THE ROLE OF MENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDONESIAN NAVY’S FIRST FLEET TO INCREASE THE OPERATION READINESS OF THE NAVY OFFICER

Musa Hotmatua Sitorus, Apri Suryanta, Sunarno Adi1

Sekolah Staf dan Komando TNI Angkatan Laut, Jakarta ([email protected], [email protected], [email protected])

Abstract - Article 9 of Indonesian Law No. 34 year 2004 concerning Indonesian Defence Forces (TNI) rendering the Navy the task of maritime defense and security that requires of main equipment and weaponry system (Alutsista) such as Indonesian Warship (KRI). The Navy officer as the man who operate the warship requires a fit level of physical and mental to be able to execute the tasks optimally. One thing that is very important in maintaining and developing the mental readiness of navy officer is mental development. In the TNI Commander Decision No. Kep/940/XI/2017 dated November 21, 2017 concerning the Parental Guidelines for the TNI Mental Development Pinaka Baladika stated that the TNI mental development has a strategic role, task and function in building the capability and strength of the TNI for a strong national defense. The object of this research is the implementation of mental development in the First Fleet Command Headquarters, Indonesian Navy. The purpose of this study is to analyze the design of mental development that is conducted in the First Fleet Command Headquarters, Indonesian Navy. The analysis of the article is using role theory as the main theory which according to Levinson that roles related with three things, namely position or status, organization, and behavior. This study uses a qualitative methodology which primary data was obtained by interviews with officials at the First Fleet Command Headquarters who have duties for arranging, managing, executing, and evaluating mental development, and adding with navy officer representation. Meanwhile, secondary data was obtained by literature studies such as books, journals, magazines, letter of decisions, and etc. Data processing techniques was carried out by reducing data, presenting data, and drawing conclusions, using tools equipment NVIVO 12 plus for data coding. In this research, it was found that mental development at the First Fleet Command Headquarters had not managed its role optimally. One of the indicator is there are no position of a mental psychology officer, mental ideological officer, and mental traditional tradition officer in the organizational structure of First Fleet Command HQ. Mental development activities had not managed in accordance with the principles of modern management, especially in the planning level. Keywords: mental development, operation readines, first fleet command, Indonesian Navy, motivation.

Introduction Weapon System/SSAT), such as the The Article 9 of Law 34/2004 gives the Republic of Indonesia Warship (KRI). The Navy a duty as a means of national existence of KRI in Indonesian waters has defense and security at sea which, in a deterrence effect, not only for foreign carrying out its tasks, requires a manned vessels intending to violate the weaponry system (Integrated Naval Indonesian sovereign territory, but also

1 Applied Maritime Operation Study Program of the Seskoal.

The Role of Mental Development of Indonesian … | M. H. Sitorus, A. Suryanta, S. Adi | 89 for ships intending to violate the law at physical readiness must be supported by Indonesian waters. mental readiness so they can carry out The task of maintaining the their duties properly. After all, only sovereignty and security of the soldiers who have mental fortitude are archipelagic sea by the Navy is held by able to carry out heavy tasks such as the building 3 (three) forces in the Indonesian tasks carried out by the soldiers of Navy, namely Fleet Command I Koarmada I. (Koarmada I) based in Jakarta, Fleet Based on the annual report for the Command II (Koarmada II) in Surabaya, 2016-2018 period of the Fleet Command East Java and Fleet Command III Headquarter – Provos Unit Detachment (Koarmada III) in Sorong, Papua. (Mako Koarmada I), annual report of the Koarmada I as an organization Koarmada I Military Police in 2016 - 2018, requires personnel or soldiers to carry out and the annual reports of the Jakarta the tasks in accordance with the Naval Main Base III Military Police in 2016 regulatory mandate, and it can be said - 2018, the most frequent violation that the achievement of success for all committed by soldiers each year is the tasks that have been determined is desertion and absence. TNI Commander very dependent on the soldiers as the Gen. Gatot Nurmantyo (2015) has stated organization’s shipmate, KRI officers, KRI that desertion and drug abuse are the personnel and main equipment and disciplinary offenses found most weaponry system (alutsista) officers. frequently in the Indonesian National Soldiers that are needed to be able Armed Forces throughout 2015. to carry out the tasks of the Navy are According to the Military Police, desertion soldiers who have good physical and is the highest recorded disciplinary mental readiness as a soldier of the sea. offense over the past two years.2 Such readiness can only be obtained by One source of triggers for absence, conducting planned, measurable, and desertion or drug abuse is the influence of sustainable training — both physical and globalization and technological mental development. The soldiers’ developments in the lives or behavior of

