Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:05 09 May 2016 Power Politics and the Indonesian Military Throughout the post-war history of Indonesia, the military has played a key role in the politics of the country and in imposing unity on a fragmentary state. The collapse of the authoritarian New Order government of President Suharto weakened the state, and the armed forces briefly lost their grip on control of the archipelago. Under President Megawati, however, the military has again begun to assert itself, and to reimpose its heavy hand on control of the state, most notably in the fracturing outer provinces. This book, based on extensive original research, examines the role of the military in Indonesian politics. It looks at the role of the military histori- cally, examines the different ways in which it is involved in politics, and considers how the role of the military might develop in what is still an uncertain future. Damien Kingsbury is Head of Philosophical, International and Political Studies and Senior Lecturer in International Development at Deakin University, Victoria, Australia. He is the author or editor of several books, including The Politics of Indonesia (Second Edition, 2002), South-East Asia: A Political Profile (2001) and Indonesia: The Uncertain Transition (2001). His main area of work is in political development, in particular in assertions of self-determination. Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:05 09 May 2016 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:05 09 May 2016 Power Politics and the Indonesian Military Damien Kingsbury Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:05 09 May 2016 First published 2003 by RoutledgeCurzon 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by RoutledgeCurzon 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 This edition published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” RoutledgeCurzon is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group © 2003 Damien Kingsbury All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:05 09 May 2016 ISBN 0-203-98758-6 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0–415–29729–X (Print Edition) Contents List of illustrations vi List of frequently used terms vii Acknowledgements xvii Introduction 1 1 The problematic role of the TNI 6 2 Context, continuity and change 36 3 The functional structure of the TNI 67 4 Factions, reform and reassertion 140 5 The political economy of the TNI 188 6 The more things change … 222 Notes 248 Bibliography 259 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:05 09 May 2016 Index 268 Illustrations Table 3.1 Diagram of East Timor militia command structure 124–5 Figures 3.1 Map of TNI in Aceh 71 3.2 Map of TNI in West Papua 72 3.3 Map of TNI in East Timor 73 3.4 Map of Kodam pre-1985 82 3.5 Map of Kodam 1985–99 83 3.6 Map of Kodam 1999 84 3.7 Cover sheet of the Kopassus Group IV training manual 99 3.8 Contents of the Kopassus Group IV training manual 100 3.9 Covering letter sent with the Kopassus Group IV training manual 101 3.10 Map of Aceh militia bases 107 3.11 Diagram of militia origins 114 3.12 Map of militia in East Timor 119 3.13 Map of TNI Territorial placements in Aceh 137 5.1 Patronage and East Timor’s economy 193 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:05 09 May 2016 Frequently used terms abangan informal Muslim, usually Javanese ABRI Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia – Republic of Indonesia Armed Forces ADF Australian Defence Force Agama religion Akabri Akademi Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia – Armed Forces Academy of the Republic of Indonesia aliran stream of influence AMD ABRI Masuk Desa – Armed Forces Enters the Village Apodeti Associacao Popular Democratica de Timor – Timor Popular Democratic Association asal bapak senang ‘as long as the boss is happy’ ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASNLF Aceh–Sumatra National Liberation Front Babinsa Bintara Pembina Desa – NCO Village Builders Bahasa Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:05 09 May 2016 Indonesia Indonesian language BAIS Baden ABRI Intelijen Strategis – The Armed Forces Strategic Intelligence Agency Bakin Baden Koordinasi Intelijen Negara – State Intelligence Coordinating Agency Bakorinda Baden Koordinasi Intelijen Daerah – Regional Intelligence Coordinating Body viii Frequently used terms Bakorstanas Baden Koordinasi Stabilitas Nasional – National Stability Coordination Agency Bapak father, term of respect to male superior