014, 611 )

Table 2.Two types of shifts proposed by Catford (1965)

1.7. Problems of translating –ing forms The translation strategies, proposed by Pažūsis (2014), are not enough for the translation analysis of Jane Austen’s novels 'Emma' and 'Pride and Prejudice' as the proposed strategies cannot be applied in all the cases in the translation of both novels. There are certain cases where different translation strategies should be used. The problem lies in the fact, that Pažūsis (2014) as well as Newmark (1988) introduce basic translation strategies, thus the problem of equivalence has not been discussed in greater details. In the process of translation, the equivalence method is not considered to be the appropriate principle for the realisation of –ing forms in TL as grammatical peculiarities of a language might be ignored (Statkutė, 2014). Thus, according to Dorothy Kenny (2001), the use of equivalence could be valuable and consistent in the process of translation (Kenny, 2001). Baker (1992) speaks about the typology of equivalence and analyses this notion at different levels including different aspects of translation. He introduces five basic types of equivalence. He emphasises that the purpose of using equivalence lies in the fact that it helps to preserve the same or very similar meaning in both SL and TL. Leonardi (2000) presents the following classification proposed by Baker (1992):

1) Equivalence at word level can occur at the or above the word level mainly referring to the meaning of single words or expressions.

2) Grammatical equivalence refers to the variety of grammatical categories which causes problems in terms of finding a direct correspondence.

3) Textual equivalence focuses on the text level (equivalence between SL and TL texts in terms of information, word order and cohesion.

4) Pragmatical equivalence refers to the implicatures and strategies of avoidance, i.e. how texts are used in communicative situations involving cultural contexts or readers). Leonardi (2000) 19.

Table 3. Types of equivalence proposed by Baker (1992)

18 According to Baker (1992, 40), the omission is often associated with structural differences between SL and TL. Baker (1992) states that deletion of words is often defined as omission of grammatical or semantical structures caused by omission of lexical elements. In most cases, the omission includes words, which from the point of view of semantics, are redundant. 19Available from: http://translationjournal.net/journal/14equiv.htm

Additionally to Kenny (2001) and Baker (1992), Statkutė (2014) emphasises that these strategies should be used when the information in the SL and TL is the same or similar. In addition to Baker’s (1992) idea, Catford (1965) was one of the first scholars focusing on the translation shifts. Leonardi (2000) refers to Catford’s (1965) ideas: “The SL item at one linguistic level (e.g. grammar) has a TL equivalent at a different level (e.g. lexis), and category shifts” (Leonardi, 2000). Catford (1965, 77)20 distinguishes four translation shifts:

1) Structure-shifts occur at all ranks involving the grammatical changes of the of SL and TL;

2) Class-shifts occur when linguistic item in TL is translated with a SL item belonging to a different grammatical class;

3) Unit-shifts involve changes in rank such as structure, class and terms in system;

4) Intra-system shifts occurring internally, within a system, i.e. when SL and TL have the systems that approximately correspond to their constitution. (Leonardi, 2000)

Table 4. Translation shifts according to Catford (1965) presented in Leonardi (2000)

In the further research, the translation analysis of –ing forms will be based on the translation strategies proposed by Pažūsis (2014), the cases translated using equivalence strategy, based on the classification proposed by Baker (1992) and Catford (1965) , will be analysed in a greater detail.

20E-book available from: https://www.academia.edu/3253821/A_linguistic_theory_of_translation

2. THE REALISATION OF –ING FORMS IN JANE AUSTEN’S NOVELS 'EMMA' AND 'PRIDE AND PREJUDICE' AND THE TRANSLATION PATTERNS FOR THEIR EQUIVALENTS IN THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE

The Data For the purpose of contemporary investigation of the topic of –ing forms and for the establishment of the translation patterns, the present section aims at presenting a far-reaching analysis of the –ing clauses in English novels and the translation patterns of these –ing forms in the Lithuanian language. The data includes one hundred thirty-five English sentences with –ing forms collected from the English novels 'Emma' and 'Pride and Prejudice' by Jane Austen. The significance of the research lies in the translation and realisation of –ing forms in the Lithuanian language. The Lithuanian variants of the novels are taken into consideration as well 'Ema' translated by Milda Dyke & Irena Jomantienė (2009) and 'Puikybė ir Prietarai' translated by Romualda Zagorskienė (2014). The total number for the analysis is one hundred thirty-five sentences in English as well as their translations in the Lithuanian language (see Appendix 3 and 4). The basic criteria for the choice of these particular novels were the fact that Jane Austen is considered to be last author to use –ing, especially being + present participle, constructions in the 19th century. Therefore, the thesis aims to compare various translation variants of –ing forms, to establish translation patterns and draw certain conclusions.

The distribution of -ing forms in Jane's Austen 68.5 novels 68 68 67.5

67 67 66.5 "PRIDE AND EMMA PREJUDICE" Figure 1. The distribution of –ing forms in Jane Austen’s novels 2.1. Classification of the –ing forms The collected data, mentioned earlier, suggest that classification of –ing forms may be provided according to certain criteria. Contrary to the traditional grammarians’ view, the further analysis is based on Pullum & Huddleston theory claiming that there are no semantic or inflectional differences nor differentiation in their internal syntax between gerunds and participles.

Numerous examples of –ing forms have been found in both novels. In accordance to Svecievičienė (1978), Pažūsis, Rosinienė, Žemaitienė (1993) and Mažeikienė (2000), the translation strategies are classified into seventeen categories (Figure 2). Passive and active participles constitute the largest number of occurrences (twenty-two & twenty-one occurrences). Therefore, it should be emphasised that there were found twenty-two cases where the omission strategy was applied. Past tense forms appeared in twenty cases, whereas present and future tense forms were found only in nine cases. In addition to the strategies mentioned above, it should be highlighted that there are lots of minor translation principles that were used in the translation of both novels (consider figure 2).

The realization of -ing forms in the TL

Pronoun+adjective+noun+conjunction+noun Past Simple+ infinitive Noun+adjective Conjunction+preposition+noun Infinitive+adjective+noun Past tense forms Subjunctive mood Present tense forms Future tense forms Active participles Passive participles Adjectives Nouns Special adverbial participles Infinitives Ellipsis Special gerunds 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Figure 2. The realisation of –ing forms in the Lithuanian version of Jane Austen's novels “Ema” and “Puikybė ir Prietarai”

Therefore, based on the literary review, presented above, the corpus is divided into two main chapters: traditional and nontraditional ways of translating –ing forms from source into the target language. Further in the thesis, the examples are grouped according to the translation strategies, proposed by Svecievičienė (1978), Pažūsis, Rosinienė, Žemaitienė (1993) and Mažeikienė (2000), used to convey the meaning from SL into the TL (see figure 3).

The translation of -ing forms

Nontraditional ways for the translation of -ing forms

Traditional ways for the translation of -ing forms

0 20 40 60 80 100

Figure 3. The translation of –ing forms

As it was already mentioned, the translation of –ing forms is significant not only because of their complicated use in terms of their morphological, syntactical and semantic peculiarities but as well as due to their translation varieties from source language into target language. Jane Austen’s novels include a variety of –ing forms. As it was already indicated in the previous chapter, the following analysis is based on Pullum & Huddleston (2002) theory21. Finally, one more aspect, which could influence the use of translation strategies, is the subjectivity of the translator. It should be stressed that the thesis is based on the novels written by Jane Austen and the translated versions are provided by different translators. The descriptive nature as well the greater number of inflections in the Lithuanian language provide the possibility for the translator to manipulate source text. It has to be taken into consideration that the practical part of the thesis aims to illustrate that the translation of –ing forms depend on morphological, semantics as well as syntactical differences between two languages, a variety of inflections in the TL as well as the realisation of such forms is based on translator’s subjectivity which could be influenced by various aspects. In order to research to what extend the realisation of -ing forms depend on translator’s subjectivity, the selected data is also grouped according to the translated versions of both novels provided by different translators (see figure 4).

21 Pullum & Huddleston (2002) claim that there is no clear distinction between participial and gerundial clauses emphasizing that both should be ascribed to the same inflectional category. Instead of that, they introduced the gerund-participials, which include both gerunds and participles, highlighting that there are semantic, inflectional as well as differentiation in internal structure.

The realization of -ing forms in the Lithuanian version of both novels 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

"Ema" translated by by Milda Dyke & Irena Jomantienė (2009)

Figure 4. The realisation of –ing forms in the TL of both novels

In order to ascertain whether the translation variety lies in the absence of –ing forms in the Lithuanian language or does the choice of translation principle depend on the author and to investigate on the basis of what criterion on or another principle has been chosen, an explicit and detailed analysis is carried out in the following chapters. 2.2. The traditional translation of –ing forms Jane Austen’s novels include a variety of –ing forms that are used to convey the particular meaning. In the following subchapter, the traditional ways of translating –ing forms will be presented and the translation options of each subgroup will be analysed and discussed. In accordance with the translation principles proposed by Svecevičienė (1978), Pažūsis, Rosinienė, Žemaitienė (1993) and Mažeikienė (2000), six traditional translation principles may be distinguished. Figure 5 provides the classification how meaning expressed by –ing forms may be conveyed in the TL. As it can be seen from Figure 5, the most common translation principle is the ellipsis22 (twenty-two occurrences). Furthermore, there are cases where the meaning was conveyed with a help of infinitives. Contrary to the ellipsis, infinitival constructions presented an average number of occurrences (eight instances). Moreover, as Figure 5 shows, there were six cases where –ing forms were translated as nouns (six occurrences). In addition, it should be emphasised that the traditional translation of –ing forms includes the constructions that occurred rarely, only two cases of special gerunds were found, two cases of special adverbial participles were identified and two instances of adjectives were detected.

22 Tom McArthur (1998, 201) defines ellipsis as the omission of an element of a language.

Figure 5. The traditional translation of –ing forms As figure 5 indicates, there were found twenty two elliptical sentences that is why the ellipsis is the first translation principle worth mentioning. In accordance to Narkevič (2014), the translation of participles, and –ing forms in general, involves the use of ellipsis. As it was pointed out by Narkevič (2014, 18) in terms of different language system, there are certain cases when the original language is perverted to the relation with the target language. It is emphasized that due to the fact that Lithuanian language lacks –ing forms, the translation often includes the use of ellipsis. On the basis of the selected examples, there are twenty-two cases when the strategy of omission is applied. Therefore, it should be mentioned that both translators, Milda Dyke & Irena Jomantienė (2009) (6b) as well as Romualda Zagorskienė (2014) (2b, 4b), applies this principle, thus their proposed variants do not always coincide with the semantic of the instances in the SL and meaning of sentences were not fully conveyed. Consider the following examples: (1) a. You are very cautious, I suppose, as to its being created? (Jane, Austen, 2008, 90) b. Tikriausiai jūs labai stengiatės, kad niekas jūsų nesupykintų. (Jane Austen, 2014, 90) (2) a. His name had never been voluntarily mentioned before them but her niece; and the kind of half-expectation which Mrs Gardiner had formed, of their being followed by a letter from him had ended in nothing. (Jane, Austen, 2008, 171) b. Dukterėčia nė karto jiems girdint pirmoji nepaminėjo jo vardo, nebuvo ir laiško, kurį ponios Gardiner manymu, jis galėjo jai parašyti. (Jane Austen, 2014, 273) (3) a. “There can be no doubt of your being much more engaged with company than you used to be”. (Jane Austen, 2008, 167) b. – Be abejo, jūs kur kas daugiau praleidžiate laiko su draugija. (Jane Austen, 2009, chapter 36, para.35) In accordance to Narkevič (2014, 32), it should be emphasised that the process of

translation involves the omission of the words that are redundant. The instances (1a, b) illustrate the cases when the translator’s choice do not preserve the semantic of the instance in the SL as a result the meaning of the sentence in the TL is slightly changed. The later instances demonstrate that the translator employs the use of ellipsis at the same time using substitution, one more transformation technique, in order partially present the main idea. Furthermore, the instances (3a, b) should be taken into consideration as well as the examples above present the case when the idea presented in the SL is only in a way preserved in the TL. As it was discussed in the theoretical part, the Lithuanian language has all the Indo-European inflections that is why the translator, with a help of well-developed inflectional system, renders similar idea in the TL. In the example above, the suffix –iate indicates the action that is repeated more often rather than it was in the past. That is why, contrary to the SL, there is no need for the translator to include any additional information in this way avoiding redundancy. Considering that, it should be mentioned that each language has its own language fillers that typically add additional information and sometimes they can be easily omitted. Furthermore, in accordance to Svecevičienė (1978), the translation of –ing forms depends on the function they perform in a sentence. As it was pointed out, in such cases, the meaning, expressed by –ing forms, is conveyed with a help of infinitives. As figure 5 indicates, there were found eight cases when –ing forms were translated as infinitives. Therefore, it should be taken into consideration, as presented by Bernotaitienė (2005), that when infinitives function as a single element of the clause they may perform different functions in a sentence. Taking into consideration examples (4b) and (5b), it should be stated that the former functions as predicate, whereas the later functions as part of a compound predicate. (4) a. Next to being married, a girl likes to be crossed in love a little now and then. (Jane, Austen, 2008, 133) b. Merginos mėgsta ne tik ištekėti, bet retkarčiais ir įsimylėti. (Jane Austen, 2014, 130) (5) a.I have the honor of being acquainted with a neighbor of yours, a lady residing in or near Highbury; a family of the name of Fairfax. (Jane Austen, 2008, 102) b. Atrodo, turiu garbės pažinti jūsų kaimynę, - jis atsisuko į Emą, - netoliese gyvenančią damą iš Fertaksų šeimos. (Jane Austen, 2009, chapter 5, para. 15) Taking into consideration (5b) example, it should be emphasised that in terms of different language systems, some inevitable changes were made. Moreover, it is important to mention that infinitives, functioning as part of compound predicates, are lexically dependent on other verbs in a sentence as it is shown in the example above. In addition, as it was discussed by Bernotaitienė (2005), infinitives in such function explain the meaning of a subject. Having that in mind, due to well-developed inflectional system, the subject in the Lithuanian language is

expressed with a help of ending –iu23, i.e. the 1st person singular. As it is indicated in (5) example, the subject of a sentence is I, thus, contrary to the English version of a sentence, there is no need to present it in the TL. Furthermore, infinitives, functioning as PCP24, involve the use of parenthesis25 (see example 5). In accordance to Bernotaitienė (2005), the sentences, those translation involves the use of parenthesis in the TL, are followed by the finite forms of the verb like pažinti, etc. as it is shown in the example above. Taking everything into consideration, despite the changes made in the translation, the ideas presented in both sentences are quite similar. Therefore, with reference to the literal review, the translation of –ing forms includes a wider translation opportunities such as the use of nouns, i.e. the process of nominalisation. As it can be observed from figure 5, a fair number of examples were identified, when nouns were used to convey the meaning expressed by –ing forms. (6) a. And with a low how he left her to attack Mr Darcy, whose reception of his advances she eagerly watched, and whose astonishment at being so addressed was very evident. (Jane, Austen, 2008, 94) b. Jis atidžiai stebėjo, kaip Darsis sutiks jo kreipimąsi, ir aiškiai matė, kad jis nustebo. (Jane Austen, 2014, 94) (7) a. “I am sorry to find, my love, that my father does not think you looking well – but hope it is only from being a little fatigued.” (Jane Austen, 2008, 56) b. – Aš labai susijaudinusi, mielasis, nes ką tik išgirdau, kad tėčiui anaiptol nepasirodė; tikiuosi, tai tik dėl nedidelio nuovargio. (Jane Austen, 2009, chapter 13, para.6) Even though only few examples were detected when –ing forms were translated as nouns, these cases require additional comments. The examples above illustrate translators’ decision to change word forms, thus the meaning in the translated versions is preserved. Such translators’ decision may be influenced by various aspects. Firstly, as both languages possess different language systems, due to well-developed inflectional scheme in the TL, there are various forms of expressing the idea presented by –ing forms. Secondly, as it was pointed out by Комиссаров, (1990, 9), the decision to change word forms might be influenced by some pragmatic aspects like different language knowledge, various social and cultural backgrounds. At this point, it should be highlighted that in order to avoid confusion and to ensure the decent interpretation of

23 This involves the process of conjugation. The conjugated verbs are those that can communicate the following information about a verb: person, number, gender, aspect, mood and voice. http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/verbs/what-is-a-conjugated-verb.html 24 PCP stands for the part of a compound predicate 25Cambridge dictionary online defines parenthesis as a remark that is added in a sentence, often to provide additional information that typically is separated from the main part of a sentence. http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/parenthesis a sentence, the modifications of the original idea may be inevitable in order to make it more acceptable. Taking into consideration examples (6b) and (7b) it should be mentioned that despite some changes that are inevitable in the process of translation, the meaning presented in the TL, was almost equivalent to the idea in the SL. In addition to the most frequent translation principles, correspondingly, the less common strategies should be discussed as well as. In regard to the literal review, the meaning presented by –ing forms in the SL, in the TL can be expressed with a help of special gerunds, special adverbial participles or adjectives. As figure 5 shows, there were found only two occurrences when adjectives were used in order to convey meaning expressed by –ing forms. As it was pointed out by Narkevič (2014), participles and –ing forms in general are adjectives that can be used as premodifiers or postmodifiers. Therefore, the translation of –ing forms includes some syntactic as well as morphological changes that are inevitable in terms of one language being synthetic and other being analytical. Consider the following examples: (8) a. You shewed me how insufficient were all my pretensions to please a woman who was worthy of being pleased. (Jane Austen, 2008,355) b. Tačiau jūs parodėte man, jog nepakanka vien norų, kad patiktum moteriai, kuri to verta. (Jane Austen, 2014,340) (9) a. However, I do really think Mr. Martinin a very amiable young man, and have a great opinion of him; and his being so much attached to me – and hid writing such a letter – but as to leaving you, it is what I would not do upon my consideration. (Jane Austen, 2008, 28) b. Vis dėlto manau, kad ponas Martinas labai mielas jaunuolis, labai jį gerbiu, jis toks man palankus, parašė man tokį laišką, bet palikti jus – to aš nepadaryčiau niekuo gyvu. (Jane Austen, 2009, chapter 7, para.10) Although only two examples were found in both novels, thus it is worth mentioning several changes that have occurred in the process of translation. As the examples present, the phrase 'worthy of being pleased' in the SL corresponds to “verta” in the TL. At first glance, the TL lacks the idea presented by –ing form in the SL. The analysis of such case has revealed that, due to well-developed inflectional system and conjugation in the Lithuanian language, the whole idea expressed by –ing form was substituted by the one “patiktum” in the TL. Therefore, referring to the literal review, it should be mentioned that the statal26 passive construction of –ing form in the example (8a) is preserved only partially in the Lithuanian language. It should be stressed that the translated variant in the TL is quite controversial. On