2 Abraham Utama, “Desersi dan Kejahatan 85558-20-104491/desersi-dan-kejahatan- Narkotika: Pelanggaran Tertinggi TNI”, CNN narkotika-pelanggaran-tertinggi-tni, accessed Indonesia, 15 Januari 2016, dalam https: on 1 October 2019. //www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/201601150

90 | Jurnal Petahann & Bela Negara | Deceeber 2019, Volume 9 Number 3 soldiers. The negative impact of ideology-mental development, and globalization and technological mental-struggle development in development is a consumptive, Koarmada I. In addition, the hedonistic lifestyle. Many people are implementation of mental-spiritual offered attractive advertisements to own training has received lackluster attention. a product with the latest technology, This study aims to analyze the such as a cellphone, cars and so on. If a implementation of mental development soldier is trapped in a hedonist and in the Fleet Command Headquarter I to consumptive lifestyle yet mediocre salary, support the mental readiness of soldiers the soldiers will experience anxiety or in carrying out their duties. The research stress. Stress will greatly affect the tasks was conducted through interviews with at hand. Soldiers cannot concentrate fully officials in the Fleet Command on their duties which results in Headquarter I who have the duty and inadequate achievement of these tasks. responsibility to organize mental Oftentimes, stress results in disciplinary development. Interviews were also or criminal offenses. carried out on several soldiers serving in The object of this study is the the Fleet Command Headquarters I as mental development (Bintal) performed objects of mental development. The at the Fleet Command Headquarters I. systematic writing of this article is as Mental development encompasses four follows: Introduction, Literature Review, (4) components, namely mental Discussion, Conclusions, and development spiritual-mental Bibliography. development, ideology-mental development, mental-struggle Literature Review development and mental-psychology 1. Role Theory development.3 The current implement- Role Theory is a blend of psychological, ation of mental development is not yet sociological and anthropological optimal due to the lack of various roles, theories. In all three fields of science, among others: the lack of officer for the term "role" is taken from the world psychology-mental development, of theater where an actor must

3 TNI Commander Decision No. Kep/940/XI/2017 Plan for Mental development of TNI Pinaka dated 21 November 2017 concerning Master Baladika.

The Role of Mental Development of Indonesian … | M. H. Sitorus, A. Suryanta, S. Adi | 91

perform an activity as a certain figure part of personnel development, and is and, in their position as that figure, mandated by the TNI's laws and they are expected to behave in a doctrines. The Decision of the TNI certain manner.4 According to Robert Commander No. Kep/474/VII/2012 Linton, role theory describes the social dated 25 July 2012 concerning the TNI structure which refers to the status of Doctrine of Tri Dharma Eka Karma a person. Attached to this status are (Tridek) states that the fostering of TNI roles, which are beliefs, values, strength is carried out by taking into behavior and norms that are account, among others, the formulated in shared expectations development of personnel — including with the community.5 bintal. Bintal in TNI is part of personnel Meanwhile according to development to foster the mental Levinson in Soekanto6, role theory attitude and behavior of the soldiers so includes three things: they act in accordance with Pancasila, a. Role involves the norms associated the 1945 Constitution, and Sapta with one's position or position in Marga. society. Role in this sense is a set of Bintal in TNI is defined as all rules that guide a person in efforts, actions and activities to community life. establish, maintain, improve and b. Role is a concept of what can be strengthen the condition of the lives of done by individuals in society as an TNI soldiers based on Pancasila, Sapta organization. marga, Soldiers’ Oath, the TNI Doctrine c. Role can also be said as individual of Tri Dharma Eka Karma (Tridek), behavior that is important for the through Spiritual Bintal, Ideology social structure of society. Bintal, Struggle Bintal and Psychology 2. Mental development in the TNI Bintal. In TNI organization, mental The objective of the TNI bintal is development (Bintal) is an important to foster soldier's mental quality that is