Bela Negara Defend the State Bhinneka Tunggal Ika ‘unity in diversity’ (common translation) BIA Baden Intelijen ABRI – Armed Forces Intelligence Organisation BIN Baden Intelijen Nasional – National Intelligence Agency BKO Bawah Kendali Operasi – ‘under operational control’ BKR People's Security Body BPI Baden Pusat Intelijen – Central Intelligence Agency BPK Badan Pemeriksaan Keuangan – Supreme Audit Agency Brimob Brigade Mobil – National Police Mobile Brigade BRI Bank Rakyat Indonesia BRTT Barisan Rakyat Timor Timur – East Timor People’s Front Bulog Baden Urusan Logistik Nasional – State Logistics Agency bupati district head CIDES Centre for Information and Development Studies CNRT National Council for Timorese Resistance CSIS Centre for Strategic and International Studies Darat land Dar’ul Islam Heavenly/Peaceful Nation of Islam Demokrasi democracy Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:05 09 May 2016 Demokrasi Termpimpin ‘guided democracy’ Desa village DOM Daerah Operasi Militer – Military Operations Area DPKN Dewan Pemantapan Ketahanan Nasional – Council for the Enforcement of Security and Law DPR Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat – People’s Legislative Assembly dwifungsi ‘dual function’ Frequently used terms ix Falintil Forcas Armada de Liberacao Nacional de Timor L’Este – Armed Forces for the National Liberation of East Timor. FKM Front Keadilan Maluku – Maluku Justice Front Fosko Forum Studi dan Komminikasi – Study and Communications Forum FPDK Forum Persatuan, Demokrasi dan Keadilan – Forum for Unity, Democracy and Justice FPI Front Pembela Islam – Islamic Defenders Front FPI Frente Politico Interno – Internal Political Front Fraksi Hijau Green Faction Fraksi Merah-Putih Red and White Faction Fretilin Revolutionary Front for Independent East Timor GAM Gerakan Aceh Merdeka – Free Aceh Movement Garda Paksi Garda Muda Penegak Integrasi – Young Guards to Uphold Integration Gestapu Gerakan September Tigapuluh – 30 September Movement Gestok Gerakan Oktober Satu – 1 October Movement Golkar golongon karya – functional groups, also Joint Secretariat of Functional Groups, also a political party Hankamrata Total People’s Defence Hansip Pertahanan Sipil – Civil Defence Force IBRA Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency ICG International Crisis Group ICMI Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim se-Indonesia – Indonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:05 09 May 2016 IMF International Monetary Fund Indonesia Raya Greater Indonesia Interfet International Forces in East Timor IPP/IntelpampolIntelijen dan Pengaman Polri – Republic of Indonesia Police Intelligence and Safeguarding IPSI Ikatan Pencak Silat Indonesia – Indonesian Silat Self- defence Society x Frequently used terms jihad ‘holy war’ JPS social security net kabupaten sub-provincial district Kaksuda Kopkamtib’s Regional Special Operations unit Kamra People’s Security Force KCT Korps Commando Troepne – Commando Corps Troops kecamatan sub-district kekaryaan secondment to the civil service Kelurahan local administrative district Kesaktian mytical type of power (Javanese, contemporary) Kesekten mystical type of power (Javanese, old) Kesatuan Gurita Marines Special Forces Kesatuan Komando Teritorium III Territorial Command Unit III Ketahanan Nasional National Resilience kewaspadaan ‘vigilance’ KKAD Kesatuan Komando Angkatan Darat – Land Force Command Unit KNIL Koninklijk Nederlands-Indisch Leger – Royal Netherlands Indies Army Kobame Melalui Yayasan Korps Baret Merah – Red Berets Welfare Corps Institution Kodalops Komando Pengendalian Operasi – Command and Control Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:05 09 May 2016 of Operations Kodam Komando Daerah Militer – Military Command Area Kodim Komando Distrik Militer – Military District Command Komandan rayon militer military garrison command Konfrontasi the Confrontation (with Malaysia) Kontras Komisi Untuk Orang Hilang dan Tindak Kekerasan – Commission for Disappearences and Victims of Violence Frequently used terms xi Kopaska Komando Pasukan Katak – Kopaska Navy Dive Force Command Kopassandha Komando Pasukan Khusus Sandhi Yudha – Covert War Special Force Command Kopassus Komando Pasukan Khusus – Special Forces Command Kopkamtib Komando Operasi Pemulihan Keamanan dan Ketertiban – Operational Command for the Restoration of Security and Order Koramil Komando Rayon Militer – Military Area Command Korem Komando Resort Militer – Military Resort (Garrison) Command Kostrad Komando Strategik Angkatan