26 According to Klimas (1987) the eight passive tenses that are formed with the participle „būti “are often called statal passive or sometimes resultative participles. the one hand, in terms of different language systems, the form of expressing the idea differs, thus the translated version of a sentence presents quite similar idea as in the SL. The main change that occurs in the example (8b) is the time change. As it can be seen from the examples above, the case (8a) expresses the action in the past, whereas (8b) denotes the current situation. Following the traditional principles for the translation of –ing forms, it should be stated that when adjectives are used to convey the meaning presented by –ing forms, the action is presented as still continuing and happening. In addition, the examples (9a) and (18) present some changes that are worth commenting as well. As it can be seen from the examples above, the phrase “his being so much attached to me “in (17a) is translated as “jis toks man palankus” in (9b). Talking about the differences between two sentences, firstly, it should be stressed that the essence of the sentence is not preserved in the TL as the translator has chosen adjective that does not correspond to the idea presented in the original language. Secondly, having in mind syntactical peculiarities of each language, it has to be emphasized that the translated variant lacks verb that could change the meaning of the sentence. Following the traditional principles of the –ing translation, the sentence (9b) lacks the link verb būdamas and that is a typical case of ellipsis that it could bring clarifications and make the meaning closer to the original text. Moreover, as it was presented in the literal review, the translation of –ing forms include the variability of special gerunds and especially the use of special adverbial participles. After the analysis of the collected data, only two examples were found, whose translation involves the use of SAP27. Despite the small number of occurrences, thus the translation variants of such constructions should be presented in details. Consider the following examples. (10) a. She was now, on being settled at home, at leisure to observe the real state of her sister’s spirits. (Jane Austen, 2008, 220) b. Dabar, gyvendama namie, ji turėjo daugybę progų išsiaiškinti tikrą savo sesers dvasinę būseną. (Jane Austen, 2014, 212) (11) a. „I wish you may get into a scrape, Harriet, whenever he does marry; - I mean, as you being acquainted with his wife – for thoughts his sister, from a superior education, are not to be altogether objected to, it does not follow that he might marry anybody at all fit for you to notice. (Jane Austen, 2008,258) b. – Nenorėčiau, kad patektumėte į nepatogią situaciją, Harieta, kai jis ves, - noriu pasakyti susipažindama su jo žmona; nors seserys ir deramai išsilavinusios, tai visiškai nereiškia, kad jis ves tokią, kuri būtų verta tavo dėmesio. (Jane Austen, 2014,254) The analysis of the instances (10b) and (11b) is based on the fact that SAP are used to denote

27The abbreviation SAP stands for the Special Adverbial Participle. an action that occurs besides the main action in a sentence. In other words, special adverbial participles are used to express the additional information about the subject of a sentence. As the example (10b) shows, the main idea of the sentence is that she has to observe her sister’s state and the additional information is that she has to do that while being settled at home. In the Lithuanian language, the idea, expressed by the –ing form 'being settled at home', corresponds to the SAP ‘gyvendama’. Referring to Klimas (1987), from the syntactic point of view, adverbial participle -damas/ -dama forms a complete clause thus being dependent on the other clause in a sentence as it is presented in the example (10b). Therefore, the action expressed by the special adverbial participle, has to be related to the main subject of a sentence as the action expressed by such participle is about the subject which he or she does additionally to the something else. Therefore, the subject of the SAP should be the same as the subject of the main subject that is why the SAP can be found only in the nominative singular and plural, feminine or masculine case. As in the (10b) example, the idea presented by the –ing form is expressed with a help of inflections, i.e. contrary to the sentence in the SL, the suffix –dama presents the subject of the sentence that is why there is no need to indicate it. One more example was identified in the novel 'Emma' translated by Milda Dyke & Irena Jomantienė (2009). Even though, two novels were translated by different translators, the collected data show that there were cases when the use of translation principles were quite the same. Consequently, in the examples (11a, b) 'you being acquainted' correspond to ‘susipažindama’. The difference between two sentences lies in the fact that the subject in the SL is mentioned again, whereas in the TL the subject is expressed with the suffix –dama. Therefore, the use of particle –si should be discussed as well. As it is seen from the example (11b), the translated version ‘susipažindama’ contains the particle –si that is used to express an action directed towards a subject, i.e. in the case (11b) the action of acquaintance is done by Harieta, whereas the specification of a subject is required in the SL. Finally, taking into consideration instances (10b) and (11b), it should be emphasized that the use of special adverbial participles, as one of the possible way for the translation of –ing forms, brings some semantic as well as syntactical changes such as the realization of subject with a help of suffixes and particles, thus the original idea is preserved in the Lithuanian language. Furthermore, considering the analysis above, it is visible that the translation of -ing forms includes some inevitable changes. For this reason, one more translation option is worth commenting. As it was already clarified, the meaning expressed by –ing forms in SL is rendered with a help of special adverbial participles or special gerunds. As it can be observed from figure 5, although only two examples of special gerunds were identified, thus these cases require additional comments. Consider the examples below.

(12) a. He then handed her in, Maria followed, and the door was on the point of being closed, when he suddenly reminded them, with some consternation that they had hitherto forgotten to leave any message for the ladies at Rosings. (Jane Austen, 2008, 210) b. Ji įsodino ją karieton, paskui Mariją, ir tik prieš užsidarant durelėms su nemenku siaubu priminė joms, kad jos pamiršo ko nors palinkėti Rouzingo damoms.(Jane Austen, 2014,203) (13) a. „Ah! Sir – but a thoughtless young person will sometimes step behind a window-curtain, and throw up a sash, without its being suspected .(Jane Austen, 2008,134) b. – Taip, bet koks nors nerūpestingas jaunas žmogus kartais užlenda už užuolaidos ir praveria langą niekam nė neįtariant .(Jane Austen, 2009, chapter 21, para.31) Contrary to the analysis of the SAP, it should be taken into consideration that the further investigation of SG28 will be based on Klimas (1987) idea that SG expresses an action that is quite similar to the meaning of a main verb of a sentence. Focusing on one more translation principle, it should be stressed that suffixes –ant in (12b) expresses the present time, whereas – siant in (13b) presents the future form of SG. In addition, some semantic changes occur in the translation of such forms. As it can be seen from the examples above ‘was being closed’ is translated as 'užsidarant'. The semantic difference between two sentences lies in the fact that the former expresses the situation happened in the past, whereas the later, with a help of suffix –ant, describes the event happens in present. Despite a small semantic variation, nevertheless, the meaning expressed by –ing is preserved in the TL. Apart from this, in terms of different language structures, the process of generalisation could be applied that causes some translation peculiarities. Taking into consideration the examples above, 'without its being suspected' in (13a) corresponds to 'niekam nė neįtarsiant' in (13b). The difference between these two sentences lies in the fact the former uses the possessive pronoun its that is used to present the relation between thoughtless young person opening the window and him being suspected of doing that, whereas the more general word 'niekam' is used in the TL. To be more precise, the translated variant in the TL is more general than in the original text as it does not refer to someone in particular. Despite some translation peculiarities, the ideas presented in the translated versions of the sentences are very close to the ones introduced by -ing forms. 2.2.1. The analysis of the translation strategies

Besides the analysis of the most common translation principles used to convey the meaning expressed by –ing forms, the translation peculiarities and transformations are worth

28The abbreviation SG stands for the Special Gerunds. commenting. The analysis of the collected data revealed that sentence by sentence approach is typical for the translation of both novels as almost each sentence in the SL is transferred to the TL. At this point it should be highlighted that, based on translation strategies presented by Pažūsis (2014), the translation of –ing forms involves various transformations such as shifts, additions, depassivasation, omissions, generalizations and concretisations. As it was already mentioned, in terms of different language nature, the translation of -ing forms includes different transformations. One of such transformation is grammatical shift29. Taking into consideration the previously analysed sentences (11a, b), which present the change of number; his sister in the SL is translated as seserys in the TL, and the cases above it should be emphasized that the reason for this could be fact that nouns are considered to have more general meaning in the Lithuanian language. (14) a. As soon as Jane had read Mr Gardiner’s hope of Lydia’s being soon married, her joy burst forth, and every following sentence added to its exuberance. (Jane Austen, 2008, 254) b. Kai Džeinė perskaitė apie pono Gardinerio viltis dėl jų vedybų, ji visa nušvito iš džiaugsmo ir su kiekvienu nauju sakiniu vis labiau triumfavo.(Jane Austen, 2014, 279) As the examples above indicate, the generalisation of nouns may influence the translation of the main idea, expressed by –ing form. As the case (14b) illustrates, being married corresponds to vedybų in the TL that shows the idea was transferred as a noun. As a result, due to well- developed inflectional system in the TL, the translator ensures the agreement between two nouns as well as provides the adequate translation for the sentence. Furthermore, the depassivasation30 is one more transformation that was identified in two novels and is worth commenting. As the instances above illustrate, was settled in (15a) corresponds to sutarė nedelsiant išvykti in (15b). Generally, English passive voice is used when the focus is on an object that experiences an action rather than on the person who does that. As the case (15a) indicates, the focus of the sentence is the journey that was settled. Contrary, the focus in (15b) is on the doer of an action, i.e. they (jie) become more important rather than the action itself. The main reason, which could influence the use of such transformation, is the fact that the English language is considered to be more passive, i.e. the focus is on action, whereas the Lithuanian is considered to be more doer focused language31, i.e. the doer of an action is

29 According to Pažūsis (2014) grammatical shifts are the changes of category of number, i.e. nouns in singular can be changed into nouns in plurals in vice versa. 30 Pažūsis (2014) describes the process of depassivasation as opposite to the process of passivisation, i.e. English passive voice is changed into active voice in the Lithuanian language. 31 Klimas (1993) emphasizes that passive constructions are less used in everyday conversational patterns; furthermore, Wenfei Chang, Zhiying Liu, and Yaohong Jin (2013) claims that, in comparison to other languages, often more important than the action itself. Consider the illustrative sentences below. (15) a. Elizabeth, though expecting no less, thanked him with tears of gratitude; and all three being acquainted by one spirit, everything related to their journey was speedily settled. (Jane Austen, 2008, 269) b. Ir nors Elizabeta šito ir tikėjosi, ji su ašaromis akyse padėkojo dėdei. Vienijami to paties tikslo, jie greitai sutarė nedelsdami išvykti. (Jane Austen, 2014, 256) Therefore, it is important to emphasise that, in terms of depassivasation some inevitable changes were identified in the translation of –ing forms. As it can be observed from the examples above, being acquainted in (15a) was translated as vienijami in (15b). Taking into consideration the example in TL, it should be stressed that the idea is rendered with a help of present passive participle. As one of the possible consequences of that could be the fact that in the SL there is one compound sentence, whereas in the TL there were found simple sentences. Finally, the use of present passive participle is considered to be non-traditional way and that is why it will be discussed in greater detail in the following chapter. Besides the transformations presented above, it should be stated that a fair number of examples were identified when the translator applies addition32 principle. As it can be observed from the examples above, the TL introduces new word combinations that are not found in the SL. In particular, the case (16b) include Jane’s name that is not found in the SL. The reason could be the translator’s decision to recover the earlier omitted information in order to specify and clarify the meaning of a sentence. (16) a. Mr. Dixon’s preference for her music not to her friend’s, I can answer for being very decided. (Jane Austen, 2008,115 ) b. Kad ponas Diksonas labiau vertina Džeinės, o ne jos draugės grojimą, garantuoju, galite neabejoti. (Jane Austen, 2009, chapter 8, para.21) On the analysis of such transformation, the emphasis should be put on the translation of –ing forms as well. As the instances indicate, being very decided in (16a) corresponds to garantuoju, galite neabejoti in (16b). The idea, is rendered with a help of a compound verbal modal predicate, not just infinitive. As it was already indicated, due to explicit inflectional system in the Lithuanian language, there is no need to state the subject of a sentence as it is presented with a help of suffixes, in particular –u, -te. Likewise the example (16b), the translation presents one more non-traditional way that will be discussed more detailed in the following chapter.

passive voice is more widely and frequently used in the English language. There are passive sentences both in English and Lithuanian, thus the latter uses less passive voice. According to Klimas (1993), the reason for that might be the fact that there are two kinds of passive voice introducing three passive participles: the present tense passive participle, the past tense passive participle, and the future passive participle. 32 Pažūsis (2014) ascribes addition as one of translation principle which involves use of additional words or word- combination in order to clarify or specify the meaning in the TL.

What is more, as it was already stated, the process of generalisation33 is frequently applied in the translation of –ing forms. As it can be observed from the examples below, the impression in (34a) corresponds to tai in the TL. It should be emphasized that generalization in the TL is acceptable only when the meaning could be understandable from the context. For this reason, the translator’s decision to provide more general word in (17b) was not rational as it is not clear to whom that refers to. Consider the examples above. (17) a. I am not afraid of being overpowered by the impression. (Jane Austen, 2008, 287) b. Aš nebijau, kad tai sugniuždys mane. (Jane Austen, 2014, 273) In addition, translated version of a sentence is quite controversial as being overpowered in (17a) is translated as sugniuždys. As a consequence, it brings one significant aspect that differentiates two sentences. Generally, being + present participle is used to denote the current situation, whereas, in the translated version of the sentence sugniuždys refers to the action in the future. At this point, it should be emphasised, that the idea is not fully conveyed in the TL. The main difference between two sentences lies in the fact that the former presents the idea of using too much power to achieve something, whereas the TL expresses the idea of crushing. Besides the main transformation, the minor changes are worth mentioning as well. Firstly, contrary to the sentence in the source language, the instance (17b) provides the additional information mane in order to clarify the meaning. Secondly, the case (17a) presents the doer the action, i.e. in this particular case, the impression, doer of the action, is overpowering, whereas the meaning in the (17b) is not fully transferred. The underlying idea of the sentence below is that the subject is not afraid that this will crush him/her. Finally, it should be highlighted that the translation of the particular example includes two basic transformations such as generalisation and addition as well as it includes several changes in terms of different language systems. Taking everything into consideration, it could be concluded that in the majority of cases the meaning was fully or partially conveyed. Thus, due to different language systems, the traditional translation of –ing forms includes morphological, syntactic and semantic changes. At this point, it should be emphasised, that there are several cases when due to various transformations the translated examples do not correspond to the original text. 2.3. The non-traditional translation of –ing forms In the current section the non-traditional ways of translating –ing forms will be presented and the translation principles of each category will be discussed and analysed.

33 Pažūsis (2014) defines the process of generalisation as the use of more abstract word in the TL rather than in the SL. It is emphasized that generalisation is used when there is no equivalent in the TL or meaning could be understandable or recoverable from the context.

Similarly to the traditional ways for the translation of –ing forms reviewed in the previous section, the non-traditional principles may be categorized into six basic groups and therefore five additional groups may be distinguished. Figure 6 demonstrates the classification of non-traditional principles and depicts the most frequent constructions that were identified in the two novels. As it can be observed from figure 6, the most common non-traditional translation principle is the use of passive voice (twenty-five occurrences). As compared to the use of passive voice, the active voice constructions also present a considerable number (twenty-one instances). Therefore, past tense forms were found in quite average number as well (twenty instances). Present and future tense form constructions appeared quite rarely as only nine cases were found. Finally, it should be added that non-traditional translation of –ing forms presents the use of subjunctive mood for the realisation of –ing forms in TL (four instances). Consider the figure 6.