4 Sarlito Wiryawan Sarwono, Psikologi Sosial: 6 Soerjono Soekanto, Sosiologi: Suatu Individu dan Teori-Teori Psikologi Sosial, Pengantar, (Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2009), p. (Jakarta: Grafindo, 2002), p. 215. 213. 5 Allan G Johnson, Human Arrangements: An Introduction to Sociology, (Florida: Harcout Brace Jovanovich, 1986), p. 90.

92 | Jurnal Petahann & Bela Negara | Deceeber 2019, Volume 9 Number 3

in accordance with the values of the sapta marga spirit and upholds the sapta marga. Said soldiers will then be soldiers’ oath. expected to become role models and c. Struggle Bintal; departing from the drivers for the formation of the historical experience of the struggle character and personality of the of the Indonesian people to drive Indonesian nation.7 out invaders. The history of the Bintal has 4 (four) components, struggle of the nation provides the each of which has its specialty based values of struggle for the next on the underlying field of science. generation to have a high fighting These components include: spirit, willingness to sacrifice for the a. Spiritual Bintal; based on religion as country, and love for the a rule. The goal is to establish motherland. soldiers with good personality who d. Psychology Bintal; aims to form, adhere to the appropriate norms of maintain, and increase awareness religion, morality, faith in the God of the soldier’s competence as a TNI Almighty, having high tolerance soldier in order to be able to make towards people of other religions in adjustments to the their duties, accordance with the doctrine of the roles and responsibilities, so that military that the TNI personnel are soldiers can carry out their duties the National Armed Forces, which even in stressful and threatening upholds unity and national unity, situations, and stick to the Sapta respecting every ethnicity, religion, Marga.8 race, and all groups in Indonesia. 3. Theory of Human Resource b. Ideology Bintal; a bintal activity Management based on Pancasila as the only Humans are the most important ideology of the Unitary Republic of resource of an organization, a valuable Indonesia. There is no other asset.9 Human resources (HR) who ideology that holds the lives of TNI work in an organization shall soldiers as national troops with the contribute all of their skills and

7 Seskoal, Paket Instruksi untuk Pendidikan 8 Ibid, p. 5. Reguler Seskoal Mata Pelajaran Bintal Fugsi 9 Ibid, p. 7. Komando, (Jakarta: Seskoal, 2018), p. 3.

The Role of Mental Development of Indonesian … | M. H. Sitorus, A. Suryanta, S. Adi | 93

capabilities to the achievement of b. The second set is more practical, organizational goals. According to consisting of: plan, do, and check.11 Sondang P. Siagian, good human 4. Organization Theory resource management is aimed at Organization is an important element increasing the contribution of of human life. Every day humans are employees or workers in an effort to always associated with the achieve organizational goals.10 For this organization with all its intricacies. reason, an organization needs to make Since humans are born, the nature has an effort to develop human resources become part of an organization. to meet the present and future organization is where we do anything. challenges of the organization. Organizations can meet various kinds Human resource management is of human needs, such as emotional, a process of dealing with the issue of spiritual, intellectual, economic, employee or labor to be able to political, psychological, sociological, support organizational activities in cultural and so on. Stephen R. Robbins, order to achieve a predetermined goal. an organizational theorist said that "... There are two sets of An organization is a consciously management functions, namely: coordinated social entity, with a relative a. The first set has a theoretical identifiable, that functions a relatively orientation to identify four continuous basis to achieve a common functions, namely planning (linking goal or set of goals.12" people with goals), organizing Organizations are then classified (linking goals with tools), actuating into formal organizations and non- (utilizing, linking tools with goals or formal/informal organizations. Formal results), and controlling (linking organization is formed in a well- results to re-planning through the formulated structure, where the consumer); structure explains the relationships of authority, power, accountability,

10 Riniwati Harsuko, Manajemen Sumber Daya 12 Taliziduhu Ndraha, Pengantar Teori Manusia; Aktifitas Utama dan Pengembangan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia, SDM, (Jakarta: UB. Press, 2016), p. 2. (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2012), p. 51. 11 Sondang Siagian, Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia, (Jakarta: Bumi Aksara, 2009), p. 27.

