ENTERING AFTER COVID-19 THE HORIZON - MAGAZINE OF THE INDONESIAN

DESTROYER-CAPABLE

THE IMMENSELY CHALLENGING ROLE OF FEMALE BLUE BERETS

THE NAVY IN MILITARY OPERATIONS OTHER THAN WAR -CAPABLE FRIGATES 06 PERSONS IN CHARGE:

CHIEF OF THE : TNI Yudo Margono, S.E., M.M.

GENERAL LEADER: First Admiral TNI Mohamad Zaenal, S.E., M.M., M.Soc.Sc.

DEPUTY GENERAL LEADER: Navy Nevy Dwi Soesanto, S.T.

ADMINISTRATION IN CHIEF: Marine Colonel Akhmad Hanifa, S.E., M.M.

ADMINISTRATIONS: Navy Captain Drs. Ariris Mr. – Navy Captain Drs. Heddy Sakti A.M.P. – Navy Commander Drs. Lielie Suprijatna – Navy Commander Leila Kristian, S.E., M.M. – Commander Ign. M. Pundjung T., S.Sos., M.Sc. – Lieutenant Commander Ruli Rahmadyansah S.Kom., M.Tr.Han – Navy Lieutenant Putu Novia Kusumah W., S.Sos. – Superintendent III/c Mujianto

ENGLISH EDITORS: First Admiral TNI Mohamad Zaenal, S.E., M.M., M.Soc.Sc. - Commander Leila Kristian, S.S., M.M., Dear readers,

LAYOUT: 2020 is a tough year for us. This year, the COVID-19 Arifin Anto D., S.S. – Superintendent III/c Irma Kurniawan, A.Md.Graf. – Junior Superintendent pandemic disease has gone global, intruding all aspects III/a Arab Punjabi of human life, especially in terms of health, economic, and social. But we have to keep moving on, striving to break PHOTO EDITORS: through all obstacles. Ensign Diko Aris Setiawan, SST, S.Pd. – Master Chief Petty st1 Class Mirlyana – First Regarding the current state of the world, this 2nd edition Corporal Supriyadi of The Horizon takes the theme Military Operations Other Than War, which are stated in articles entitled “Entering DISTRIBUTION: Second Cold War After COVID-19”, “Safeguarding the Marine Sergeant Sayidi – Petty Officer nd2 Class Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lanes III”, “The Immensely Supriyadi Challenging Role of Female Blue Berets”, “Coral Reef Conservation in the South Sea”, “The Navy Extracts Indonesian Crew Members Off PUBLISHED BY: Cruise ”, and “Exercise Komodo: Track II Diplomacy in the South Sea Question”. Naval Information Service Further articles on naval affairs provide an outlook on how the Indonesian Navy plays its role ADDRESS: of defending the sovereignty of and maintaining global peace. Naval Information Service, Building B-4 2nd Floor, Naval Headquarters Cilangkap, East 13870, Ph. (62 21) 8723314 - www.tnial.mil.id. No. ISSN: Have a pleasant reading. 0216-440x, JJM Radio 107.7 FM and 1170 AM Head of Naval Information Service, First Admiral Mohamad Zaenal, S.E., M.M., M.Soc.Sc. JALESVEVA JAYAMAHE! CONTENT 10 13 16 W A R S H I P S O N THE NAVY EXTRACTS THE MIGHTY OLD DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS INDONESIAN CREW MEMBERS BEAT-UP ORION OFF CRUISE SHIPS

ENTERING SECOND COLD WAR AFTER A REALIST’S PERSPECTIVE ON THE 4 COVID-19* 41 KOREAN WAR

INDONESIA TRAPPED IN CONFLICTS OF THE FUTURE OF NAVAL INTELLIGENCE 19 INTEREST IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA 44