Figure 6. The non-traditional ways of translating –ing forms As it was already indicated, the translation of –ing forms includes numerous non-traditional principles. As figure 6 presents, there were found twenty five occurrences when the meaning was conveyed with a help of passive participles. At this point, it has to be emphasised that there were distinguished four categories presenting the translation variability of passive constructions. Figure 7 shows that the translated variants are divided into passive participles (nine examples), past passive participles (eight occurrences), future passive participles (five occurrences) and present passive participles (three cases) (consider figure seven)

TRANSLATION OPTIONS OF PASSIVE PARTICIPLES

Present passive participles 3 Passive participles 9

Future passive participles 5 Past passive participles 8

Figure 7. Translation options of passive constructions

The results provided in figure 7, clearly demonstrate that passive participles constructions constitute the higher number of occurrences; therefore, some major changes occurred that are worth mentioning as well. As it can be seen from the examples above, being fixed corresponds to pririšti in (18b) as well as being blocked is translated as užsnigta in (19b). The translation to the Lithuanian language illustrates the changes in voice as well as in tense. It should be mentioned that the omission of a subject is probable in both languages. The cases (18b) and (19b) are non-finite adverbial clauses which demonstrate cases in which subjects are not identified, whereas in the TL they are predicatives that are followed by subjects. Talking about the examples above, it should be mentioned that they present cases when the subject of a sentence is not important or it is impossible to be identified. In particular, the translation of such case involves several substantial changes. The similarity between two sentences is that both refer to past events. Therefore, the subject is not identified in the SL, whereas it is specified in the TL. The reason for that might be the fact that more concrete word is used in the SL. From the semantic point of view, the idea, presented in the SL, is a fear of being stuck, whereas in the TL it was conveyed as she being covered with snow. As a result, at this point, the use of more concrete word involves the use of additional words in order to clarify the meaning of the sentence. Besides, the further analysis of the sentence in the SL shows, that the use of personal pronouns was more common in SL, whereas none of them were transferred to TL as the agent is realised by the inflections like in the example galvodama, i.e. suffix –ma identifies the doer of an action. Even though several changes and clarifications occurred, still the idea was at least partially conveyed in the TL. (18) a. Their being fixed, so absolutely fixed, in the same place, was bad for each, for all three. (Jane, Austen, 2008, 77) b. Labai blogai, kad visi taip pririšti, visiškai pririšti prie šios vietos. (Jane Austen, 2009, chapter 17, para.12

(19) a. The horror of being blocked up at Randalls, while her children were at Hartfield, was full in her imagination; and fancying the road to be now just passable for adventurous people, but in a state that admitted no delay, she was eager to have it settled, that her father and Emma should remain at Randalls, while she and her husband set forward instantly through all the possible accumulations of drifted now that might impede them (Jane Austen, 2008, 68) b. Su siaubu įsivaizdavau, kad ji užsnigta Randalse, o vaikai tuo metu Hartfilde, ir galvodama apie kelią, tokiu metu įveikiamą tik nutrūgalviams, bet jausdama, kad delsti negalima, šokosi kuo greičiau viską spręsti: tėvas ir Ema tegul lieka Randalse, o ji su vyru turi išvykti tuoj pat, kad ir kaip sniegas sunkintų kelionę. (Jane Austen, 2009, chapter 15, para.13) In addition to the analysis above, the translation peculiarities in (18a, b) should be mentioned as well. In general, being fixed corresponds to pririšti in (18b). Similarly to the previous example, the tense changes should be taken into account as well. As it is indicated in (18a), due to past participle was, the situation being described refers to the past, whereas the case in TL describes the current situation due to the use of suffix –ti. Generally speaking, the suffix –ti expresses an action that is happening in present. In addition, the importance of prefix pri- should be highlighted. In general, prefixes can modify the meaning of a verb. As the case (36b) indicates, prefix pri- expresses the idea of being relative to other object. In particular, pririšti expresses the idea of being bind to the same place, similar to the idea in the SL. Besides, the sentence in the TL does not provide the specified subject. The original sentence introduces more specified doers of an action that is all three, whereas they correspond to visi in the TL. The reason why more abstract word is introduced in the TL may be the fact that Lithuanian language is more action-orientated while English is more subject-orientated language. Therefore, as it was mentioned, an average number of past passive participles were identified. As it can be observed from the examples above, 'being carried' in (20a) corresponds to 'prašėsi pargabenama' as well as 'being consulted' to 'buvo paisoma' in (21b). In general, past passive participles consist of a verb in past together with participle possessing infinitival stem and being expanded with the help of suffixes. As it can be observed from the example (20a) the idea is expressed with a help of noun and –ing form that corresponds to past passive participle in SL. At this point, some aspects should be emphasized. Firstly, the original sentence involves the extensive use of pronouns. For instance, case (20a) introduces the use of possessive pronoun her that refers to the specific person and clarifies the meaning of a sentence. Contrary, possessive pronouns are not found in the TL as the idea is realised with a help of inflections. Thus, the sentence in the TL introduces demonstrative pronoun this which is not found in the

original text. The function of such pronoun is to show daughter’s importance within a sentence. Therefore, from the semantic point of view, the idea, presented in both sentences, is slightly different. The underlying aspect between two sentences lies in the fact that the latter presents daughter’s offer whereas the former stresses daughter’s request. This could explain the use of pronouns that were found in SL or TL. Moreover, talking about the morphological peculiarities of the example (20b), it should be mentioned that it consists of verb in past and special gerund that together makes past passive participle. Having in mind well-developed inflectional system in the Lithuanian language, it should be emphasised that the meaning is conveyed with a help of inflections. As it can be seen, the inflection -ė is used to indicate past action. Therefore, as it was indicated earlier, particle –si- is used to describe the action that was completed by the subject of a sentence, i.e. daughter’s request of being carried home was done by herself. Besides, from semantic point of view, the verb 'pargabenti' implies the meaning of an action which has to be done by someone and is used with the indirect object 'home', as in the case (20b). The analysis of the examples show that the meaning in both sentences is quite the same. (20) a. She would not listen therefore to her daughter’s proposal of being carried home; neither did the apothecary, who arrived about the same time, think it at all advisable. (Jane Austen, 2008, 38) b. Todėl ji nė nesiklaususi dukters, kai ši prašėsi pargabenama namo, ir vaistininkas, kuris atvyko daugmaž tuo pat metu, irgi nepatarė važiuoti. (Jane Austen, 2014, 41) (21) a. Harriet, Mr. Elton, and Mrs. Knightley, their own especial set, were the only persons invited to meet them; - the hours were to be early, as well as the numbers few; Mr. Woodhouse‘s habits and inclination being consulted in everything. (Jane Austen, 2008, 59) b. Harieta, ponas Eltonas ir ponas Naitlis, artimiausi šeimos draugai, irgi buvo pakviesti, bet žmonių neturėjo būti daug, ir pietauti ketinta anksti – visur buvo paisoma pono Vudhouso įpročių ir polinkių. (Jane Austen, 2009, chapter 13, para.4) As it can be observed from the examples above, 'being consulted' in (21a) corresponds to 'buvo paisoma' in (22b). Considering the analysis below, it has to be stressed that the translator applies the same translation principle. Similarly, the past participle 'buvo' is used to indicate past action. Thus, it has to be emphasized that suffix –oma describes the regular34 action. It has to be taken into consideration as well that the meaning in both sentences is the same, thus more concrete word is used in the TL. Generally, the verb 'to consult' implies a meaning of being discussed before the decision is taken, whereas the verb 'to heed' possess a meaning of paying attention

34 In the particular case (42b) the regular action refers to respect to Mr. Woodhouse‘s habits and inclination each time they met him. to something35. Even though some minor changes, the meaning is preserved. In addition to the analyses above, one more translation option of passive participles should be mentioned. As it was said, there were identified five future passive participles examples. The peculiarity FPP36 lies in the fact that such participles are formed with a help of future tense together with the inflection –ta in singular, and –ti in plural. The examples (22a, b) illustrate the cases when FPP is used to convey the meaning presented by –ing. At this point it has to be highlighted that 'being asked' corresponds to 'bus pasipiršta' in (22b). Contrary to the example (13b), the instance above presents the case when the translation of –ing form involves the use of more concrete word. In general, the verb to ask encompass wider meanings whereas the verb to propose refers to the action of being proposed. The underlying aspect between two sentences is that Lithuanian language possess well-developed inflectional system results of what the idea could be expressed with a help of inflections and using participles in Lithuanian. Having that in mind, it should be said that the idea in the TL partially conveys the idea expressed in the SL. (22) a. I do assume you that I am not one of those young ladies who are so daring as to risk their happiness on the chance of being asked a second time. (Jane Austen, 2008, 103) b. Patikėkit, aš neesu iš tų panelių, kurios drįsta rizikuoti savo laime, pasikliaudamos, kad joms bus pasipiršta antrą kartą. (Jane Austen, 2014, 103) (23) a. If I could be sure of the rooms being thoroughly aired – but is Mrs. Stokes to be trusted? (Jane Austen, 2008,177) b. Jei galėčiau neabejoti, kad kambariai bus išvėdinti...Bet ar galime pasitikėti ponia Stouks? (Jane Austen, 2014,172) Similarly to the analysis below, 'being thoroughly aired' corresponds to 'bus išvėdinti' in (46b). The disjunctive aspect between (22a) and (23a) is the use of conjunction if. Generally, the use of such conjunction implies the future meaning that is why the situation in (23a, b) refers to the future. Despite the fact that meaning is fully preserved in the TL, thus some minor changes should be mentioned. As it was already indicated, each language possess certain word fillers that can be omitted in translation. The instance (23a) includes the adverb 'thoroughly' that is used to underline the importance of rooms to be aired, whereas such adverb is meaningless in the TL as it does not possess any additional information due to this reason, the adverb is omitted in TL. Even though a slight change occurred in the translation, the idea was fully conveyed. Finally, the last translation option worth commenting is present passive participles.

35The explanations were observed from Cambridge Dictionary online http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ 36 The abbreviation FPP stands for the future passive participles.

PPP37 constructions present the smallest number of occurrences (three cases). Talking about the structure of PPP it has to be mentioned that they possess the present tense stem together with the inflections –amas and –mi. Taking into consideration examples above, it should be stressed that the translated version of the sentence introduces some inevitable changes. As it can be seen above, 'being now seeking of acquaintance' is translated as 'prašosi supažindinamas' in (24b). At this point first essential difference between two sentences should be discussed. The underlying difference between two languages should be taken into consideration again. Due to the absence of –ing forms in the Lithuanian language, the idea is realised with a help of past tense form and participle in Lithuanian. Referring to the literal review, one of the most frequent translation principle is the use of SAP. The idea in the SL is expressed with a help of –ing used together with a noun, whereas in the TL the idea is conveyed with a help of present tense verb and PPP. Besides the main changes, the minor should be discussed as well. At this point the use of particle –si- has to be emphasized. As it was already discussed, such particle denotes the action being performed by the subject of a sentence38. Therefore, talking about the inflection – as it has to be stressed that it refers to masculine singular case indicating the doer of an action. Taking all the changes together, it should be emphasised that even though the realisation of both sentences is different, still the meaning in the TL is quite similar to the original. (24) a. This was a stroke of civility for which she was quite unprepared; and she could hardly suppress a smile at his being now seeking the acquaintance of some of those very people against whom his pride had revolted, in his offer to herself. (Jane Austen, 2008, 246) b. Tokio mandagaus žingsnio ji iš jo tikrai nesitikėjo ir vos sulaikė nenusišypsojusi iš to, kaip dabar prašosi supažindinamas su tai žmonėmis, kuriems taip priešinosi jo išdidumas, kai jai piršosi. (Jane Austen, 2014, 234) Considering figure 6 it should be indicated that there were found twenty one occurrences where the meaning was conveyed with a help of active participles. Similarly to passive constructions, figure 8 illustrates translation options of active participles.

37The abbreviation PPP stands for the present passive participles. 38The particle –si in the Lithuanian language express the action that is performed by the subject of a sentence. In this particular case, prašosi express the subject‘s (his) wish of being acquainted with people that he did not want to know before.

TRANSLATION OPTIONS OF ACTIVE PARTICIPLES

Future active participle 1 Past active participles 20

Figure 8. Translation options of active participles.

On the basis of the collected data, two categories were distinguished presenting the translation options of active constructions. As figure 8 illustrates, the most frequent translation option is active past participles (nine occurrences). Besides, one more active future participle was identified. As it can be seen from figure 8, the most frequent Lithuanian equivalent for –ing form is active past participle. At this point, the peculiarities of APP39 should be mentioned. From the syntactic point of view there are no considerable changes between APP and adjective that is why very often APP are considered to be adjectives. Contrary, from the semantic point of view, there is a striking difference between two sentences as the participle can possess its verbal characteristics as well can govern other parts of a sentence or the use of direct and indirect objects40. Consider the following examples. (25) a. Sir William stayed only a week at Hunsford; but his visit was long enough to convince him of his daughter’s being most comfortably settled, and for her possessing such a husband and such a neighbour as were not often met with. (Jane Austen, 2008, 129) b. Seras Viljamas praleido Hansforde tiktai savaitę, bet šio laiko jam pakako įsitikinti, kad jo duktė buvo įsikūrusi patogiai ir turi tokį vyrą ir tokią kaimynę, kokių reta pasitaiko. (Jane Austen, 2014, 126) (26) a. Either because he did not dance himself, or because the plan had been formed without being consulted, he seemed resolved that it should not interest him, determined against its exciting any present curiosity, of affording him any future amusement. (Jane Austen, 2008, 137) b. Gal dėl to, kad pats nešoka, o gal kad planas buvo parengtas nepasitarus su juo, jis dėjosi visiškai nesidomintis apsimetė, kad pasiruošimas nė kiek nežadina jo smalsumo

39The abbreviation APP stands for active past participle. 40The information retrained from: http://www.lituanus.org/1987/87_1_04.htm

ir jokios pramogos ji iš to nesitiki. (Jane Austen, 2009, chapter 12, para.2) As the examples above illustrate, 'being most comfortably settled' corresponds to 'buvo įsikūrusi' in (25b). As it was mentioned above, there is no fundamental difference between APP and adjectives, i.e. 'jis yra mandagus' and 'he is polite' and 'buvo įsikūrusi' and 'being most comfortably settled ' (the one who has settled). In addition, the careful analysis of the sentences above illustrates some inevitable changes. The first aspect worth commenting is the adverbs position. Generally, following word order rules in English, when there is more than one verb, adverbs are found after the first auxiliary, whereas adverbs do not interpose between auxiliary and verb in the TL. Like in the cases above, 'most comfortably' is found between being and settled, whereas 'patogiai' appears after the whole phrase. Even though the analysis is based on two novels translated by different translators, at this point it should be mentioned that translation principles in (25b) and (26b) are the same. Additionally, as the cases (26a, b) illustrate that 'without being consulted' is translated as 'nepasitarus' in TL. In particular, the meaning is fully preserved in the TL, and what is more, without any noticeable differences. Therefore, one more aspect, being worth commenting, is the slight difference in form that is used to express the same idea. As it can be observed from the example (25b), only one word is used in TL to express both past tense and negative form of the verb. Firstly, the suffix –us is used to illustrate the events that took place in past, i.e. this suffix illustrates singular and third person and therefore refers to the personal pronoun she that is why there was no reason to identify the subject of a clause. Secondly, the author introduces a new word combination 'su juo' that is not find in the original language. At this point, that the translator introduces the use of addition. Although the following clause introduces the subject, thus the translator introduces the use of possessive pronoun 'with him’ that is used to clarify the meaning and to avoid misunderstanding of the sentence. As it was mentioned above, due to the different language systems, the forms of realisation the same idea might be different thus the idea fully preserved. Furthermore, even though only one occurrence of future active participle was identified, still it is worth commenting. As the examples above illustrate, 'being simply dressed' corresponds to 'būsite apsirengusi paprastai' in (27b). At this point it should be highlighted that the meaning is realized with a help of FAP41 includes similar changes as APP. Firstly, it should be stressed that the meaning in (27b) is preserved thus several transformations should be taken into consideration. Generally, FAP are formed from future tense stem and expanded with the suffixes –sio- and –usi. As it was emphasized above, the underlying difference between English and Lithuanian is that the latter possesses well-developed inflectional system that means that

41 The abbreviation FAP stands for future active participles. meaning is realised by such inflections. As the example (27b) indicates, future form of the verb to be is conjugated that is why 'būsite' refers to future. Moreover, one more slight difference between two sentences is that the object (you) is introduced in the SL whereas in the TL it is realized by the inflection –usi, i.e. apsirengusi refers to feminine, singular and third person. Thirdly, it includes word order differences. As it was already stated, when there is more than one verb, adverbs are tend to interpose between auxiliary and a verb, whereas in the TL adverbs usually appear at the end of a sentence. Like in the example above, 'simply' appears between being and dressed whereas 'paprastai' is found at the end of a whole phrase. Even though the translation involves several slight differences, the meaning in both sentences is the same. (27) a. Lady Catherine will not think the worse of you for being simply dressed. (Jane Austen, 2008, 156) b. Ledi Katerina nepagalvos blogiau, jei būsite apsirengusi paprastai. (Jane Austen, 2014, 152) To summarise, it should be mentioned that, even though a small number of occurrences were identified still the importance of APP and FAP should be highlighted. The importance lies in the fact that the use of such participles allow to preserve and express the exact meaning as in the SL. Therefore, twenty occurences of past tense forms were detected; thus, the most unnusual translation options of such instances will be analysed in more detail. The translators' choice to express such ideas with a help of past tense forms is grounded on the fact that the Lithuanian past tenses express actions whose meanings are close to the reference time and can posses perfective or plusquamperfective meaning42. As it was mentioned, the use of past tense involves some inevitable changes. The peculiarity of the examples below lies in the double use of –ing form in one sentence and translation options. 'Being coupled' in (28a) corresponds to 'sujungė' whereas 'being liked' is not translated in the TL. At this point it is important to mention that the omission strategy is applied in order to avoid redundancy. As it was already said, past tense forms can posess plusquamperfective43 meaning that is illustrated in the example above, i.e. the action expressed by past tense is related to the other actions in the past such as persuaded, believed, decided, etc. Talking about meaning in both sentences it should be emphasized that the idea is accurately conveyed in the TL. Besides, some syntactic peculiarites are worth mentioning. In particular, the original sentence involves the use of object pronoun 'him' that is used before the verb to see and identifies performer of an action expressed by the verb.

42The information retrained from: http://www.kalbos.lt/zurnalai/18_numeris/03.pdf 43 According to Petronienė (2002) past tense verbs possess pluquampperfective meaning when the result of the meaning they express is related to other past actions.