94 | Jurnal Petahann & Bela Negara | Deceeber 2019, Volume 9 Number 3 duties and responsibilities of each division of tasks in their respective member of the organization. sections in a work unit or department. Formal organizations also have rules that have been mutually agreed upon as part of creating a comfortable, safe and orderly atmosphere for all members of the organization. Each member is required to comply with organizational rules, to give loyalty to the organization. Any violation of the Figure 1. Example of Organizational Structure rules by members of the organization Source: http // www.Google.com /example of will be subject to sanction. This is organizational structure intended so that each member of the Discussion organization actually perform their job 1. Organizing according to their position/rank, In organization theory, organizational because deviations from the structure is one of the formal or legal implementation of duties have an systems that serves to determine the impact on the achievement of duties and responsibilities of each organizational goals. The person occupying a particular position organizational structure is a formal within the organizational structure. A system of relationships that department within an organizational determines the lines of power or structure gives a person the authority command (who rules who), the duties to do or not do something based on and responsibilities of each person and their duties and responsibilities within unit/part of the organization (who the organization. does what and which unit). Vertical The role of a person or an lines in the organizational structure institution can also be seen from the indicate the authority to make existence of an organizing system that decisions and who is entitled to gives a person or institution a capacity supervise in a work unit. While to behave or play a role in society in horizontal lines are the basis of the accordance with existing rules. The

The Role of Mental Development of Indonesian … | M. H. Sitorus, A. Suryanta, S. Adi | 95 role of a person in an organization has KADISMINPERS been determined in the structure of the position available to them. KASUBDISDAL KASUBDISDAL KASUBDIS In reference to the bintal PERSMIL PERSSIP DIK components stipulated in TNI Commander Decision No. Kep KASUBDIS KASUBDIS KASUBDIS 940/XI/2017 dated 21 November 2017 BINTAL DATA WATPERS concerning the Master Plan for the KASI Mental development of TNI Pinaka SPIRITUAL Baladika, Bintal in TNI is carried out KAUR ISLAMIC KAUR through four components, namely SPIRITUAL CHRISTIAN SPIRITUAL Spiritual Bintal, Ideology Bintal, Struggle Bintal, and Psychology Bintal.

The master plan outlines that the KAUR KAUR HINDU/ CATHOLIC BUDDHA purpose of bintal in TNI unit is to SPIRITUAL SPIRITUAL develop personnel in accordance with Figure 2. Organizational Structure of Koarmada I Disminpers the four components. In order to Source: Koarmada I DIsminpers Work implement those four components, Instruction No. B/92/V/2018/Min dated 31 May 2018 and to achieve the objective of bintal, the structure of the bintal organization Subdivision in Mako Koarmada I, in must also accommodate the four which the three bintal components, in bintal components. However, in the theory, cannot be carried out. Bintal Subdivision of Koarmada I The function of Ideology Bintal Disminpers, there is only one position and Struggle Bintal are carried out by that refers to the component of the the Detachment Headquarters bintal, namely the Spiritual Section (Denma), which in this case, is planned Head. The other three components by the Denma operations staff. have yet been headed. 2. Mental development Pattern The lack of position for Ideology The Bintal held in Mako Koarmada I is Bintal, Struggle Bintal, and Psychology dominated by Spiritual Bintal. This is Bintal affect the role played by Bintal not only apparent from the