SAFEGUARDING THE INDONESIAN INDONESIAN MARITIME THREATS: 22 ARCHIPELAGIC SEA LANES (III) 46 AN INITIAL REVIEW

THE IMMENSELY CHALLENGING ROLE OF EXERCISE KOMODO: TRACK II DIPLOMACY 28 FEMALE BLUE BERETS 51 IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA QUESTION

RULES OF ENGAGEMENT IN IMPLEMENTING THE EVOLUTION OF NAVAL STRATEGIES 31 INDONESIA’S MARITIME SECURITY 55

CORAL REEF CONSERVATION IN THE FLYING THE SICK: How Fleet Command III 35 SOUTH SULAWESI 58 Handled a COVID-19 Patient

IMPROVING EXCELLENT HUMAN FACTS & FEATS 38 RESOURCES IN THE INDONESIAN NAVY 62

The editorial staff received articles (maximum 5 pages with 1.5 spaces) along with photos from all members of the TNI/TNI AL and the general public. The JALESVEVA manuscript must be printed on A4 size paper and is equipped with digital data in a Compact Disc (CD) or soft copy can be sent via the editor’s e-mail. Submissions that have been sent become the property of the editor, and the editor has the right to correct/edit without changing the content/meaning. The manuscript that is published will get the appropriate reward. The editor also accepts criticism, suggestions and brief opinions. JAYAMAHE! Articles are sent to the Horizon Editor with the address of the Naval Information Service, Building B-4 Lt. 2, Navy Headquarters Cilangkap, East Jakarta - 13870 or via email: [email protected] THE COVID-19 pandemic and the associated economic crisis are posing huge challenges, raising many unknowns and imposing wrenching trade-offs. Both crises are global, but their impacts are deeply local. The policy response to ENTERING both crises needs to be rapid, even if it is rough around the edges. But countries cannot pull this off on their own—the global crises require global solidarity and coordination.

Governments must dramatically overhaul policies and SECOND invest in public health, economic stimulus, and social safety nets, to help countries recover faster from the COVID-19 pandemic. Warnings also circulate through the mass media that a patchwork of preexisting solutions will not work and points out that governments must COLD WAR coordinate with each other to hasten the recovery. This is a global crisis and working in silos is not an option.

Over the past months, as countries in the Pacific region were focused on battling the coronavirus, multiple AFTER sources reported that China stepped up patrols and naval exercises in the highly disputed South China Sea.

The activities of the Asian powerhouse in the region, however, did not slip by the eyes of Washington, which COVID-19 went on to accuse Beijing of “exploiting” its neighboring By Admiral (Ret.) Prof. Dr. Marsetio, S.I.P., M.M. countries as they are “distracted” with the pandemic. Professor of Maritime Defense Science at the Longstanding tensions between the administrations of US Indonesia Defense University and former Chief President Donald Trump and Chinese President Xi Jinping of the Indonesian Navy (2012-2015) also worsened in recent weeks over the origins of the coronavirus pandemic.

4 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 China, , , the , and have overlapping claims to the South China Sea—one of the most important trade routes in the world. Powerhouse China has the biggest claim by far. It has demarcated an extensive area of the sea with a so-called “nine-dash line” that first appeared on Chinese maps in the late 1940s. The Paracel and Spratly Island chains, as well as dozens of rocky outcrops and reefs, fall within this area. These bits of land are highly contested, mainly because they are believed to be surrounded by large oil and gas deposits.