Differently, the translated version of the sentence refers to the particular person Frank in order to avoid redundancy and clarify the meaning of the sentence. Since the translation of the particular case involves the use of omission and generalisation, still the idea is adequately conveyed in the TL. (28) a. That Mr. and Mrs. Weston did think of it, she was very strongly persuaded; and though not meaning to be induced by him, or by any body else, to give up a situation which she believed more replete with good than any she could change it for, she had great curiosity to see him, a decided intension of finding him pleasant, of being liked by him to a certain degree, and a sort of pleasure in the idea of their being coupled in their friends’ imaginations. (Jane Austen, 2008, 64) b. Na bent jau ponas ir ponia Vestonai, tuo Ema buvo įsitikinusi; ir nors neketino leisis suviliojama nei jo, nei ko nors kito, nesiruošė keisti dabartinės savo padėties, turinčios tiek daug pranašumų, į kokią nors kitą, nesvarbu, kokią, vis vien buvo smalsu pamatyti Franką, įsitikinti, kad jis malonus, o mintis, jog bičiulių vaizduotė jau sujungė juos į porą, atrodydavo dar patrauklesnė. (Jane Austen, 2009, chapter 13, para.5) (29) a. "Your surprise could not be greater than mine in being noticed by you". (Jane Austen, 2008, 356) b. – Jūsų nuostaba negalėjo būti didesnė už mano, kai pamačiau jus. (Jane Austen, 2014, 341) In addition to the analysis above, examples (29a, b) should be taken into consideration as well. As the instances below indicate, 'being noticed' in SL is translated as 'pamačiau'. It should be stressed that the translated version of the sentence involves some gradual changes. Firstly, from the morphological point of view, the idea is realized with a help of past simple. Generally, past simple is realised with the inflection –čiau- and additionally identifies the performer of an action, i.e. singular, first person, that is why the TL does not require the determination of the subject. Therefore, one more slight difference between two sentences should be pointed out. The difference between two sentences lies in the use of active and passive voice. The latter is found in the original sentences, whereas the former appears in the translated version of the sentence. At this point it should be emphasised that, even the sentences present different forms for the realisation of the same idea, still the idea in both languages is the same. Taking both analyses into account it should be stated that the use of past tense forms, as a possible variant for the translation of –ing forms, include some changes that are part of the translation, still serves as perfect mean for the realisation of such forms in the TL. Apart from the analysis of most frequent translation principles, the less common translation options should be taken into consideration as well. As it was already indicated in

figure 8, eight occurrences were identified in which the idea was realised with a help of future tense forms. Therefore, contrary to the SL, the distinguishing aspect between two languages is the fact that future simple and future continuous are not differentiated in the TL. Consequently, at this point it has to be stressed that the realisation of –ing forms mainly involves the use of future simple tense forms. Nonetheless, changes occurred during the translation, should be discussed and analysed in great details. Considering examples (30a, b) it is clear that 'being provoked' corresponds to 'neatsispirsiu' in (30b). In general, one more fundamental difference between SL and TL is that in the former sentence subject has to be clearly stated whereas in the latter subject might be expressed with a help of inflections. In (30b) the idea is rendered with a help of future simple realised through the inflection –iu. As a result, due to conjugation, subject of the sentence does not have to be mentioned as they can be identified by inflections, i.e. particularly, -iu refers to singular, first person. Generally speaking, Ambrazas (1997)44 states that it is acceptable for subjects to be omitted in the Lithuanian language as they can be marked only in the predicate, whereas it is impossible in the English language. Talking about the well- developed inflectional system in TL it should be highlighted that the verb 'neatsispirsiu' presents two prefixes and one particle that together shape the meaning. At this point it should be emphasized the importance of the prefix ne- used with the particle –si- , as together they express strong action that sometimes implies the meaning of obliteration or exceeding. Moreover, the careful analysis of the sentence revealed that the translated variant provides extra words that were not found in the source text. As a result, the translation principle, used in a particular case, is the addition as the translator includes words such as 'niekaip' and 'pagundai' that are not presented in the SL. At this point the addition of extra words is based on the different language nature, i.e. due to well-developed inflectional system in TL, doer of an action could be identified with a help of inflections; therefore, the verb to resist requires direct object that is why the noun temptation was added. Besides, the adverb 'niekaip' is used to strengthen and give more information about the verb it modifies. Even though, the sentence introduces many modifications, thus the meaning is considered to be partially conveyed. (30) a. I could not help being provoked; for after all my pains, and when I had really made a very good likeness of it – only too handsome – too flattering – but that was a fault on the right side – after all this, come poor dear Isabella’s cold approbation of - "Yes it was a little like – but to be sure it did not do him justice". (Jane Austen, 2008, 23) b. Niekaip neatsispirsiu pagundai; mat kai po visų kančių iš tiesų nupiešiau puikų

44 The information is taken from „Lithuanian Grammar“ by Ambrazas (1997, p. 599)

atvaizdą, tiktai per gražų – per daug įsiteikiantį portretuojamajam, tačiau toks trūkumas juk tik į naudą, - po viso šito sulaukiau šalto Izabelės pritarimo: “Taip, šiek tiek panašus, bet tikrai neperteikia esmės". (Jane Austen, 2009, chapter 6, para.10) (31) a. "You will excuse my being so much overpowered". (Jane Austen, 2008,80) b. – Gal atleiskite man, jei neįsiliesiu į tą visuotinį džiūgavimą?". (Jane Austen, 2009, chapter 18, para.22) Therefore, the analysis of future tense forms, as a translation principle, calls additional comments. As it can be seen from the examples above, 'being so much overpowered' in (61a) corresponds to 'neįsiliesiu'. Similarly to the analysis below, FT45 is realized by the inflection – iu referring to singular, first person. The semantic difference between two sentences is worth commenting as well. The key idea refers to the ability to defeat someone or something by having greater strength46. Talking about the translated version, the idea in TL expresses the unwillingness to be part of universal joy. Therefore, similarly to the analysis presented above, 'neįsiliesiu' consists of prefixes –ne- and –į- as well as particle –si- that together shape the meaning of a verb (consider the explanation below). Finally, the careful analysis of the sentences revealed one more minor difference between two sentences. As the instances below show, different sentences types are used for different purposes. To be more precise, declarative sentences are used to state and provide information like in (31a), whereas interrogative sentences are used to ask questions as in (31b). Taking all changes together, it should be emphasised that the meaning was not accurately conveyed in the TL, the translation is considered to be inadequate. Figure 8 demonstrates one more translation option that is the use of present tense forms. Just like future forms, there were eight occurrences identified when the meaning was rendered with a help of present tense forms. Typically, such forms are formed using present tense stem by adding the eligible personal ending47. In contrast to English, as there are no progressive forms in TL, present tense is used in most cases. The conspicuous feature of such forms is that they can be used independently of the action being regular or continuous, happening now or later. Consider the examples below: (32) a. Emma assured her there would be no difficulty in the answer, and advised its being written directly, which was agreed, in the hope of her assistance; and though Emma continued to protest against any assistance being wanted, it was fact given in the formulation of every sentences. (Jane Austen, 2008, 29)

45The abbreviation FT stands for Future Tense forms. 46The explanation is retrieved from: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/overpower 47 The information retrieved from: http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/litol-1.html

b. Emma tikino, kad atsakymą parašyti visai paprasta, patarė rašyti tiesiai, ir Harieta sutiko vildamasi, jog Emma padės ir toliau priešindamasi, tikindama, kad jokios pagalbos nereikia, Ema, tiesą sakant, padėjo suformuluoti kone kiekvieną sakinį. (Jane Austen, 2009, chapter 7, para.21 ) (33) a. Mr. Dixon’s preference of her music to her friend’s, I can answer for being very decided. (Jane Austen, 2008, 115) b. Kad ponas Diksonas labiau vertina Džeinės, o ne jos draugės grojimą, garantuoju, galite neabejoti. (Jane Austen, 2009, chapter 8, para.20) As it was already stated, the peculiarity of PT48 lies in the simplicity of forming such forms as they are constructed using the stem and particular personal ending. The necessity to analyse the examples (32a, b) lies in the fact that there are two –ing constructions found in one sentence. As the examples above illustrate, 'being written' corresponds to 'rašyti' whereas 'being wanted' is translated as 'nereikia'. The meaning of being written is conveyed with a help of infinitive that is considered to be a traditional principle of translating –ing forms being discussed and carefully analysed in the previous subchapter. Taking into consideration the translation of second –ing construction, it should be mentioned that it involves semantic as well as morphological changes. From the semantic point of view, it has to be mentioned that the idea in SL and TL slightly differs. The key difference lies in the verbs being used to express the degree of necessity, i.e. a verb need has stronger connotative meaning in respect to want. As a result, the idea is only partially conveyed. Therefore, the analysis reveals that the process of concretisation was applied. As it can be noticed, the phrase 'in the hope of her assistance' was translated as 'ir Harieta sutiko vildamasi'. The key difference between phrases is that latter introduces proper noun, i.e. more concrete word is used in the TL rather than in SL. The reason for that might be the translator’s wish to name and emphasise the specific item as well to clarify the essence of a sentence. Therefore, possessive pronouns are used to clarify the meaning of a sentence whereas the frequent use of such pronouns in TL may bring some obscurities. Due to this reason, the translator’s choice to use proper noun helps to avoid redundancy. Therefore, in order to achieve expediency and avoid misinterpretations, the translator applies addition. In particular, even though the proper name Emma was used only twice, thus the translator repeated it several times in order to achieve coherence. Furthermore, similarly to the analysis below, the following instances introduce some problematic cases when it was difficult to transfer the meaning without considerable changes. As it can be noticed, 'being very decided' in (33a) corresponds to 'garantuoju, galite neabejoti'.

48 The abbreviation PT stands for Present Tense forms.

Similarly to the case below, the meaning is realised with a help of PS using the appropriate ending. In general, endings –u and –te express present actions, therefore they identify subjects and objects of a sentence, i.e. in particular, ending –u- is used to identify the subject that is singular, first person whereas ending –te refers to the object of a sentence that is second-person plural. As a result, such subjects and objects can be omitted as they are realised with a help of inflections. As it was already indicated, one of the difference between the instances above is the realisation of subjects (consider the analysis above). Even though two instances differ in the subject realisation thus the meaning is transferred successfully as both instances express the inner state of being very sure. As a result, the equivalent corresponds to the idea in SL. Despite that, the translation of a particular case involves the process of concretisation, i.e. possessive pronouns in SL are replaced by the Proper name in SL. As it can be observed from (34 a, b), 'preference of her music to her friend’s' is translated as 'labiau vertina Džeinės, o ne jos draugės grojimą'. The choice to replace possessive pronouns by proper names might be influenced the translator’s wish to avoid redundancy and as a result to make the meaning of a sentence more clear. Furthermore, one more translation peculiarity is worth commenting. As the instance (34b) indicates that the translation of the particular case includes reference to the addressee, i.e. generally, -te refers to second-person plural that is why the assumption that galite neabejoti expresses the addressee of a sentence, might be proved. Taking everything into consideration, it should be said that even though the use of present tense forms involves lots of considerable as well as slight changes, thus the meaning is more or less conveyed in TL. Finally, the analysis of the collected data revealed that the translation of –ing forms includes the use of subjunctive mood. As the figure 8 illustrates, there were found four cases when the meaning was realised with a help of subjunctive mood. Even though only four instances were identified, still it is extremely important to present a deeper analysis of such cases as it is considered to be one of the most unusual principle used for the translation of –ing forms. Talking about the subjunctive mood in the Lithuanian language, it should be mentioned that, generally it expresses possible action and is formed removing ending –ti and adding appropriate ending. In particular, the ending –ti is removed from the basic form of a verb and the inflection –tumėte is added that indicates second person, plural. Consider: (34) a. Miss Bennet, I insist on being satisfied. (Jane Austen, 2008, 341) b. Panele Benet, reikalauju, kad paaiškintumėte. (Jane Austen, 2014, 326) As it can be observed from the examples above, 'being satisfied' in (34a) corresponds to 'kad paaiškintumėte'. From the semantic point of view, the idea in both sentences slightly differs in the meaning being expressed. The noticeable difference between two sentences is that the wish of being pleased by getting what she wants is being expressed in SL, whereas the necessity for

explanation is provided in TL. Even though the meaning presented in both sentences is similar, it should be taken into consideration that the process of concretisation is applied here. Taking into account the examples above, the verb explain is considered to be more concrete rather than satisfy that is why, on the basis of Pažūsis (2014) ideas, having in mind that semantic valency is required more in TL rather than in SL, verbs of more concrete notion are chosen in TL to convey the meaning expressed by more abstract nouns. Furthermore, taking the sentence (34b) into account, again, the importance of inflectional system in TL should be highlighted. As the examples above illustrate, the SL includes the identification of a subject I, whereas in the TL it is expressed by the inflection –u that indicates singular, first person. Therefore, the subjunctive mood is used to express purpose and at this point the importance of conjunction kad (that) should be stressed. Generally, the conjunction 'that' is used to introduce a clause that states or gives information about something, thus in the TL the conjunction is used to express the purpose. As the case (34b) illustrates, the role of the conjunction is to express the intention of a speaker, i.e. in the particular case, the aim of the subject is to get information. Finally, although both cases present direct objects at the beginning of the sentences, thus the former includes the indirect reference to the object which is realised with a help of particular endings. Similarly to the analysis above, the TL involves the indirect addressee to Miss Bennet, i.e. the use of the verb 'paaiškintumėte' refers to Miss Bennet realised with the ending –te which indicates second- person plural. What is even more important such repetitive reference to the direct object is not found in the original sentence that is why it should mentioned that the process of addition is used to clarify the meaning of a sentence. To sum up, the use of subjunctive mood, as one of the translation principle, includes some inevitable changes which distort the meaning of a sentence. 2.3.1. The non-traditional combinations for the translation –ing forms

One more classification, that this paper addresses, is the non-traditional combinations and translation principles; that is the combination of different parts of speech that are used to transfer the meaning presented by –ing form. In comparison to the previous sections analysed in this work, this section is not extensive as a small number of instances were found in two novels, still a detailed analysis of such instances is worth presenting.

As can be seen from figure 9, the results revealed that there were only five occurrences whose translation includes non-traditional combinations of parts of speech. As it was mentioned, only five examples were identified in both novels, each instance presenting only one case. To be more precise, it includes the use of combinations like pronoun+adjevtice+noun+conjuction+noun (one occurrence), past participle+infinitive (one

example), noun+infinitive (one case), conjunction+preposition +noun (one instance) and infinitive+adjective+noun (one occurrence). Consider figure 9.

NONTRADITIONAL COMBINATIONS IN THE TRANSLATION OF -ING FORMS

Infinitive+Adje ctive+ Noun, 1 Pronoun+Adjec tive+Noun+Con Conjunction+P juction+Noun, 1 reposition+Nou n, 1

Past participle+ Infinitive, 1 Noun+Infinitive , 1

Figure 9. The non-traditional combinations for the translation –ing forms

The further thesis will introduce the analysis of the occurrences whose translation was affected or unaffected by different language systems, i.e. whether the meaning is preserved and realised in TL or what are the transformations, due to which the idea is not conveyed in TL.

Firstly, the emphasis should be put on the example (35 a, b) as it presents the unusual word combination for the translation of –ing forms without significant alterations in meaning. As the example below illustrates 'being applied for some little assistance' in (35a) corresponds to 'sulaukdavo prašymo padėti'. At this point it has to be said that in order to preserve the idea, the translator transfers the meaning using word combination of verb+noun+infinitive.

