LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES FACULTY OF PHILOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH PHILOLOGY Aneta Narkevič -ING FORMS: THE ANALYSIS OF THEIR MEANING AND STRUCTURE ON THE BASIS OF LITHUANIAN TRANSLATION OF THE SELECTED NOVELS BY JANE AUSTEN MA THESIS Academic advisor: Dr. Judita Giparaitė Vilnius, 2016 LIETUVOS EDUKOLOGIJOS UNIVERSITETAS FILOLOGIJOS FAKULTETAS ANGLŲ FILOLOGIJOS KATEDRA -ING FORMOS: REIKŠMIŲ IR STRUKTŪROS ANALIZĖ BEI VERTIMO STRATEGIJOS JANE AUSTEN ROMANUOSE Magistro darbas Magistro darbo autorė Aneta Narkevič Patvirtinu, kad darbas atliktas savarakiškai, naudojant tik darbe nurodytu šaltinius _______________________________ Vadovas dr. Judita Giparaitė ______________________________ CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... 9 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 10 1. ANALYSIS OF –ING FORMS ............................................................................................ 13 1.1.Traditional view of -ing forms ........................................................................................ 13 1.1.1. -Ing forms: participles or gerunds? ......................................................................... 14 1.1.2. Nominal and verbal properties of ing forms ........................................................... 14 1.1.3. Syntax of –ing forms ............................................................................................... 15 1.1.4. Semantics of –ing .................................................................................................... 16 1.2. The traditional distinction between gerunds and participles .......................................... 17 1.2.1. Difference in form: case of the subject NP ............................................................. 18 1.2.2. No visible distinction in function ............................................................................ 18 1.2.3. No systematic differentiation in aspectuality ......................................................... 19 1.3. Gerund-participles ......................................................................................................... 20 1.3.1. The structure of gerund-participles ........................................................................ 21 1.4. Participles in the Lithuanian language ........................................................................... 21 1.5. Translation of English –ing forms into the Lithuanian Language ................................. 24 1.6. The translation theory .................................................................................................... 26 1.6.1. Shifts or shifts of expression .................................................................................. 27 1.7. Problems of translating –ing forms ................................................................................ 28 2. THE REALISATION OF –ING FORMS IN JANE AUSTEN’S NOVELS 'EMMA' AND 'PRIDE AND PREJUDICE' AND THE TRANSLATION PATTERNS FOR THEIR EQUIVALENTS IN THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE ........................................................ 30 2.1. Classification of the –ing forms ..................................................................................... 30 2.2. The traditional translation of –ing forms ...................................................................... 33 2.2.1. The analysis of the translation strategies ................................................................ 40 2.3. The non-traditional translation of –ing forms ............................................................... 43 2.3.1. The non-traditional combinations for the translation –ing forms ........................... 58 CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................... 65 SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. 67 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 69 SOURCES ................................................................................................................................ 73 APPENDIX 1 ........................................................................................................................... 74 APPENDIX 2 ........................................................................................................................... 79 ABSTRACT The purpose of the research is to investigate English –ing patterns and to analyse their equivalents in the Lithuanian language. The research is conducted in accordance with translation principles proposed by Pažūsis (2014); however, the cases translated using the equivalence strategy, based on the classification proposed by Baker (1992) and Catford (1965), will be analysed in a greater detail. The principal method chosen for the research is contrastive analysis. The data collected for the analysis is 135 sentences with –ing forms selected from the two novels and 135 translated variants of the sentences in the Lithuanian language. The research has revealed that -ing forms are not analogous to their translation options as –ing clauses are equivalent to numerous expressions in the Lithuanian language. Therefore, the research proves that the clasification of –ing forms proposed by Pullum& Huddleston (2002) may be helpful in the translation of –ing forms into the Lithuanian language. INTRODUCTION The process of translation is considered as the most demanded and, at the same time, the most challenging skills, as translators have to preserve the meaning presented in the source language (SL) and fully convey it in the target language (TL). The complexities of the translators' task also involve a full knowledge of the two languages the translators work with, and the relevant choice of means to render the Source Language (SL) text. McArthur (1998, 618) claims that certain phrases or expressions may have several equivalents in the target language rendered at a different level thus being obstacles for translators. For a long time the structure of –ing clauses have been analysed by many linguists. The use and especially translation of such forms cause a mass of problems for translators. Complex semantics and different performance of syntactic functions of such forms are quite challenging issues as they do not have direct equivalents in the Lithuanian language. Due to different language structure and syntactic complexity of–ing forms, the thesis aims at analyzing –ing forms mainly (being + gerunds/present participles) and analysing their equivalents in the Lithuanian language. Both Denison (1993) and Warner (1997)1 emphasize the near -absence in Present-Day English of progressive containing the sequence being + present participle. As pointed out by Denison (1998, 204), in the 19th century there was more freedom to use –ing forms in general and especially (being + gerunds/present participles) construction in comparison to present-day English. That is why, a particular attention should be given to the translation of –ing (being + gerunds/present participles) forms in Jane Austen’s novels, as she is considered one of the last authors using such forms in her novels (Phillips (1970, 115)2. Jane Austen has been highlighted by Phillips (1970, 115) for her frequent use of both the progressive in general and especially for being + gerunds/present participles constructions. Austen seems to have been one of the last authors to use – ing constructions regularly as it was pointed out by Denison (1998, 204). This thesis presents the analysis of –ing forms in accordance to Pullum & Huddleston (2002) theory and their Lithuanian counterparts based on Pažūsis (2014) translation principles. Therefore, the thesis focuses on –ing forms and how the analysis of such forms varies in terms of Pullum & Huddleston (2002) classification of –ing forms and how such forms are realised in the Lithuanian language in accordance to Pažūsis (2014). 1 Denison and Warner (1993) is quoted in Smitterberg, E., The Progressive in 19th – century English – A process of Integration, 2005, New York [accessed in 22nd of April, 2015] [available from]: https://books.google.lt/books?id=63MNejuDwU8C&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&dq=denison+1993+progressive&sou rce=bl&ots=QBmCi4kU2f&sig=zZDW6PFdRo_EejmQsK2g1fNRhbA&hl=lt&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLsey2qoj MAhXLFJoKHfuXAkoQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=denison%201993%20progressive&f=false 2 Information is found in Smitterberg, E., The Progressive in 19th – century English – A process of Integration, 2005, New York The hypothesis of the research is as follows: due to different language systems, the translation of –ing forms causes morphological, syntactic as well as semantic changes; however, in certain cases, –ing constructions may have similar forms with a help of which meaning in the TL is expressed using equivalence strategy. Object of the study: The object of this thesis is –ing (being + gerunds/present participles) forms in English and their equivalents in Lithuanian. The aim of the study is to investigate the meanings of English –ing forms, to analyse and compare features of English and Lithuanian counterparts and to analyse the common translation patterns of Lithuanian translation for the English –ing forms in terms of syntactic and morphological