The Spratly Islands, for example, are claimed in full by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam, and in part by Malaysia and the Philippines. The Paracel chain is Carl Thayer, an emeritus professor at ’s University of New claimed by Vietnam, China and Taiwan. South Wales disagree with Trump Administration officials that China Some analysists think that China’s claim has become more assertive or aggressive in the South China Sea by to the South China Sea—the so-called taking advantage of the COVID-19 pandemic. He thinks that China “nine-dash line”—should be considered is conducting “business-as-usual”. According to Thayer, Beijing’s unlawful and a breach of international aggressive actions in the South China Sea reflects its needs not to be conventions. perceived as weak by China’s domestic audience and foreign public opinion. China is also driven by the necessity to react to perceived In response to Beijing’s growing presence challenges to its sovereignty, for example US Navy patrols in the in the South China Sea, the US has also region and oil explorations by Vietnam and Malaysia. continued its naval presence in the area. The US nuclear powered — China’s recent activities may not be escalations but most likely are the USS —was forced reactions to political developments in the region. This includes the to depart from the South China Sea re-election and subsequent inauguration of Taiwan’s President Tsai in March and dock in Guam due to an Ing-wen in addition to the White House’s growing support for Taiwan. outbreak of COVID-19. The carrier is now Tsai Ing-wen has called for a more independent identity for the island seen patrolling the Philippines Sea and nation despite China’s insistence that Taiwan is a breakaway province. will most likely head back to the South China Sea. The year 2020 began with a standoff in the Natuna Islands on the far southern end of the South China Sea, a territory claimed by China and For years, the US has been conducting Indonesia. Vessels from both countries were involved in the standoff, the so-called Freedom of Navigation which began when Chinese fishing vessels started to operate inside Operations in the sea in what Washington Indonesia’s exclusive economic zone. Eventually, Indonesia deployed considers to be a defense strategy against F-16 fighters and naval ships to the islands and President Joko potential threats to commercial shipping Widodo personally flew to the area, in an unusual show of strength and alleged bullying from China against from the country. rival claimants like Malaysia and Taiwan. So far, Indonesia has tried to avoid letting South China Sea dominate In April, a Chinese vessel allegedly their relationship with China, but with Beijing marking its territory in rammed and sank a Vietnamese fishing the region, the days of quiet diplomacy might not last forever. boat, resulting in a diplomatic spat between the two countries. Vietnam was The interplay between politics, economics and security is a reality for joined by the Philippines in denouncing all countries that border the South China Sea, as well as for those the incident. China then declared two whose economies depend on its shipping channels—leading them archipelagos in the South China Sea as to remain engaged at a military level. administrative districts, which Vietnam’s foreign ministry said was a violation of the A second Cold War could have knocked on the door of the world, country’s sovereignty. through the development in the dynamics of the current strategic environment. One of them is between the US and China, when the Despite accusations from the Trump pandemic ends. The return of competition between the major powers administration, there has been some began to materialize with the US-China trade war. The pandemic, disagreement as to whether China has where the two powers accuse each other of being responsible for the become increasingly aggressive in its corona viral dissemination, only makes things clearer.© activities in the sea or whether they simply form a part of Beijing’s long-term strategy.

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 5 DESTROYER-CAPABLE FRIGATES By Commander Drs. Heri Sutrisno, M.Si

MULTIPURPOSE frigates, groundbroken by Western European countries, display effective performance in dealing with the dynamics of post-Cold War maritime security. Global naval giants such as the Navy and the are now turning to heavy designs for their future surface combatants.

In the post-Cold War era, European are gradually reducing their surface combatants conventionally incorporated in naval combat groups and in escort aircraft carrier formations, such as and . Small-scale and asymmetrical conflicts that are looming the oceans are responded by new types of surface combatants, specifically multipurpose frigates which dimensions and tonnages a r e