(35) a. It had always been evident to her that such an income as theirs, under the direction of two persons so extravagant in their wants, and heedless of the future, must be very insufficient to their support; and whenever they changed their quarters either Jane or herself were sure of being applied for some little assistance towards discharging their bills. (Jane Austen, 2008,372) b. Ji gerai suvokė, kad jiems labai sunku pragyventi iš gaunamų pajamų, kai abu yra tokie išlaidūs ir visiškai negalvoja apie ateitį. Tad kai tik jie keldavosi iš vienos vietos į kitą, Elizabeta arba Džeinė visada sulaukdavo prašymo padėti išmokėti skolas. (Jane Austen, 2014, 357) As it was mentioned earlier, the translation of –ing forms includes the application of different transformations. First and the most noticeable change is that there is a compound sentence with a semicolon joined by a conjunction ‘and’ in the original sentence, whereas two separate clauses

are provided in TL each presenting single idea. On the one hand, the use of compound sentence provides the possibility to rich the sentence adding a lot of details49; on the other hand, in particular, the use of such sentence causes confusion as there is too much information in one sentence. In order to avoid misinterpretation, the translator provides the addition information, i.e. the process of addition is applied. As it can be seen, 'Jane or herself' in (69a) corresponds to 'Elizabeta arba Džeinė' in TL. The translator‘s decision to use one more proper noun Elizabeta was rational as it helps to make the sentence more specific and clear rather than original sentence. Furthermore, the strategy of omission should be taken into consideration as well. In particular, the original sentence introduces the indirect object 'theirs' 'while' it is not realised in the TL. From the semantic point of view, the idea is realised with a help of word combination verb+noun+infinitive. At this point the inflectional system in TL should be stressed again as the meaning is transferred due to conjugation. Additionally, the ideas are mainly realised with a help of infinitive that is considered to be a traditional principle for the translation of –ing forms. To be more precise, having in mind different systems, i.e. one being synthetic and other analytical, despite slight changes, the meaning is preserved in TL. Considering the figure 9, one more rare word combination was found in the novel 'Emma' is pronoun+adjective+noun+conjuction +noun. As the examples (36 a, b) indicate, 'being so very good-humored and obliging' corresponds to 'jo puikų būdą ir paslaugumą' in the TL, i.e. the translator uses word combination that consists of pronoun+ adjective + noun+ conjunction+ noun, i.e. the idea is shaped with a help of noun phrase. As a result, the translation presents some inevitable changes. To begin with, talking about semantic changes, it should be mentioned that the process of concretisation is applied, i.e. more concrete verb is used in the Lithuanian language as to speak corresponds to čiauškėdavo. Similarly to the instances where the process of concretisation was applied, the main reason for that is that verbs in TL require more semantic valency that is why more concrete verbs are chosen to render the idea expressed by abstract verbs. Additionally, one more reason that might influence the choice of such process is that translator seeks for further clarifications of a sentence. Furthermore, talking about the sentences from semantic point of view it should be taken into consideration the fact that ideas in both sentences present some inadequacies. A detailed analysis of the sentences (36 a, b) show that for the sake of profound understanding, the translated version use the repetition of the subject 'ji' (she) in order to specify and explain the meaning of the sentence. As a result, the process of addition is applied in this case. The final aspect that is worth commenting is the meaning presented in both languages. As it can be observed from the original sentence, the idea

49The information retrieved from: http://changingminds.org/techniques/language/syntax/compound_sentence.htm

presented there is that Harriet thinks that he has a good sense of humour whereas this idea was translated as Harriet thinks of him being good-tempered. At this point it should be mentioned that the difference in both sentence is not fundamental thus it is worth mentioning as the meaning presented by –ing form was not fully preserved in TL. (36) a. Harriet was very ready to speak of the share he had had in their moonlight walks and merry evening games; and dwelt a good deal upon his being so very good- humored and obliging. (Jane Austen, 2008, 14) b. Harieta mielai čiauškėdavo apie tai, kad jis dalyvaudavo jų pasivaikščiojimuose mėnesienoje, jų linksmuose vakaro žaidimuose; ji nuolat pasakodavo apie jo puikų būdą ir paslaugumą. (Jane Austen, 2009, chapter 4, para.6) Besides the analyses below, the significance of the instances (37a, b) should be taken into consideration as well as they undergo fundamental transformations which might influence the translation principles being applied in the particular cases. As it can be seen, one more combination is conjunction+verb+conjunction +proper noun+adjective+noun, i.e. in terms of syntax as in Lithuanian there is an attribute expressed by a finite clause, whereas in English there is an attribute expressed by a participial + by object, i.e. 'being loved by her sister' in (37a) corresponds to 'jog taps su Elizabeta tikromis seserimis'. From the semantic point of view, the idea in two sentences differs. To be more precise, there is no exact equivalent for 'being loved' in the TL instead the translator uses the word phrase 'to become real sisters’ that renders the vague idea of the original sentence. Additionally, talking about the ideas presented in both sentences, it should be highlighted that the case (37a) describes Elizabeth’s desire for being appreciated by her sister, whereas (37b) refers to the situation in which Elizabeth hopes to become friends with her sister. Having that in mind, it should be mentioned that the proposed variant of the sentences could be considered as inadequate. Therefore, differently from the original sentence, the translator includes the proper noun in the TL. The main reason for that is the wish to make the meaning more familiar and specific at the same time clarifying the meaning of the sentences. Finally, application of the addition should be emphasised. As it can be seen from the case (74b), it includes some words that are not found in the original sentences. As it was already indicated, the underlying idea in the original sentence is Elizabeth’s wish to be loved by the sister, whereas in the TL it was translated as Elizabeth’s desire to become real sisters, i.e. 'real sisters' is the word expression that was additionally used in TL. In particular, it was used in order to shape and at the same to clarify the meaning of the whole sentence. Talking about the use of addition, it should be mentioned that it refers to the use of the conjunction 'jog' (that) that is not presented in the SL. Generally and particularly, the conjunction ‘that’, in the Lithuanian language, is used to join the subordinate clause to the main clause when they could

be interchangeable. (37) a. Four sides of paper were insufficient to contain all her delight, and all earnest desire of being loved by her sister. (Jane Austen, 2008, 368) b. Jai neužteko net keturių puslapių išreikšti susižavėjimui ir nuoširdžiai vilčiai, jog taps su Elizabeta tikromis seserimis. (Jane Austen, 2014, 353)

Taking everything into account it should be mentioned that, on the one hand, the use of word combination as one of the possible translation principle may cause inadequacy as it includes some inevitable changes in terms of that the transformations like addition, omission, generalisation as well as concretisation are applied. As a result, the meaning is not conveyed in the Lithuanian language. On the other hand, the analysis of the collected data revealed that there are cases when, due to the use of word combinations, the meaning was partially or fully preserved in TL introducing minor changes such as the use of proper names, conjunctions or pronouns. Therefore, as it was mentioned in the literal review, the analysis of both novels revealed that there are certain cases those translation require additional accuracy and the application of other translation principles. In accordance to Baker’s (1992) classification, it should be mentioned that thirty-five cases were identified when the equivalence principle was applied. The examples were grouped into four subgroups in accordance to Baker’s (1992) proposed types; equivalence at a word level 50 (five cases), textual equivalence51 (ten examples), grammatical equivalence52 (fourteen occurrences) and pragmatical equivalence53 (six instances). The examples below present the cases when the strategy of equivalence was applied to render the meaning presented by –ing forms. As it was pointed out in the literal review, the grammatical differences between English and Lithuanian cause inevitable changes and often change the information or cause problems finding a direct correspondence in translation. In such cases Baker (1992) suggests to use the principle of equivalence as a valuable and consistent strategy to preserve the same or very similar meaning in both SL and TL. Even though, the principle of equivalence has been not widely used in the process of translation, like the analysis of the collected examples show such principle could help to preserve the similar idea in the TL as it in the SL expressed by –ing forms. Consider the examples below:

50 According to Leonardi (2000) equivalence at word level occur at the or above word level referring to the meaning of a single word or whole expressions. 51 Leonardi (2000) explains textual equivalence as the equivalence between SL and TL in terms of information, cohesion and word order. 52 Following Leonardi‘s (2000) explanation this type of equivalence refers to a variety of grammatical categories which cause problems finding the most appropriate variant in SL. 53In accordance with Leonardi‘s (2000) ideas pragmatical equivalence focuses on how texts use incommunicative situations involving cultural contexts.

Equivalence at a word level (38) a. This one half-hour had given to each the same precious certainty of being beloved, had cleared from each the same degree of ignorance, jealousy, or distrust. (Jane Austen, 2008, 231) b. Šis pusvalandis abiem suteikė tą brangų tikrumą, kad jie yra mylimi, ir išlaisvino iš nežinojimo, pavydo ar nepasitikėjimo. (Jane Austen, 2009, chapter 13, para.22)

Textual equivalence (39) a. He then handed her in, Maria followed, and the door was on the point of being closed, when he suddenly reminded them, with some consternation that they had hitherto forgotten to leave any message for the ladies at Rosings. (Jane Austen, 2008, 2010) b. Ji įsodino ją karieton, paskui Mariją, ir tik prieš užsidarant durelėms su nemenku siaubu priminė joms, kad jos pamiršo ko nors palinkėti Rouzingo damoms.(Jane Austen, 2014,203)

Pragmatical equivalence (40) a. The name makes me think of poor Isabella; for she was very near being christened Catherine after her grandmamma. (Jane Austen, 2008, 81) b.šis vardas man primena Izabelę, jos vos nepakrikštijome senelės Katerinos vardu. (Jane Austen, 2014, 79 )

Grammatical equivalence (41) a. She had fully proposed being engaged by Wickham for those very dances: - and to have Mr. Collins instead! (Jane Austen, 2008, 84) b. Ji buvo tvirtai numačiusi, kad šiems šokiams ją pakvies ponas Vikhemas, o dabar teks šokti su Kolinsu. (Jane Austen, 2014, 85) Taking everything into consideration it should be highlighted that the translation of –ing forms present a variety of translation principles presented in the table 5. As it can be observed from the table below the most frequent translation principles are concretisation (thirty cases) and generalisation (twenty-seven examples). The average number of instances were translated using addition (twenty-one examples) and omission (twenty-two cases) strategies. Additionally, thirty-five cases were identified when the meaning was rendered using the equivalence principle.

Translation strategy Addition 21 occurrences Omission 22 occurrences Concretisation 30 cases Generalisation 27 cases Equivalence Equivalence at a word level 5 cases Grammatical equivalence 14 occurrences Textual equivalence 10 cases Pragmatical equivalence 6 sentences Table 5. The translation strategies for the translation of –ing forms in J. Austen novels 'Pride and Prejudice' and 'Emma'.

CONCLUSIONS

This thesis focuses on the translation principles and strategies used by Milda Dyke & Irena Jomantienė (2009) and Romualda Zagorskienė (2014) in the translation of Jane’s Austen novels Pride and Prejudice and Emma. The investigation of the -ing patterns and their translation has led to the following conclusions:

1. The –ing forms in the TL are translated to numerous expressions in the SL as the English –ing forms do not fully coincide with Lithuanian equivalents as –ing forms do not exist in the Lithuanian language. This conclusion confirms the hypothesis of the thesis that even though gerundial and participial constructions (-ing forms in the English language and participle, special gerund,adverbial active participle in Lithuanian) are found in both languages, such non-finite constructions are realized by different parts of the sentence as well as other constructions. 2. The translators' knowledge of the morphological, syntactic and semantic peculiarities of –ing constructions may be useful to establish the most exact translation equivalent for–ing form. 2.1. –Ing forms (participial and gerundial clauses) , as the following verb form used after the "be" of the progressive aspect (V-ing), functioning as subject, direct object or predicate are rendered by means of ellipsis, infinitives, nouns, special gerunds, special adverbial participles or adjectives. 2.2. The most frequent non-traditional translation principles like the use of passive and active voice constructions, past, present and future tense form constructions, subjunctive mood as possible way for the rendering idea presented by –ing forms identified in nominal, adverbial and adjectival clauses or predicative expressions. 2.3. Certain –ing contructions (five occurences) were realized by the nontraditional translation combinatios like past participle+infinitive, pronoun+adjevtice+noun+conjuction+noun,noun+infinitive,conjunction+preposition +noun and infinitive+adjective+noun. The use of translation combinations may be explained by the fact that the above mentioned constructions cause less changes ir terms of morphological or syntactical differences between two languages. 3. The analysis has confirmed the hypothesis of the thesis that the principle of equivalence could be applied in the translation of –ing forms and that such clauses may be divided into four basic groups: equivalence at a word level (5 cases), textual (10 occurrences) , grammatical (14 instances) and pragmatical (6 examples) equivalence. This strategy was used as appropriate and effective principle to preserve and convey the same or close

idea in both SL and TL. Contrary to other translation principles used, the use of equivalence strategy does not cause major morphological, syntatic or semantic transformations. 4. The translators’ choices to render the –ing constructions may differ as different transformations may be used in order to preserve and fully convey the semantic context of the source language text and follow the norms of the target language. Due to diverse language system of SL and TL, the translation is presented in a more compendious way as there are cases which lack some ideas. The investigation requires further analysis of translation principles and strategies used in the translation of –ing forms especially being + gerunds/present/ past participles should be analysed and compared to other translations principles used by Lithuanianian translators and the constrative analysis among other languages might be provided.

SUMMARY Santrauka Darbo tikslas – ištirti -ing formų morfologinines, gramatines ir semantines savybes anglų ir lietuvių kalbose; išanalizuoti dažniausiai vartojamas vertimo strategijas, verčiant -ing konstrukcijas iš anglų kalbos į lietuvių. Teorinės medžiagos analizei buvo naudojami Pullum & Huddleston (2002), De Smet (2010), Pullum (1991), Pažūsis (2014), Baker (1992) ir Catford (1965) moksliniai darbai. Tyrimo duomenys, ing (gerundijaus ir dalyvinių konstrukcijų) vartojimo tendencijos bei jų vertimo strategijos, buvo surinkti iš Jane Austen romanų „Puikybė ir Prietarai“ išversta Romualdos Zagorskienės (2014) (Pride and Prejudice, 2009) ir „Ema“ versta Mildos Dyke ir Irenos Jomantienės (2009) (Emma, 2008), vertimuose iš anglų kalbos į lietuvių. Darbe analizuojama problema yra paremta spėjimu, kad -ing formų vertimas ir jų realizavimas lietuvių kalboje yra grindžiamas morfologininiais, sintaksiniais ir semantiniais kalbų skirtumais; tam tikrais atvejais, -ing konstrukcijos yra išreiškiamos taikant ekvalentiškumo vertimo būdą, kai ta pati mintis yra realizuoja naudojant panašias ar tas pačias formas. Rašant darbą buvo iškelti tokie uždaviniai: literatūros lyginimas ir analizavimas, sistematingas gerundijaus ir dalyvinių konstrukcijų lyginimas, atsižvelgiant į skirtingas kalbų sistemas bei struktūras, tinkamų -ing konstrukcijų rinkimas iš Jane Austen‘s romanų bei vertimo strategijų analizavimas. Atlikus tyrimo duomenų analizę, buvo nustatyta, kad -ing formos gali būti realizuojamos naudojant įvairias sakinio ar kalbos dalis. Remiantis tyrimo rezultatais buvo išskirta 17 vertimo modelių iš anglų kalbos į lietuvių. Taip pat, remiantis literatūrine apžvalga, tyrimas parodė, kad 17 vertimo modelių buvo suskirstyti į 2 grupes: tradicinius ir netradicinius vertimo būdus. Tyrimu, paremtu lyginamąja dviejų kalbų grožinės literatūros dalyvių ir jų atitikmenų vartojimo analize, buvo nustatyta, kad dažniausiai -ing formos yra praleidžiamos lietuvių kalboje, t.y. yra taikomas praleidimo metodas. Tradicinių vertimo būdų analizės metu, buvo nustatyta, kad dažniausiai -ing formos yra verčiamos kaip daiktavardžiai, būdvardžiai, pusdalyviai, padalyviai ir bendratys. Netradicinių vertimo metodų analizės metu, buvo nustatyta, kad -ing formos gali būti verčiamos kaip veikiamosios ir neveikiamosios rūšies veiksmažodžiai, esamojo, būtojo ir būsimojo laiko veiksmažodžiai bei naudojant tariamąją nuosaką. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad gausiausiai vartojamos vertimo strategijos buvo praleidimo, pridėjimo, konkretizavimo ir apibendrinimo metodai. Atlikus vertimo analizę išaiškėjo, kad ekvalentiškumo metodas buvo taikomas verčiant -ing konstrukcijas: žodžių lygmens, gramatinis, tekstinis ir pragmatinis ekvalentiškumas. Taikant šią strategiją, buvo siekiama užtikrinti lingvistinį ir morfologinį tikslumą ir stilistinį prieinamumą, tam, kad būtų išvengta informacijos pasikartojimo ir pertekliaus. Tyrimo metu nagrinėtų sakinių analizė parodė, kad ekvalentiškumo vartojimas kaip vienas iš vertimo būdų verčiant -ing formas, nepaisant skirtingų kalbų sistemų, morfologinės, sintaksinės ir semantinės transformacijos gali būti išvengiamos. Analizės metu buvo nustatyti keli vertimo atvejai, kurie neatitiko originalių knygų autorės idėjų, išreikštų -ing konstrukcijomis anglų kalba. Rasti ir išanalizuoti atvejai leidžia teigti, jog anglų kalba, turinti griežtą sakinių struktūrą, ne visuomet turi atitikmenis lietuvių kalba.