96 | Jurnal Petahann & Bela Negara | Deceeber 2019, Volume 9 Number 3 organizational structure of the Bintal unit needs to be paid attention to so Subdivision of Koarmada I Disminpers, that activities can be carried out well but it can also be seen from the fact and there are no overlapping activities. that their most frequent activity is For example, in the implementation of religious worship. Spiritual Bintal Religious Kauseri, spiritual officers as activities are carried out in various planning officials are often reluctant to ways, including praying or worship call preachers from outside the TNI to every Thursday morning, which is a give preaches in Mako Koarmada I weekly routine activity (this activity is because the Religious Kauseri activities called the Religious Kauseri), joint may not be carried out or be canceled service of the TNI and Polri throughout because it coincides with other the Jakarta Garrison once a month (at activities. the invitation of Disbintalad), In addition, the theme of commemoration day of a religious religious preaching is not well planned group, free pilgrimage (hajj) for so that each speaker is free to convey Koarmada I soldiers, and a spiritual his own theme. This causes bintal journey to Jerusalem for Christians and activities to be lacking in continuity. to India for Hindus. The theme of religious preaching Based on interviews with several should be planned for a minimum informants, it is reported that the period of three months to adjust the Religious Kauseri activity is not always objectives to be achieved in one year. carried out every Thursday. Religious One of the spiritual activities that activities can sometimes be eliminated needs attention is spiritual counseling. if there are other activities such as This counseling is carried out by marching training, firefighting training, spiritual officers to soldiers who have and others. This shows the lack of problems that they want to share to a coordination between the executors trustworthy person in order to obtain of the bintal activities and the solutions. This counseling activity is operations staff of Denma Koarmada I. very helpful for soldiers who are The planning phase should be one of experiencing problems related to the important stages for coordinating family, economic life, and their service. each activity. The linkage of each work It is expected that after counseling,

The Role of Mental Development of Indonesian … | M. H. Sitorus, A. Suryanta, S. Adi | 97

soldiers will be more motivated to implemented due to the lack of good solve existing problems and be able to communication and coordination focus on working optimally. between bintal executing officers and Counseling can provide a motivational provos or Denma unit with regard to spirit to solve one’s own problems in a the personnel who are serving their good way, not by taking shortcuts. sentences. According to Frans Magnis Suseno, Ideology Bintal and Struggle religion provides strong guidance and Bintal activities are carried out by motivation to humanity.13 By using Detachment Headquarters (Denma) of religious values sourced from the Koarmada I in the form of providing Scriptures, spiritual officers can santiaji during the morning briefing provide spiritual remarks to soldiers and afternoon briefing of, the who are experiencing problems so that implementation of commander hours, soldiers can uphold religious values in flag raising ceremonies, national finding solutions to their problems. holidays and military holidays, However, this counseling has not been regulation of internal service, widely used by soldiers as a way to regulations of guard services, night lighten the burden of their lives. patrols, and others. In addition, to help soldiers who The provision of santiaji is carried are undergoing a period of detention out by Mako Koarmada I officials in so they can keep getting motivated to turn (during the joint morning briefing work after completing their sentences, every Monday). This activity is planned spiritual officers can make visits to the and arranged by the Denma prison or prison cell. However, thhe Operations Staff Officer (Pasops) with visit to soldiers in detention in a the approval of the Denma military sentence cubicle has not been Commander (Dandenma). carried out in Koarmada I. According to Commander hours are also planned an interview with one of the bintal and overseen by Denma. officers, visit activities have not been

13 Stephen P. Robbins, Teori Organisasi: Struktur, Teori Organisasi dan Pengorganisasian, Desain dan Aplikasi, (Diterjemahkan oleh Jusu (Jakarta: Rajawali Press, 2009), p. 14. Udaya), (Jakarta: Arcan, 1994), p. 4; J. Winardi,