warfare or anti-air attack. greater than their standard counterparts. An anti- frigate is equipped with a complete underwater sensor (hull Frigates have long been known by navies in the world mounted and variable depth since the seventeenth century for their role in escorting sonar) even coupled with merchant ships and military transport fleets. This dipping sonar on the role remained attached to them until the end of the anti-submarine twentieth century. In military operations, frigates are helicopter tasked with guarding amphibious or logistical transport aboard taskforces and maintaining security in the waters. To the . fight balanced opponents or escort aircraft carriers, Anti- larger vessels such as destroyers and cruisers are relied submarine on, given that they are capable of carrying a variety of weapons installed are quite weapons to fight surface combatants, , and diverse, such as torpedoes, Anti-Submarine sufficient air strikes. Rockets (ASROC), and depth charges. On the other hand, in a frigate, anti-air raid weapons that are A standard frigate that has an average length of 100- added are long range and early warning radars to 120 meters and weighs 2,000-4,000 tons is not optimal detect the presence of missiles or aircraft as early as for deploying multitasking missions because of its possible. While mounted on the weapon system are limited capacity to carry the sensors and weapons quite layered anti-air weapons, such as surface-to- needed. Therefore, a standard frigate can only carry air long-range, medium-distance and short-range one additional task, in addition to being capable of surface missiles and close-in weapon system (CIWS) combating surface , either for anti-submarine short-range air defense cannons.

6 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 DESTROYER-CAPABLE FRIGATES

Two heavy frigates, the ESPS Blas de Lezo (F103) of the and the ’s FGS Sachsen (F219) sail in formation with the standard frigate TCG Saligreis (F246) of the Turkish Navy.

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 7 Besides limitations on its sensor and weapon systems, To prevail over the disadvantages of this type standard frigates are also limited in their capacity to of frigate, European countries are developing be fitted with additional marine propulsion systems. multipurpose frigates that are larger in size than the Accordingly, the speed of this surface vessel is standard frigates. The new type of frigates, which relatively slower, less than 28 knots. While large weigh between 4,000-7,000 tons with a length of surface combatants such as destroyers and cruisers 130-140 meters, are able to deal with anti-submarine can go up to 30-35 knots, because they have double warfare, anti-surface ships, and anti-air attack as well. thrusters that combine diesel engines and gas Moreover, these destroyer-like frigates are designed turbines, or with water jets that generates sufficient to be dependable in carrying out constabulary tasks power for maneuvers either in pursuit of the enemy and face asymmetrical foes. or evade the opponent’s gunfire. Five years before the turn of the 21st century a number However, the inferiority of a frigate in maneuverability of European countries presented heavy frigates. and combat power is not a problem in dealing with In 2002, the dedicated the operation post-Cold War situations which increasingly eliminate of the 6,050-ton Zeven Provienciën class frigate to military conflict at sea on a large scale so that replace the Karel Doorman class standard frigate. A aircraft carrier combat groups that require surface year later, the Bundesmarine inaugurated the 5,800- combatants larger than a frigate are no longer ton Sachsen class frigate. officially used the required. The current demands of surface vessels are Alvaro Bazan heavy frigate which weighed 6,391 tons to oversee seaborne military operations (small-scale in the same year. In 2006, became the first War Military Operations and Military Operations Scandinavian country to invigorate the development Other than War), to safeguard territorial waters to of a heavy frigate by operating the 5,400-ton Fridtjof Exclusive Economic Zones, to secure sea lanes of Nansen class. Two years later, followed communication, and to secure commercial shipping Norway’s footsteps by operating the 6,645-ton Iver for the sake of national interests that are even off its Huitfield class heavy frigate. territorial waters. The operation of large fully armed surface combatants is believed to be uneconomical As if not to be outdone by their NATO counterparts in the face of asymmetrical “opponents”, such as and collaborated since 2010 to build the maritime terrorism and at sea. FREMM (Frégate Européenne Multi-Mission/Fregata Europea Multi-Missione) frigates which weighs 6,000- For the navy of European countries, frigates are 6,700 tons. The Royal Navy trailed in by operating a preferred to carry out such tasks with economic Type-26 heavy frigate weighing 8,000 tons starting deliberations. Problems inherent in a standard frigate in 2018—previously, the master of the sea plied lies in its drawbacks which includes the durability of standard frigates. its operation, especially in oceans and its combat capabilities when faced with various threats. In eastern Europe, starting in 2018, operates the first heavy frigate for its navy, the 5,400- ton Admiral Groskov class. Meanwhile in East Asia, China is gradually building a Type- 54A/Jiangkai-class frigate weighing 4,200 tons and it is also developing a 5,000-6,000-ton frigate known as Type-54B in accordance with the

The Royal Navy Type 31 frigate adopts the Danish Navy’s Iver building up of an Huitfeld-class frigate design. anti-air strike and ballistic missile combat fleet.