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APPENDIX 1 Jane Austen 'Pride and Prejudice' translated by R. Zagorskienė (2014) 1.He had entertained hopes of being admitted to a sight 1.Jo tikėtasi, kad bus leista išvysti paneles, nes of the young ladies, of whose beauty he had heard apie jų gražumą jau daug buvo girdėjęs, bet much; but he saw only the father. pasimatė tiktai su tėvu. 2.The gentleman pronounced him to be a fine figure of 2.Džentelmenai nusprendė jį esant puikiu a man, the ladies declared he was much handsomer than vyriškio pavyzdžiu, o damos pareiškė, kad jis Mr Bingley, and he was looked at with great admiration daug gražesnis už poną Binglį, ir kone pusę for about half the evening, till his manners gave a disgut vakaro į jį buvo žiūrima su didžiausiu which turned the tide of his popularity; for he was susižavėjimu, bet vėliau dėl papiktinančio elgesio discovered to be proud, to be above his company, and jo populiarumo banga aplūgo; paaiškėji, kad jis above being pleased; and not all his large estate in labau išdidus, keliasi į puikybę, jam sunku įtikti Derbyshire could then save him from having a most ir netgi visas didelis jo dvaras Derbišyre forbidding, disagreeable countenance, and being nebegalėjo jo išgelbėti – jis pasidarė nemalonus, unworthy to be compared with his friend. tiesiog atstumiantis, pažiūrėti nė iš tolo nelygintinas su savo draugu. 3.Mr Darcy danced only once with Mrs Hurst and once 3.Ponas Darsis šoko tik vieną šokį su ponia Herst with Miss Bingley, declined being introduced to any ir vieną su panele Bingli, atsisakė other lady, and spent the rest of the evening in walking supažindinamas su bet kuria kita dama ir visa about the room, speaking occasionally to one of his own likusį vakarą praleido vaikščiodamas po sale, party. kada ne kada sušnekdamas su kuo nors iš savo draugės. 4. Bingley was sure if being liked whenever he 4.Jis buvo akivaizdžiai mėgstamas visur, kur tik appeared, Darcy was continually giving offence. pasirodydavo, o Darsis amžinai būdavo užgaulus. 5. ‘Your plan is a good one’, replied Elizabeth, ‘where 5.–Tavo plabas geras, - atsakė Elizabeta, - kai nothing is in question but the desire of being well niekas daugiau nesvarbu, kai vien tik norima married: and if I were determined to get a rich sėkmingai ištekėti, ir jeigu aš būčiau nusistačiusi husband, or any husband, I dare say I should adopt it. gauti turtingą vyrą ar vyrą apskritai, rasi pasinaudočiau. 6. I scarcely know anyone who cannot do all this, and I 6..Nepažįstu turbūt nė vienos, kuri to nedarytų, ir am sure I never heard a young lady spoken of for the tikrai nesu girdėjęs, kad pirmą kartą kalbant apie first time, without being informed that she was very kokią panelę nebūtų pasakyta, jog ji labia accomplished. Gerundijus išsilavinusi. 7. Had she found Jane in any apparent danger, Mrs 7.Jeigu Džeinei būtų aiškiai grėsęs pavojus, ponia Bennet would have been miserable; but being satisfied Benet būtų buvusi labia nelaiminga. O dabar, on seeing her that her illness was not alarming, she had nusiraminusi, kad Džeinei nėra nieko baisaus, ji no wish recovering immediately, as her restoration to visai nenorėjo, kad toji greitai pasitaisytų, nes health would probably remove her from Netherfield. pasveikusi turėtų važiuoti iš Neterfildo. 8. She would not listen therefore to her daughter’s 8.Todėl ji nė nesiklausė dukters, kai ši prašėsi proposal of being carried home; neither did the pargabenama namo, ir vaistininkas, kuris apothecary, who arrived about the same time, think it at atvyko daugmaž tuo opat metu, irgi nepatarė all advisable. Gerundijus važiuoti. 9. – Against staying longer, however, Elizabeth was 9.Atvirkščiai, bijodama, kad dėl bereikalingai positively resolved – nor did she much expect it would ilgo viešėjimo nebūtų palaikytos įkyriomis, ji be asked; and fearful, on the contrary, as being ėmė įkalbinėti Džeinę nieko nelaukiant considered as introducing themselves needlessly long, pasiskolinti iš pono Binglio karietą, ir galų gale she urged Jane to borrow Mr Bingley’s carriage jos sutarė pasakyti aie savo norą tą rytą išvažiuoti immediately, and at length it was settled that their iš Neterfildo ir paprašyti karietos. original design of leaving Netherfield that morning should be mentioned, and the request made. 10.This roused a general astonishment; and he had the 10.Nustebimas buvo didžiulis, ir ponui Benetui pleasure of being eagerly questioned by his wife and teko laimė vienu metu išgirsti daugybę five daughters at once, Gerundijus klausimų, su kuriais nekantraudamos jį užpuolė

žmona ir visos penkios dukterys. 11. In his library he had been always sure of leisure and 11.Savo bibliotekoje jis visada turėdavo tranquillity; and though prepared, as he told Elizabeth, garantuotą ramybę, ir nors, kaip sake Elizabetai, to meet with folly and conceit in every other room in buvo įpratęs susidurti su kvailybe ir išpuikumu the house, he was used to be free from them there; his bet kuriame rūmų kambaryje, šičia nuo tų dalykų civility, therefore, was most prompt in inviting Mr išsivaduodavo. Todėl jo mandagumas siūlant Collins to join his daughters in their walk; and Mr ponui Kolinsui eiti pasivaikščioti drauge su jo Collins, being in fact much better fitted for a walker dukterimis buvo labai įtaigus, o ponas Kolinsas, than a reader, was extremely well pleased to close his iš tikro daug labiau linkęs vaikščioti negu large book, and go. skaityti, be galo patenkintas užvertė savo storą knygą ir išėjo. 12. His father, Miss Bennet, the late Mr Darcy, was one 12.Jo tėvas, panele Benet, vėlionis ponas Darsis, of the best men ever breathed, and the truest friend I buvo puikiausias žmogus, kokių reta pasauyje, ir have ever had; and I can never be in company with this ištikimiausias mano draugas, ir būtant kur drauge Mr Darcy without being grieved to the soul by a su ponu Darsiu mane iki širdies gelmių kamuoja thousand tender recollections. Gerundijus tūkstančiai malonių prisiminimų. 13.‘I can much more easily believe Mr Bingley’s being 13.-Man daug lengviau patikėti, kad dėl jo imposed on, than that Mr Wickham should invent such apsigavo ponas Binglis, negu įsivaizduoti, kad a history of himself as he gave me last night; names, ponas Vikhemas susigalvojo tą istoriją apie save, facts, every thing mentioned without ceremony. kurią Gerundijus 14. She had fully proposed being engaged by Wickham 14.Ji buvo tvirtai numačiusi, kad šiems šokiams for those very dances: - and to have Mr Collins instead! ją pakvies ponas Vikhemas, o dabar teks šokti su Kolinsu. 15. But in an instant arose the dreadful suspicion of his 15..Bet dabar akimirksiu jai kilo baisus įtarimas, beingpurposelyomitted for Mr Darcy’s pleasure in the kad norėdmas įsiteikti Darsiui Binglis tyčia Bingleys’ invitation of the officers; and though this was neįrašė Vikhemo į kviečiamų karininkų sąrašą. Ir not exactly the case, the absolute fact of his absence was nors iš tiesų buvo ne visai taip, bet tą faktą, kad pronounced by his friend Mr Denny, to whom Lydia Vkhemo tikrai nebus, patvirtino jo draugas ponas eagerly applied, and who told them that Wickham had Denis, atsakydamas į aktualų Lidijos klausimą. been obliged to go to town on business the day before, Pasakęs, kad Vikhemas turėjo išvažiuoti su and was not yet returned; adding, with a significant reikalais į Londoną ir dar negrįžo, reikšmingai smile. Gerundijus šyptelėjęs pridūrė: 16. Elizabeth made no answer, and took her place in the 16..Elizabeta nieko neatsakė ir nuėjo į šokėjų set, amazed at the dignity to which she was arrived in eilę,stebėdamasi, kad jai teko tokia garbė stovėti being allowed to stand opposite to Mr Darcy, and šalia pono Darsio, ir savo kaimynių akyse reading in her neighbours’ looks their equal amazement matydama tokią pat nuostabą. in beholding it. 17. You are very cautious, I suppose, as to its being 17.Tikriausiai jūs labai stengiatės, kad niekas created? jūsų nesupykintų. 18‘I have not a doubt of Mr Bingley’s sincerity’, said 18.– Neturiu jokių abejonių dėl pono Binglio Elizabeth warmly; but you must excuse my notbeing nuoširdumo, - maloniai pasakė Elizabeta, - bet convinced by assurances only. atleisk – manes nepatenkina vien patikslinimai. 19. On their being joined by Mr Bingley himself, 19.Kai prie mūsų prisidėjo ponas Binglis, Elizabeth withdrew to Miss Lucas; to whose inquiry Elizabeta nuėjo pas panelę Lukas. Vos ji spėjo after pleasantness for her last partner she had scarcely atsakyti į draugės klausimą, kaip patiko replied, before Mr Collins came up to them, and told paskutinysis partneris, prie jų priėjo ponas her with great exultation that he had just been so Kolinsas ir džiūgaudamas pasakė, kad turėjęs fortunate as to make a most important discovery. laimę padaryti svarbų atradimą. 20. And with a low how he left her to attack Mr Darcy, 20..Jis atidžiai stebėjo, kaip Darsis sutiks jo whose reception of his advances she eagerly watched, kreipimąsi, ir aiškiai mate, kad jis nustebo. and whose astonishment at being so addressed was

very evident. 21.I do assume you that I am not one of those young 21.Patikėkit, aš nesu iš tų panelių, kurios drįsta ladies who are so daring as to risk their happiness on rizikuoti savo laime, pasikliaudamis, kad joms the chance of being asked a second time. bus pasipiršta antrą kartą. 22. I would rather be paid the compliment of 22.Man būtų mieliau, jei teiktumėtės patikėti beingbelieved sincere. mano atvirumu. 23. They agreed that Mrs Bennet should only hear of 23.Jiedvi sutarė motinai pasakyti vien tai, kad the departure of the family, without being alarmed on Bingliai išvažiavo, ir negąsdinti jos dėl pono the score of the gentleman’s conduct: but even this Binglio ketinimų. Tačiau netgi ši žinia ją labai partial communication gave her a great deal of concern, sujaudino, ir ji ėmėsi aimanuoti dėl tokios and she bewailed it as exceedingly unlucky that the nesėkmės, kad damos išvažiavo kaip tik tada, kai ladies should happen to go away, just as they were all pradėjo artimai draugauti su jos dukromis. getting so intimate together. 24. The very first sentence conveyed the assurance of 24..Pats oirmas sakinys patvirtino, kad jie įsikūrė their being all settled in London for the winter, and Londone visai žiemai ir kad jos brolis concluded with her brother’s regret at not having had apgailestauja nespėjęs pareikšti pagarbos savo time to pay his respects to his friends in Hertforshire draugams Herfordšyre prieš išvažiuodamas. before he left the country. 25. Next to being married, a girl likes to be crossed in 25..Merginos mėgsta ne tik ištekėti, bet love a little now and then. retkarčiais ir įsimylėti. 26. Her aunt assured her that she was; and Elizabeth 26.Teta užtikrino esanti patenkinta, Elizabeta having thanked her for the kindness of her hints, they padėkojo jai už geranoriškas pastabas ir jos parted; a wonderful instance of advice being given on išsiskyrė, pademonstravusios pavyzdį, kaip be such a point without being resented. pykčio gali būti priimtas toks subtilus patarimas. 27. Lady Catherine will not think the worse of you for 27.Ledi Katerina nepagalvos apie jus blogiau, jei beingsimplydressed. būsite apsirengusi paparastai. 28. Sir William stayed only a week at Hunsford; but his 28.Seras Viljamas praleido Hansforde tiktai visit was long enough to convince him of his daughter’s savaitę, bet šio laiko jam pakako įsitikinti, kad jo being most comfortably settled, and for her possessing duktė įsikūrusi patogiai ir turi tokį vyrą ir tokią such a husband and such a neighbour as were not often kaimynę, kokių reta pasitaiko. met with. 29.She was engaged one day, as she walked, in re- 29.Vieną dieną ji vaikštinėdama skaitė Džeinės perusing Jane’s last letter, and dwelling on some laišką ir galvojo apie nelinksmas jo vietas, ir labai passages which proved that Jane had not written in nustebo, kai pakėlusi akis išvydo ne poną Darsį, spirits, when, instead of being again surprized by Mr bet pulkininką Ficviljamą. Darcy, she saw on looking up that Colonel Fitzwilliam was meeting her. 30. These bitter accusations might have been 30.Gal šie sunkūs priekaištai nebūtų tokie suppressed had I with greater policy concealed my žiaurūs, jeigu aš būčiau įžvalgiai nuslėpęs nuo struggles, and flattered you into the belief of my jūsų savo vidines abejones ir būčiau beingimpelled by unqualified, unalloyed inclination by pamaloninęsjus, pareikšdamas apie savo didžiulę reason, by reflection, by every thing. aistrą, kurios nenuslopina nei protas, nei abejonės, nei niekas kitas. 31.He had found the law a most unprofitable study, and 31.Teisės studijos jam pasirodė nenaudingos ir jis was now absolutely resolved on being ordained, if I dabar tvirtai apsisprendęs atsidėti kunigystei, would present him to the living in question – of which jeigu tik duosiu jam parapiją; tuo jis beveik he trusted there could be little doubt, as he was well neabejojo, nes gerai žinojo, kad daugiau ką remti assured that I had no other person to provide for, and I aš neturiu, be to, negalėsiu paminti savo velionio could not have forgotten my revered father’s intentions. tėvo valios. 32. He then handed her in, Maria followed, and the door 32.Ji įsodino ją karieton, paskui Mariją, ir tik was on the point of being closed, when he suddenly prieš užsidarant durelėms su nemenku siaubu reminded them, with some consternation that they had priminė joms, kad jos pamiršo ko nors palinkėti

hitherto forgotten to leave any message for the ladies at Rouzingo damoms. Rosings. 33. Lord, how ashamed I should be of 33.Dieve, jei aš iki to laiko neištekėsiu, tai notbeingmarried before three-and-twenty. tikriausiai numirsiu iš gėdos. 34. She was now, on being settled at home, at leisure 34.Dabar, gyvendama namie, ji turėjo daugybę to observe the real state of her sister’s spirits. progų iššaiškinti tikrą savo sesers dvasinę būseną. 35. A most negative followed the last question – and her 35.Į paskutinį klausimą išgirdusi taip lauktą alarms being now removed, she was at leisure to feel a neigiamą atsakymą ir gerokai apsiraminusi, ji great deal of curiosity to see the house herself; and ėmė gana smalsaudama laukti apsilankymo tuose when the subject was revived the next morning, and she namuose, o kai kitą rytą kalba apie šį vizitą vėl was again applied to, could readily answer, and with a atsinaujino, ji galėjo lengvai ir gana abejingai proper air of indifference, that she had not really any atsakyti, kad visiškai nėra nusiteikusi prieš tokią dislike to the scheme. mintį. 36. The wall being here lesss heltered than on the other 36..Kadangi krantas šioje pusėje buvo ne taip side, allowed them to see him before they met. apaugęs, jie pamatė jį pirmi. 37. This was s stroke of civility for which she was quite 37.Tokio mandagaus žingsnio ji iš jo tikrai unprepared; and she could hardly suppress a smile at his nesitikėjo ir vos sulaikė neunusišypsojusi iš to, being now seeking the acquaintance of some of those kaip jis dabar prašosi supažindinamas su tais very people against whom his pride had revolted, in his žmonėmis, kuriems taip prišinosi jo išdidumas, offer to herself. kai jai piršosi. 38. She immediately felt that whatever desire Miss 38.Tačiau tuojau pat pajuto, kad panelės Darsi Darcy might have of being acquainted with her must noras susipažinti su ja buvo inspiruotas pono be the work of her brother, and without looking farther, Darsio. Šiaip ar taip, ši permaina Elizabetai it was satisfactory; it was gratifying to know that his neatrodė nepriimtina ir jai buvo malonu žinoti, resentment had not made him think really ill of her. kad jo pasipiktinimas nėra toks didelis, kad jis būtų pradėjęs apie ją blogai galvoti. 39. Georgania’s reception of them was very civil; but 39.Džordana priėmė jas labai maloniai, tačiau iš attended with all that embarrassment which, though drovumo ir baimės padaryti ką nors ne taip buvo proceeding from shyness and the fear of doing wrong, šiek tiek susikausčiusi, ir tai žiūrintiems į ją iš would easily give to those who felt themselves inferior apačios galėjo pasirodyti kaip išdidumas ar the belief of her being proud and reserved. šaltumas. 40. By Mrs Hurst and Miss Bingley, they were noticed 40..Ponia Herst ir panelė Bingli su jomis only by a curtsey; and on their being seated, a pause, pasisveikino tik linkteldamos, ir visoms susėdus awkward as such pauses must always be, succeeded for stojo, kaip dažnai panašiais atvejais esti, a few moments. nemaloni pauzė. 41. However little Mr Darcy might have liked such an 41..Nors ponui Darsiui ir nepatiko tokie žodžiai, address, he contented himself with coolly replying that jis šaltai atsakė, kad jokių pasikeitimų Elizabetos he perceived no other alteration than her being rather veide nepastebėjęs, bent ji kiek labiau įdegusi, bet tanned – no miraculous consequence of travelling in tai visai natūralūs dalykas vasaros kelionių metu. the summer. 42. Elizabeth, though expecting no less, thanked him 42..Ir nors Elizabeta šito ir tikėjosi, ji su ašaromis with tears of gratitude; and all three being actuated by akyse padėkojo dėdei. Vienijami to paties tikslo, one spirit, every thing relating to their journey was jie greitai sutarė nedelsdami išvykti. speedily settled. 43. ‘And till Colonel Foster came himself, not one of 43.-Ir kol neatvažiavo pulkininkas Forsteris, jūs you entertained a doubt, I suppose, of their being really visi neabejojat, kad jie žada susituokti? married?’ 44. When he was gone, they were certain at least of 44.Jam išvykus jie bent jau buvo tikri, kad turės receiving constant information of what is going on, and nuolatinių žinių apie visus įvykius, ir their uncle promised, at parting, to prevail on Mr atsisveikindamas dėdė pažadėjo, kad pasistengs Bennet to return to Longbourn as soon as he could, to įkalbinti poną Bneteą kuo greičiau grįžti į the great consolation of his sister, who considered it as Longburną. Tuo jis labai nuramino savo seserį,