98 | Jurnal Petahann & Bela Negara | Deceeber 2019, Volume 9 Number 3

organization. The organizational

Development structure gives a person the duty and Pattern authority to work according to the role given to them. b. Mental development in Mako Struggle Mental Koarmada I requires a modern Ideology Mental Psychology Mental Spiritual Mental Development Development Development Development management effort in accordance Figure 3. Coding of mental development with the process of planning, pattern organizing, implementing, and Conclusion evaluating. The management process Based on the research results and the has not been going well due to the lack aforementioned discussion as well as of coordination between work units data processing using the NVIVO 12 Plus involved in bintal activities. tools, the following conclusions can be Organizational management drawn: processes are needed to provide the a. The TNI Mental development, based stages of activity in the organization so on TNI Commander Decision No. Kep that objectives can be achieved and 940/XI/2017 dated 21 November 2017 measured. The management process concerning the Master Plan for the deals with the questions of who does Mental development of TNI Pinaka what. Baladika, is carried out through four components, namely Spiritual Bintal, Recommendation Ideology Bintal, Struggle Bintal and a. In order to be able to fit into the Psychology Bintal. In the organizational structure of the TNI organizational structure of the Bintal Bintal in general and Koarmada I in Subdivision of Koarmada I Disminpers, particular, it is necessary to add there is only one position related to officers for bintal ideology, Struggle Spiritual Bintal, while the three other Bintal and Psychology Bintal. components of bintal are not covered. b. Each work unit in the military The role of a person or a part can be organization should support the seen from the presence or absence of implementation of bintal activities in formal organizational structure in an order to mold a militant, nationalist

The Role of Mental Development of Indonesian … | M. H. Sitorus, A. Suryanta, S. Adi | 99

TNI soldiers who appreciate the deed References of the heroes, as well as having honest Books personality and faith in God Almighty. Hendropuspito, D. 1983. Sosiologi Agama. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, dan Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia. Johnson, Allan G. 1986. Human Arrangements: An Introduction to Sociology. Florida: Harcout Brace Jovanovich. Koarmabar. 2012. Pengabdian Komando Armada RI Kawasan Barat Untuk Negeri Tercinta. Jakarta: Koarmabar.

Luthans, Fred. 2006. Perilaku Organisasi. Yogyakarta: ANDI. Magnis-Suseno, Frans. 1987. Etika Dasar. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.

Ndraha, Taliziduhu. 2012. Pengantar Teori Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Riniwati, Harsuko. 2016. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia; Aktifitas Utama dan Pengembangan SDM. Jakarta: UB. Press. Robbins, Stephen P. 1994. Teori Organisasi: Struktur, Desain dan Aplikasi. (Diterjemahkan oleh Jusu Udaya). Jakarta: Arcan. Sarwono, Sarlito Wiryawan. 2002. Psikologi Sosial: Individu dan Teori- Teori Psikologi Sosial. Jakarta: Grafindo. Seskoal. 2018. Paket Instruksi untuk

Pendidikan Reguler Seskoal mata pelajaran Bintal Fugsi Komando. Jakarta: Seskoal.

Soekanto, Soerjono. 2009. Sosiologi: Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers. Siagian, Sondang. 2009. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.

100 | Jurnal Petahann & Bela Negara | Deceeber 2019, Volume 9 Number 3

Winardi. 2009. Teori Organisasi dan Pengorganisasian. Jakarta: Rajawali Press.

Law Undang-Undang No. 34 tahun 2004 tentang Tentara Nasional Indonesia.

Miscellaneous Keputusan Panglima TNI Nomor Kep/474/VII/2012 tanggal 25 Juli 2012 tentang Doktrin TNI Tri Dharma Eka Karma (Tridek). Keputusan Panglima TNI No. Kep 940/XI/2017 tanggal 21 November 2017 tentang Petunjuk Induk Pembinaan Mental TNI Pinaka Baladika.

Website Utama, Abraham, “Desersi dan Kejahatan Narkotika: Pelanggaran Tertinggi TNI”, CNN Indonesia, 15 Januari 2016, dalam https: //www.cnnindonesia.com /nasional/20160115085558-20- 104491/desersi-dan-kejahatan - narkotika -pelanggaran-tertinggi- tni, diakses pada 1 Oktober 2019.

The Role of Mental Development of Indonesian … | M. H. Sitorus, A. Suryanta, S. Adi | 101