8 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 GOING GLOBAL its own . The Pentagon determines the Italian FREMM design as a multi-mission frigate platform THESE heavy European frigates are proven to be with a weight of 7,400 tons and begins construction reliable and efficient in carrying out the challenges in a local shipyard in 2020. The frigate, which will be of maritime security tasks today. These heavy frigates named Agility class, is projected as an attack and are the backbone of any operator’s country in escort vessel featuring anti-surface, anti-submarine, maintaining their waters up to the EEZs. Furthermore, anti-air attack, and electronic warfare abilities to fight ships of this type have shown their effectiveness in a asymmetrical threats and escort logistical transport number of multinational maritime operations, such as convoys. Operation Atlanta which was staged by the European Union Naval Force (EU NAVFOR) to counter piracy in The surprise in the development of a heavy frigate Somali waters and resolve the Syrian crisis. Based on came from the Bundesmarine with the Mehrzweck their existence and performance, ships of this type Kampf Schiff-180 (MKS-180) multipurpose surface have urge global naval giants such as the US Navy combatant program that has been in progress since and Royal Navy to recalculate their need for surface 2017. The German Navy will project this 9,000-ton vessels. destroyer-like frigate to carry out combat and self- defense missions, maritime mapping, maritime Three years in before retiring the Type 23 Duke- surveillance and embargo control, military evacuation class frigates from the Royal Navy ranks, the British in crisis situations, escorting commercial ships, and Ministry of Defense had not designed a replacement acting as command ships in naval task forces. even though it had developed a new Type 26 or Glasgow class frigate. The Royal Navy has the In May 2020, the Ministry of Defense decided to convention of operating two frigate classes at one emulate the and the United States, time. In November 2019, UK had announced the by adopting another country’s frigate platform development of a General Purpose Frigate, known design, the Omega Frigate designed by Damen as Type 31, which adopted the Danish-built Iver Schelde and was first introduced in Indo Defense Huitfeldt-class frigate’s platform design. The 5,700- 2018 in Jakarta. ton future frigate will strengthen the Royal Navy in 2023. Heavyweight frigates will increasingly be used in various regions. Two countries in the Middle East, As if following its closest ally in Europe, the United i.e. Egypt and Morocco, have operated FREMM States shadows Britain in adopting a frigates made in France. Australia has transformed European heavy frigate design for the the Alvaro Bazan-class frigate into the Hobart-class future US Navy frigate fleet known as the destroyer for RAN and is adopting the Glasgow-class FFG(X) program. For the first time i n British frigate design for the Hunter-class frigate that its history, this superpower did not design will replace the Anzac-class frigate. It is also possible that these destroyer-like frigates will be operated by countries in other regions as well, especially those that are still coping with sovereignty issues in their respective Exclusive Economic Zones.©

The future heavy frigate of the Bundesmarine, MKS-180, adopted the design of the Omega Frigate platform developed by Damen Schelde Naval Shipbuilding, Netherlands.

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 9 WARSHIPS ON DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS By Lieutenant-Commander Iwan Hendra Susilo, S.T., M.Tr., Opsla.

INDONESIA’S active role in creating peace in the various countries that require good cooperation, world has gained international recognition. One of great trust among participating countries, and unity of them is through Indonesia’s participation in the United effort in its implementation. The Navy’s achievements Nations (UN). Indonesia has always been involved in in MTF-UNIFIL missions were not only in most of the UN peacekeeping missions by sending troops. One ship’s inspection reports, but also on the results of the of them is United Nations Interim Forces in Sea Phase training activities during Ontask and Stage (UNIFIL). At Sea in LAF-N personnel training.