the only security for her husband’s not being killed in kuri tai laikė vienintele garantija, kad jos vyras a duel. nebus nukaustas dvikovoje. 45.His name had never been voluntarily mentioned 45.Dukterėčia nė karto jiems girdint pirmoji before them but her niece; and the kind of half- nepaminėjo jo vardo, nebuvo ir laiško, kurį, expectation which Mrs Gardiner had formed, of their ponios Gardiner manymu, jis galėjo jai parašyti. being followed by a letter from him had ended in nothing. 46. I am not afraid of being overpowered by the 46..Aš nebijau, kad tai sugniuždys mane. impression. 47. Then after a short silence, he continued, „Lizzy, I 47.Paskui kiek patylėjęs jis pasakė; bear you no ill-will for being justified in your advice - Lize, aš visiškai neoykstu dėl to tavo perspėjimo to me last May, which, considering the event, shews gegužės mėnesį, kuris po šito įvykio tik parodo some greatness of mind. tavo įžvalgų protą. 48. As soon as Jane had read Mr Gardiner’s hope of 48.Kai Džeinė perskaitė apie pono Gardinerio Lydia’s being soon married, her joy burst forth, and viltis dėl jų vedybų, ji visa nušvito iš džiaugsmo every following sentence added to its exuberance. ir su kiekvienu nauju sakiniu vis labiau triumfavo. 49. Lydia’s being settled in the North, just when she 49.Lidijosišvykimas šiaurėn, kai ji tikėjosi had expected most pleasure and pride in her company pasidžiaugti ir pasididžiuoti jos draugija, nes vis for she had by no means given up her plan of their dar puoselėjo viltį, jog jiedu apsigyvens residing in Hetofrdshire- was a severe disappointment; Hertfordšyre, buvo jai didelis nusivylimas. Be to, and besides, it was such a pity that Lydia should be jai buvo labai gaila, kad Lidija turės skirtis su taken from a regiment where she was acquainted with pulku, kuriame visus pažįsta ir turi tiek daug every body, and had so many favourites. gerbėjų. 50. His daughter’s request, for such it might be 50.Dukters prašymas leisti prieš išvykstant considered, of being admitted into her family again šiaurėn apsilankyti namuose pono Beneto iš before she set off for the North, received at first an pradžių buvo ryžtingai atmestas. absolute negative. 51. Good gracious! When I went away, I am sure I had 51.O Dieve! Kai iš čia važiavau, man net į galvą no more idea of being married, till I came back again! neatėjo, kad grįšiu jau ištekėjusi, nors tokia mintis visada atrodydavo įdomi. 52.She longed to see Mrs Phillips, the Lucases, and all 52.Ji nekantravo pamatyti ponią Filips, ponus their other neighbours, and to hear herself called „Mrs Lukasus ir visus kitus kaimynus, klausytis, kaip Wickham’ by each of them; and in the meantime, she jie vadina ją “ponia Vikhem”. O kol kas tuojau po went after dinner to shew her ring, and boast of pietų ji nuėjo parodyti žiedo ir pasigirti beingmarried, to Mrs Hill and the two housemaids. vedybomis poniai Hil ir dviem tarnaitėms. 53. Your uncle is as much surprized as I am – and 53.Tavo dėdė yra nustebęs ne mažiau už mane, ir nothing but the belief of your being a party concerned tik įsitikinimas, jog Tu taip pat esi susijusi su would have allowed him to act as he has done. viskuo, kas vyko, leido jam padaryti tai, ką jis padarė. 54. The motive professed was his convention of its 54.Jį skatino kaltės jausmas, jog neatskleidė being owing to himself that Wickham’s worthlessness pažįstamiems Vikhemo niekšiškumo ir neužkirto had not been so well known as to make it impossible for kelio padorioms jaunoms moterims įsimylėti ir any young woman of character to love or confide in pasikliauti juo. him. Gerundijus taip pat 55. Every thing being settled between them, Mr 56..Kai jiedu dėl visko susitarė, atėjo eilė Darcy’s next step was to make your uncle acquainted supažindinti su visu planu Tavo dėdę, ir jis pirmą with it, and he first called in Gracechurch Street the kartą atvažiavo į Greisčerčo gatvę vakare prieš evening before I came home. man grįžtnat namo. 56. But at last your uncle was forced to yield, and 56.Tačiau pagaliau Tavo dėdė turėjo nusileisti ir, instead of being allowed to be of use to his niece, was užuot padėjęs savo dukterėčiai, gavo tenkintis tik forced to put up with only having the probable credit of tuo, kad vaizdavo geradarį, nors tai jam nepatiko.

it, which went sorely against the grain; and I really Manau, kad Tavo laiškas šį rytą jį labai believe your letter this morning gave him great nudžiugino, nes suteikė progą viską paaiškinti ir pleasure, because it required an explanation that would nusimesti nepelnytus laurus, kurie priklauso rob him of his borrowed feathers, and give the praise kitam asmeniui. where it was due. 57. Two obstacles of the five being thus removed, Mrs 57.Kadangi dvi iš penkių kliūčių dingo, ponia Bennet sat looking and winking at Elizabeth and Benet ėmė mirksėti Elizabetai ir Kitei, tačiau jos Catherine for a considerable time, without making any pastangos ilgokai buvo nesuprastos. impression on them. 58.I was told that not only your sister was on the point 58.Man buvo pasakyta ne vien tai, kad jūsų sesuo of being most advantageously married, but that you, rengiasi labai sėkmingai ištekėti, bet kad ir jūs, that Miss Elizabeth Bennet, would, in all like hood, be panelė Elizabeta Benet, netrukus ketinate soon afterwards united to my nephew, my own nephew, susijungti su mano sūnėnu...mano nuosavu Mr Darcy. sūnėnu..ponu Darsiu. 59. Miss Bennet, I insist on being satisfied. 59.Panele Benet, aš reikalauju, kad paaiškintumėte. 60. She followed him thither; and her curiosity to know 60.Ji nuėjo paskui tėvą, apimta smalsumo, ką gi what he had to tell her was heightened by the jis nori jai pasakyti, ir numanydama, kad tai yra supposition of its being in some manner connected susiję su rankoje laikomu laišku. with the letter he held. 61. You shewed me how insufficient were all my 61.Tačiau jūs parodėte man, jog nepakanka vien pretensions to please a woman worthy of being norų, kad patiktum moteriai, kuri to verta. pleased. 62. ‘Your surprise could not be greater than mine in 62.- Jūsų nuostaba negalėjo būti didesnė už being noticed by you. mano, kai pamačiau jus. 63. Four sides of paper were insufficient to contain all 63.Jai neužteko net keturių puslapių išreiktši her delight, and all earnest desire of being loved by her susižavėjimui ir nuoširdžiia vilčiai, jog taps su sister. Elizabeta tikromis seserimis. 64. It had always been evident to her that such an 64.Ji gerai suvokė, kad jiems labai sunku income as theirs, under the direction of two persons so pragyventi iš gaunamų pajamų, kai abu yra tokie extravagant in their wants, and heedless of the future, išlaidūs ir visiškai negalvoja apie ateitį. Tad kai must be very insufficient to their support; and whenever tik jie keldavosi iš vienos vietos į kitą, Elizabeta they changed their quarters, either Jane or herself were arba Džeinė visada sulaukdavo prašymo padėti sure of being applied to for some little assistance išmokėti skolas. towards discharging their bills.

APPENDIX 2 Jane Austen 'Emma' translated by Milda Dyke & Irena Jomantienė (2009) 65.Even before Miss Taylor had ceased to hold the 65.Iš prigimties švelni panelė Teilor dar būdama nominal office of governess, the mildness of her temper guvernantė nedrįso bent kiek Emos varžyti, o had hardly allowed her to impose any restraint; and the dabar, kai neliko nė šėšelio autoriteto, jos gyveno shadow of authority being now passed away they had kaip drauės ir Ema galėjo daryti ką tinkamą – nors been living together as friend and friend very mutually ir labai vertino panelės Teilor nuomonę, ji attached, and Emma doing just what she liked; highly visuomet laikydavosi savo. esteeming Miss Taylor’s judgement, but directed chiefly by her own, 66.Her sister, though comparatively but little removed 66.Toli gražu ne kasdien buvo pasiekiama sesuo, by matrimony, being settled in London, only sixteen nors ištekėjusi persikėlė į Londoną vos už miles off, was beyond her daily reach. šešiolikos mylių. 67. The compliments of hid neighbours were over; he 67.Kaimynų sveikinimų srautas galų gale nutrūko; was no longer teased by being wished joy of so pagaliau jų liovėsierzinę džiaugsmingi linkėjimai sorrowful an event; and the wedding-cake, which had tokia liūdna proga; o tiek sielvarto suteikęs been a great distress to him, was all eat up. riebesnio maisto, todėl jis netikėjo, kad kitų žmonių skrandžiai kitokie. 68.Mr Perry was an intelligent, gentlemanlike man, 68.Taip užkluptam ponui Periuibelikosutikti, - whose frequent visits were one of the comforts of Mr. nors tai atrodė ir gerokai prieštaraują natūraliam Woodhouse’s life; and upon being applied to, he could žmonių polinkiui, - kad vestuviniai pyragai tikrai not but acknowledge that wedding-cake might certainly daugeliui gali būti ne į sveikatą, gal net daugumai disagree with many – perhaps with most people, unless žmonių, ypač jei piktnaudžiaujama. taken moderately, 69. She was not struck by any thing remarkably clever 69.Nors Ema ir mate, kad šnekėdama panelė Smit in Miss Smith’s conversation, but she found her neblizga išmintimi, su ja bendrauti buvo malonu, altogether very engaging – not inconveniently shy, not nes pernelyg nesidrovėjo ir buvo šneki, tačiau unwilling to talk – and yet so far from pushing, shewing nelandi, išlaikė deramą pagarbą, atrodė dėkinga už so proper and becoming a deference, seeming so kvietimą į Hartfildą, susižavėjusi jai neįprasta pleasantly grateful for being admitted to Hartfield, and prašmatnią aplinka, - ji elgėsi nuovikiai, todėl so artlessly impressed by the appearance of every thing nusipelnė padrąsinimo. in so superior a style what she had been used to, that she must have good sense and deserve encouragement. 70. Harriet was very ready to speak of the share he had 70.Harieta mielai čiauškėdavo apie tai, kaip jis had in their moonlight walks and merry evening games; dalyvaudavo jų pasivaikščiuojimuose and dwelt a good deal upon his being so very good- mėnesienoje, jų linksmuose vakaro žaidimuose; ji humoured and obliging. nuolat pasakodavo apie jo puikų bųdą ir paslaugumą. 71.“I wish you may it get into a scrape, Harriet, 71.-Nenorėčiau, kad patektumėte į nepatogią whenever he does marry; - I mean, as to being situaciją, Harieta, kai jis ves, - noriu pasakyti, acquainted with his wife – for though his sisters, from susipažindama su jo žmona; nors seserys ir a superior education, are not to be altogether objected to, deramai išsilavinusios, tai visiškai nereiškia, kad it does not follow that he might marry any body at all fit jis ves tokią, kuri būtų verta tavo dėmesio. for you to notice. 72. She had already satisfied that he thought Harriet a 72.Kol kas pakako, kad Harieta jam atrodo daili, ir beautiful girl, which she trusted with such frequent tai jau gana rimtas dėmesio ženklas, turint galvoje meetings at Hartfield, was foundation enough on his būsimus dažnus susitikimus Hartfilde; o dėl side; and on Harriet’s there could be little doubt that the Harietos Ema beveik neabejojo, - vien mintis,kad idea of being preferred by him would have all the usual patinka jam, padarys savo. weight and efficacy. 73. You are so much used to live alone, that you do not 73.Įpratote gyventi vienas, todėl nė nenumatote, the value of a companion; and, perhaps no man can be a ko verta kompanija, o ir joks vyras turbūt good judge of the comfort a woman feels in the society nesuvokia, kokia miela moteriai moteriška of one of her own sex, after being used to it all her life. draugija, kai ji visą gyvenimą prie to pripratusi. 74.Then here is my last, “ – unclosing a pretty sketch of 74.Jai nedaug truko iki pabaigos, kai aš jį mečiau a gentleman in small size, whole-length – “my last and suirzusi ir prisiekusi niekuomet nesiimti portreto. my best my brother, Mr. John Knightley – This did not want much of being finished, when I put it away in a pet, and vowed I would never take another likeness. 75. I could not help being provoked; for after all my 75.Niekaip neatsisprisiu pagundai; mat kai po pains, and when I had really made a very good likeness visų kančių iš tiesų nupiešiau puikų atvaizdą, tiktai of it-only too handsome – too flattering – but that was a per gražų – per daug įsiteikiantį portretuojamajam, fault on the right side – after all this, come poor dear tačiau toks trūkumas juk tik į naudą, - po viso šito Isabella’s cold approbation of – “Yes, it was a little like- sulaukiau šalto Izabelės pritarimo: “ Taip, šiek tiek but to be sure it did not do him justice.” panašus, bet tikrai neperteikia esmės.” 76. There was no being displeased with such an 76.Kodėl dailininkė būtų turėjusi bodėtis tokiu encourager, for his admiration made by him discern a paskatinimu, - susižavėjusios akys įžvelgdavo likeness almost before it was possible. panašumą dar prieš šiam atsirandant.

77. Mr. Elton was to take the drawing to London, chuse 78.Taigi ponas Eltonas turėjo nugabenti piešinį į the frame, and give the directions; and Emma thought Londoną, išrinkti ir užsakyti rėmus; Ema mane she could so pack it as to ensure its safety without much mokėsianti paveikslą supakuoti taip, kad ir jam incommoding him, while he seemed mostly fearful of niekas negrės, ir ponas Eltonas nebus per daug not being incommoded enough. apsunkintas; o jis atrodė labiausiai bijąs būti per mažai apsunkintas. 78.However, I do really think Mr. Martin in a very 78.Vis dėlto manau, kad ponas Martinas labai amiable young man, and have a great opinion of him; mielas jaunuolis, labai jį gerbiu, jis toks man and his being so much attached to me – and his writing palankus, parašė man tokį laišką, bet palikti jus – such a letter - but as to leaving you, it is what I would to aš nepadaryčiau nieku gyvu. not do upon any consideration. 79. Emma assured her there would be no difficulty in the 79.Ema tikino, kad atsakymą parašyti visai answer, and advised its being written directly, which was paprasta, patarė rašyti tiesisi, ir Harieta sutiko agreed to, in the hope of her assistance; and though vildamasi, jog Ema padės; tegul ir toliau Emma continued to protest against any assistance being priešindamasi, tikindama, kad jokios jos pagalbos wanted, it was in fact given in the formation of every nereikia, Ema, tiesą sakant, padėjo suformuluoti sentence. kone kiekvieną sakinį. 80. “One should be sorry to see greater pride or 80.-Ir gaila, kad mokyklos mokytoja neturi refinement in the teacher of a school, Harriet, I dare say daugiau išdidumo ar subtilumo, Harieta. Manau, Miss Nash would envy you such an opportunity as this panelė Neš pavydėtų tau šios galimybės ištekėti”. of being married. 81. “At his moment, perhaps, Mr. Elton is shewing you 81.-Verčiau pagalvokime aie tuos mūsų draugus, picture to his mother and sisters, telling how much more kurie linksmiau leidžia laiką! – sušuko Ema. – beautiful is the original, and after being asked for it five Ponas Eltonas galbūt jau rodo tavo portretą savo or six times, allowing them to hear your name, your own motinai ir seserims, pasakodamas, kad originalas dear name.” yra gražesnis, ir paklaustas penketą šešetą kartų pasako joms tavo vardą, tavo mielą vardą. 82.He came to ask me whether I thought it would be 82.Jis atvyko paklausti mano nuomonės: ar nebūtų imprudent in him to settle so early; whether I thought her neapdairu jam jau dabar pradėti šeimyninį too young: in sport, whether I approved his choice gyvenimą, ar man neatrodo, kad ji per jauna, altogether; having some apprehension perhaps of her trumpai tariant, ar aš iš viso pritariu jo being considered as in a line of society above him. pasirinkimui, 83. It crossed my mind immediately that you would not 83.Man iš karto dingtelėjo, kad jūs regret your friend’s leaving Highbury, for the sake if her neprieštarausute, jei jūsų bičiulė išvyks iš being settled so well. Haiberio, nes išvykusi ji taip puikiai įsikurs. 84. Robert Martin would never have proceeded so far, if 84.Robertas Martinas nebūtų ryžęsis tokiam he had not felt persuaded of her not being disciplined to žingsniui, jeigu jo nebūtų padrąsinęs jos him. palankumas. 85. Emma was soon perfectly satisfied of Mr. Martin’s 85.Netrukus Emma pasijuto visai patenkinta: being no otherwise remembered, than as he furnished a ponas Martinas buvo prisimenamas vien kaip contrast with Mr. Elton, of the utmost advantage to the priešingybė Eltonui, itin pabrėžianti pastorojo latter. pranašumą. 86. The name makes me think of poor Isabella; for she 86.Šis vardas man primena Izabelę, jos vos was very near being christened Catherine after her nepakrikštijome senelės Katerinos vardu. grandmamma. 87. He thought much of the evils of the journey for her, 87.Jis jaudinosi ir dėl visų kelyje tykančių and not a little of the fatigues of his own horses and negandų, ir dėl to, ar nenuvargs jo arkliai ir coachman who were to bring some of the party the last vežikas, turintys gabenti keliautojus paskutinę half of the way; but his alarms were needless; the sixteen paskutinę kelio dalį. Tačiau būgštavo be reikalo: miles being happily accomplished, and Mr. and Mrs. šešiolika mylių buvo sėkmingos įveiktos, ir ponai John Knightley, their five children, and a competent Naitliai, penketas jų vaikučių ir gausu būrelis number of nursery – maids, all reaching Hartfield in auklių be kliūčių pasiekė Hartfildą.

safety. 88. But between us, I am convinced there never can be 88.Tačiau, tarp mūsų, - manau, niekuomet tokia any likeness, except in being unmarried. netapsiu ir vienintelis panašumas bus tas, kad mes abi netekėjusios. 89. “I am sorry to find, my love, that my father does not 89.-Aš labai susijaudinusi, mielasis, nes ką tik think you looking well – but hope it is only from being išgirdau, kad tėčiui anaiptol nepasirodė sveikas; a little fatigued. “ tikiuosi, tai tik dėl nedidelio nuovargio. 90.Harriet, Mr. Elton, and Mr. Knightley, their own 90.Harieta, ponas Eltonas ir ponas Naitlis, especial set, were the only persons invited to meet them; artimiausi šeimos draugais, irgi buvo pakviesti, bet - the hours were to be early, as well as the numbers few; žmonių neturėjo būti daug, ir pietauti ketinti anksti Mr. Woodhouse’s habits and inclination being – visur buvopaisoma pono Vudhauso įpročių ir consulted in every thing. polinkų. 91.The evening before this great event had been soent 91.Šio didžio įvykio išvakarėse Harieta praleido by Harriet at Hartfield, and she had gone home so much vakarą Hartfilde ir išėjo tokia peršalusi, kad jei pati indisposed with a cold, that, but for her own earnest wish nebūtų nuoširdžiai norėjusi, jog ją slaugytų ponia of being nursed by Mrs. Goddard, Emma could not Gordard, Ema nieku gyvu nebūtų jos išleidusi. have allowed her to leave the house. 92.The snow were finding their way down, and the sky 92.Viena kita snaigė sūkuriavo ore ir tūpė ant had the appearance of being so overcharged as to want žemės, o dangus regėjosi apniukęs ir tik only a milder air to produce a very white world in a very laukiantis, kol truputį atleis šaltį, kad galėtų short time. akimirksiu baltai užkloti pasaulį. 93. I think you will agree with me, I think I shall 94.Tikiuosi, pritarsite – jūs, Ema, be abejonės, o certainly have your approbation, though Mr. Knightley pas Naitlis greičiausia prates prie didesnių perhaps, from being used to the large parties of London, Londono pobūvių, tad jam gali ir keistoki mūsų may not quite enter into our feeling. jausmai. 95. Mr. Weston was a great favourite and there was not 95.Poną Vestoną ji labai mėgo, ir turbūt visame a creature in the world to whom she spoke with such pasaulyje nebūtų radusi kitos būtybės, su kuria unreserve, as to his wife; not any one, to whom she galima šnekučiuotis taip nesivaržant kaip su jo related with such conviction of being listened to and žmona; nebuvo kito žmogaus, kuriam ji galėtų understood, of being always interesting and always papasakoti. – visiškai tikra, kad busišklausyta ir intelligible, the little affairs, arrangements, perplexities, suprasta, nesibaimindama pasirodytineįdomi ar and pleasures of her fathers and herself. kvailoka, apie visus smulkius savo ir tėvo reikalėlius, susitarimus, nerimą ir džiaugsmą. 96. That Mr. and Mrs. Weston did think of it, she was 96.Na, bent jau ponas ir ponia Vestonai, tuo Ema very strongly persuaded; and though not meaning to be buvo įsitikinusi; ir nors neketino lesitis induced by him, or by any body else, to give up a suviliojama bei jo, nei ko nors kito, nesiruošė situation which she believed more replete with good keisti dabartinės savo padėties, turinčios tiek daug than any she could change it for, she had a great curiosity pranašumų, į kokią nors kitą, nesvarbu, kokią, vis to see him, a decided intention of finding him pleasant, vien buvo smalsu pamatyti Franką, įsitikinti, kad of being liked by him to a certain degree, and a sort of jis malonus, šiek tiek jam patikti, o mintis, jog pleasure in the idea of their being coupled in their bičiulių vaizduotė jau sujungė juos į porą, friends’ imaginations. atrodydavo dar patrauklesnė. 97. The horror of being blocked up at Randalls, while 97.Su siaubu įsivaizdavo, kad ji užsnigta her children were at Hartfield, was full in her Randalse, o vaikai tuo metu Hartfilde, ir imagination; and fancying the road to be now just galvodama apie kelią, tokiu metu įveikiamą tik passable for adventurous people, but in a state that nutrūgalviams, bet jausdama, kad delsti negalima, admitted no delay, she was eager to have it settled, that šokosi kuo greičiau viską spręsti: tėvas ir Ema her father and Emma should remain at Randalls, while tegul lieka Randalse, o ji su vyru turi išvykti tuoj she and her husband set forward instantly through all the pat, kad ir kaip sniegas sunkintų kelionę. possible accumulations of drifted snow that might impede them. 98.She had not time to know how Mr. Elton took the 98.Ema nespėjo sužinoti, kaip ponas Eltonas

reproof, so rapidly did another subject succeed; for Mr. sureagavo į jos nebylų priekaištą, - pokalbis greitai John Knightley now came into the room from examining pakrypo kita linkme, mat iš kiemo grįžo ponas the weather, and opened on them all with information of Džonas Naitlis ir kreipdamasis į visus pranešė, kad the ground being covered with snow, and of its still žemė užsnigta, toliau smarkiai sninga, pučia snowing fast, with a strong drifting wind; concluding stiprus vėjas, o baigdamas kreipėsi į poną with these words to Mr. Woodhouse: Vudhausą: 99.Isabella stept in after her father; John Knightley, 99.Izabelė įlipo paskui tėvą, o Džonas Naitlis, forgetting that he did not belong to their party, stept in pamiršęs, kad nepriklauso tai kompanijai, kaip after his wife very naturally; so that Emma found, on įpratęs žengė paskui žmoną; taigi kai ponas being escorted and followed into the second carriage by Eltonas palydėjo Emą ir įlipęs paskui ją į antrąją Mr. Elton, that the door was to be lawfully shut on them, karietą užsidarė duris, ši suprato, kad jiedu vyks and that they were to have a tete-a-tete drive. tetea-tete. 100. Here have I,” said she, “actually talked poor Harriet 100.-Iš tiesų, - kalbėjo ji,- tai aš įtikinau Harietą, into being very much attached to his man. kad ji myli šį vyriškį. 101. Their being fixed, so absolutely fixed, in the same 101.Labai blogai, kad visi trys taip pririšti, place, was bad for each, for all three. visiškai pririšti prie šios vietos. 102. She was the first to announce it to Mr. Knightley; 102.Ji pirmoji tai pranešė ponui Naitliui ir net and exclaimed quite as much as was necessary, (or, šūktelėjo reikšdama deramą, o gal net kiek didesnį, being acting a part, perhaps rather more,) at the conduct nes gerai atliko savo vaidmenį, pasipiktinimą tokiu of the Churchills, in keeping him away. Čerčilių elgesiu – kodėl jie jį sulaikę! 103. “You will excuse my being so much over- 103.-Gal atleiskite man, jei neįsiliesiuį tą visuotinį powered.” džiūgavimą. 104. Emma knew what was coming; they must have the 104.Ji viską išklausė pavyzdingai susidomėjusi, letter over again, and settle how long he had been gone, kur reikėjo, įterpdama pagyrimų ir vis ką nors and how much he was engaged in company, and what a tarstelėdama, kad Harietai nereikėtų kalbėti. favourite he was whenever he went, and how full the Master of the Ceremonies’ ball had been; and she went through it very well, with all the interest and all the commendation that could be requisite, and always putting forward to prevent Harriet’s being obliged to say a word. 105.By birth she belonged to Highbury; and when at 105.Ji gimė Haiberyje, o kai būdama trejų metukų three years old, on losing her mother, she became the neteko motinos ir tapo senelės bei tetos vienintele property, the charge, the consolation, the founding of her nuosavybe, didžiausiu turtu, paguoda lepūnėle, grandmother and aunt, there had seemed very atrodė, kad čia pasiliks visam laikui;kad probability of her being permanently fixed there; of her išsilavinimą ji tegaus kokį, kokį leis jų kišenė, kad being taught only what very limited means could taip užaugs, neįgijusi nei deramų ryšių ir command, and growing up with no advantages of visuomenėje, nei galimybės tobulėti, turės tenkinti connexion or improvement, to be engrafted on what tuo, ką jai davė gamta, maloniu būdu, nuovojumu, nature had given her in a pleasing person, good gera širdimi, dėmesingumu ir mokėjimu įtikti understanding, and warm-hearted, well-meaning žmonėms. relations. 106. During his present short stay, Emma had barely 106.Per tą trumpą sugrįžimą Ema jo beveik seen him; but just enough to feel that the first meeting nebuvo sutikusi, bet neilgo susidūrimo pakako, was over, and to give her the impression of his not kad jai susidarytų įspūdis, jog įžeista savimeilė ir beingimproved by the mixture of pique and pretension, dabartinės pretenzijos, švienčiančios iš visos jo now spread over his air. laikysenos, jo charakterio nepatobulino. 107. I have the honor of being acquaintened with a 107.Turiu garbės pažinti jūsų kaimynę, - jis neighbor of yours, a lady residing in or near Highbury; atsisuko į Emą, - netoliese gyvenančią damą iš a family of the name of Fairfax. Fertaksų šeimos. 108. He had been sitting with her, it appeared, most 108.Pasirodo, jis niekur nėjo iš namų, draugiškai companionably at home, till her usual hour of exercise; prasidėjo su ja, kol išmušė įprastą

and on being desired to chuse their walk, immediately pasivaiksčiojimų valandą, o paragintas pasirinkti, fixed on Highbury. kur eiti, tučtuojau pasirinko Haiberį. 109. At last he was persuaded to move on from the front 109.Pagaliau pavyko prišnekinti jį atsiplėšti nuo to of the Crown; and being now almost facing the house “Karūnos užeigos”, ir dabar jie beveik priėjo where the Bateses lodged, Emma recollected his namą, kuriame gyveno ponia ir panelė Beits. Ema intended visit the day before, and asked him if he had prisiminė. Kad anądien jis rengėsi jas aplankyti, ir paid it. paklausė, ar įvykdė pažadą. 110. You are not afraid of being supposed ashamed. 110.Nebijokite, kiti nepamanys, kad jums gėda. 111. Mr. Dixon’s preference of her music to her friend’s, 111.Kad ponas Diksonas labiau vertina Džeinės, o I can answer for being very decided. ne jos draugės grojimą, garantuoju, galite neabejoti. 112. Emma wished he would be less pointed, yet could 112.Ema nenorėjo, kad jis taip tiesiai lenktų į not help beingamused; and when on glancing her eye tikslą, tačiau negalėjo susivaldyti nesismaginusi; towards Jane Fairtax she caught the remains of a smile, o kai, akies krašteliu žvilgtelėjusi į Džeinę, išvydo when she saw that with all the deep blush of slepiamą šypseną ir tiršto susidrovėjimo raudonio consciousness, there had been a smile of secret delight, nupliekstame veide žaidžiantį ir slapto se had less scruple in the amusement, and much less pasimėgavimo šešėlį, galėjo sau linksmintis be compunction with respect to her. jokio sąžinės graužimo. 113. “Ah! Sir – but a thoughtless young person will 113.-Taip, bet koks nors nerūpestingas jaunas sometimes step behind a window-curtain, and throw up žmogus kartais užlenda už užuolaidos ir praveria a sash, without its being suspected. langą niekam nė neįtariant. 114. If I could be sure of the rooms being thoroughly 114.Jei galėčiau neabejoti, kad kambariai aired – but is Mrs. Stokes to be trusted? busišvėdinti…Bet ar galime pasitikėti ponia Stouks? 115. Mrs. Weston was afraid of draughts for the young 115.Ponia Veston nuogąstavo, kad svečius tuose people in that passage; and neither Emma nor the praėjimuose supūs skersvėjai, bet nei Emai, nei gentlemen could tolerate the prospect of being džentelmenai nenorėjo per pietus sėdėti taip miserably crowded at supper. siaubingai susipausdę. 116. The party did not break up without Emma’s being 116.Prieš skirstantis vakaro didvyris dar spėjo positively secured for the two first dances by the hero pakviesti Emą pirmųjų dviejų šokių, o Ema išgirsti of the evening, nor without her overhearing Mr. Weston poną Vestoną šnibždant žmonai: “Jis ją pakvietė, whisper to his wife, “He has asked her, my dear.” brangioji.” 117. One thing only was wanting to make the prospect 117.Kad Ema galėtų ramia širdimi laukti of the ball completely satisfactory, to Emma its being artėjančio pokylio, trūko vieno vienintelio dalyko. fixed for a day within the granted term of Frank Nebuvo aišku, ar jis vyks, Frankui Čerčiliui dar Churchil’s stay in Surry; for, in spite of Mr. Weston’s teisėtai viešint Sarvyje. Nors ponia Veston confidence, she could not think it so very impossible that neabejojo, kad the Churchills might not allow their nephew to remain a Frankas gaus leidimą dar pabūti, Ema nuogąstavo, day beyond his fortnight. jog Čerčiliai gali ir neleisti sūnėnui pasilikti bent dieną ilgiau. 118. Either because he did not dance himself, or because 118.Gal dėl to, kad pats nešoka, o gal kad planas the plan had been formed without being consulted, he buvo parengtas nepasitarus su juo, jis dėjosi seemed resolved that it should not interest him, visiškai nesidominantis, apsimetė, kad determined against its exciting any present curiosity, or pasiruošimas nė kiek nežadina jo smalsumo ir affording him any future amusement. jokios pramogos ji iš to nesitiki. 119. The visit was of course short; and there was so uch 119.Suprntama, vizitas buvo trumpas, o visi tokie embarrassment and occupation of mind to shorten it, that sutrikę, kad tik suko galvą, kaip jį dar patrumpinus, Emma would not allow herself entirely to form an todėl Ema net negalėjo susidaryti aiškesnės opinion of the lady, and on no account to give one, nuomonės apie tą damą ir nesumojo pasakyti ką beyond the nothing-meaning terms of being “elegantly daugiau, vien nieko nereškiančią pastabą, kad dressed, and very pleasing.” nuotaka – elegantiškai apsirengusi ir miela dama. 120. The very first subject after being seated was Maple 120.Susidusi ji išsyk prakalbo apie Klevų Giraitę

Grove, “My brother Mr. Suckling’s seat;” – a – tai “mano svainio, pono Saklingo, namai”, ir comparison of Hartfield to Maple Grove. palygino Hartfildą su Klevų Giraite. 121. The idea of her being indebted to Mrs. Elton for 121.Tačiau ji susivaldė neišrėžusi visų tų what was called an introduction – of her going into priekaištų, tik šaltaipadėkojo poniai Elton: apie public under the auspices of a friend of Mrs. Elton’s – vykimą į Baltą negali būti nė kalbos, be to, vargu probably some vulgar, dashing widow, who, with the ar ta vieta jai tiktų labiau bei tėvui. help of a boarder, just made a shift to live! 122. When I am quite determined as to the time, I am not 122. Esu apsisprendusi, kada imsiu ieškoti darbo, all afraid of being long unemployed. ir visai nebijau, kad teks ilgai laukti. 123. How do you like it? – Selina’s choice – handsome, 123.O jums jis patinka? Tai Selina parinko – man I think, but I do not know whether it is not over-trimmed; regis, daili, tik nežinau, ar ne per daug išpuošta, I have the greatest dislike to the idea of being over- negaliu pakęsti, kai per gausiai išpuošta, tiesiog trimmed – quite a horror of finery. baisiuosi įmantrybėmis. 124. She was nobody when he married her, barely the 124. Kai ponas Čerčilis ją vedė, ji buo niekas, daughter of a gentleman; but ever since her being tiesiog džentelmeno dukra, bet vos tapusi ponia turned into a Churchill she has out – Churcill’d them all Čerčil pranoko visus Čerčilius savo in high and mighty claims: but in herself, I assure you, neaprėpiamomis pretenzijomis, o juk, priesiekiu, she is an upset” tėra išsišokėlė. 125. I have to recommend being comprised in, do not 125.Visa, ką galėčiau patarto, pasakysiu trumpai: spoil them, and do not physic them. nepanaikinkite vaikų, bet ir nesiimkite fizinių bausmių. 126. “There can be no doubt of your being much more 126. – Be abejo, jūs kur kas daugiau laiko engaged with company than you used to be.” praleidžiate su draugija. 127. But her words, every body’s words, were soon lost 127. Žodžius nustelbė nesiliaujantis panelės Beits under the incessant flow of Miss Bates, who came in tarškėjimas; ji žengė vidum šnekėdama, tratėjo ir talking, and had not finished her speech under many priimta į ratelį prie židinio. minutes after her beingadmitted into the circle at the fire. 128. The fever was over, and Emma could harbor little 128. Karštinė baigėsi, Emai beveik nereikėjo fear of the pulse being quickened again by injurious nuogąstauti, kad draugės pulsas ims tankiau plakti courtesy. vėl prisiminus tą skaudų įsimylėjimą. 129. I do not by any means engage for its 129. Ne, aš netvirtinu, jog tavo prielankumas liks beingreturned. be atsako. 130. With some there was great joy at the sight of Frank 130.Kai kurie nuoširdžiai nudžiugo išvydę Franką Churchill; others took it very composedly; but there was Čerčilį, kiti sutiko jį kur kas santūriau; sužinoję, a very general distress and disturbance on Miss Fairfax’s kad panelė Džeinė Ferfaks išėjo, visi susijaudino ir disappearance being explained. nuliūdo. 131. All that remained to be wished was, that the nephew 131.Dabar teliko trokšti, kad sūnėnas iš tiesų should form the attachment ž, as, with all her goodwill susižavėtų ir prisirištų, nes kad ir kokie geri buvo in the cause, Emma coul feel no certainty of its being Emos ketinimai, ji negalėjo jaustis dėl to tikra. alreadyformed. 132. Satisfied that it was so, and feeling it her due, she 132. Patenkinta, kad taip yra, ji jautėsi had enjoyed it without refection; and only in the dread nusipelniusi, džiaugėsi nesusimąstydama, ir tik of being supplanted, found how inexpressibly išsigandusi, jog gali būti pakeisa kita, suprato, important it had been. kaip jai tai svarbu. 133. This one half-hour had given to each the same 133. Šis pusvalandis abiem suteikė tą brangų precious certainty of being beloved, had cleared from tikrumą, kad jie yra mylimi, ir išlaisvino iš each the same degree of ignorance, jealousy, or distrust. nežinojimo, pavydo ar nepasitikėjimo. 134. She did not think it in Harriet’s nature to escape 134. Ema buvo įsitikinusi, kad Harietos prigimtis being benefited by novelty and variety, by the stress, the neleis atsisakytytų malonumų, kurių gali suteikti shops, and the children. naujovės, - miesto gatvės, parduotuvės, vaikai. 135. The housekeeper decared he knew nothing of my 135. Namų tvarkytoja sake nežinojusi, kad aš turiu

being expected. ateiti.