Formed on March 23, 1978, UNIFIL contains a Maritime This achievement will be difficult to attain if the Task Force tasked with supporting the warships that will be sent to MTF-UNIFIL missions are (LAF-N) in monitoring its territorial waters, guarding not well prepared since their departure from Indonesia, the Lebanese coast, preventing unauthorized entry of especially on Sensors, Weapons, and Command weapons or other related items by sea into Lebanese (Sewaco), platforms and logistics, and especially on territory, and training of LAF-N personnel. Every year, the ability of crew members in conducting diplomatic the Indonesian Navy mobilizes its warships to be part activities. Preparation of the operational capabilities of the MTF-UNIFIL mission. of a warship refers to the criteria required in the LOA.

The Indonesian Navy has diplomacy capabilities that This article presents a comparative analysis of the are built through years of experience. Diplomacy is diplomatic capabilities of the crew members of the applied by the Navy by combining hard power and -class (KRI DPN) and Bung Tomo-class soft power into smart power at every opportunity (KRI TOM) of the Indonesian Navy by means to interact with other countries. The smart power of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to approach also plays a role in balancing the decide on the best alternative selection of warships foreign policy of Stability, Security, Transition and and to find the sub-criteria of the most influential Reconstruction (SSTR) as applied by the superpowers diplomatic abilities when carrying out MTF-UNIFIL today. missions.

MTF-UNIFIL missions represent the Navy’s diplomatic The research on which this article is based on was capabilities in the form of integrated activities from focused on comparing the diplomatic abilities of the

10 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 crew members of the Diponegoro and Bung Tomo- mission. Including the ability to conduct joint class corvettes during their assignment in UNIFIL- exercises, On-Tasks, cultural exhibitions during a MTF missions. This study does not discuss Sewaco warship’s visit to ports in Lebanon as well as ports in capabilities, platform and logistics, and supporting countries around Lebanon (Cyprus and ), and factors such as budget, personnel strength, or other UNIFIL contingent conferences which are often held aspects that may affect operations, assuming these in the Naqoura region of southern Lebanon. factors are already in normal condition. The steps in AHP include the estimation of priority weights from a set of criteria or alternatives from the square matrix used in pairwise comparisons A Table 1. Sub Criteria on Diplomatic Aspects of a = [aij], where the weight value must be positive. If Warship on MTF-UNIFIL missions the pairwise comparison policy is truly consistent No SUB CRITERIA ON DIPLOMATIC ASPECTS REFERENCE then an inverse comparison is made from these 1 2 3 values. Let’s say aij = 1/aij for all i, j = 1, 2, 3, ..., n. 1 Conducting Joint Exercise (EXE) LOA Furthermore, the final weighting of the normalized 2 Conducting Culture Festival (CUL) LOA “i” factor is as follows: 3 Conducting International Conference (CON) LOA Source: Owned Processing Data  n  wij = aij / ∑ aij  ∀ i = 1, 2 ,..., n  i=1  DIPLOMATIC CRITERIA INTRODUCED by Thomas L. Saaty, the method A priority synthesis is fulfilled by the researcher as of data processing through the Analytic Hierarchy the next step, according to the data in the pairwise Process (AHP) allows one to get the Total Priority Value comparative table of the diplomatic criteria, with the (TPV) from the diplomatic criteria of each Indonesian results shown in the following table. Navy’s vessel as a priority for carrying out future MTF- UNIFIL missions. Figure 1. Priority Synthetis on the Diplomatic Criteria The processing of data with the AHP method utilizes an Expert Choice 11 software. It is worth noting that EXE .635 in making decisions using the AHP method there is an absolute consistency of variable weights. The AHP CON .287 hierarchy diagram is arranged based on the number of diplomatic criteria that will be analyzed through the CUL .078 AHP method. Inconsistency = 0.09 with 0 missing judgments. Figure 1. The Hierarchical Diagram of Diplomatic Source: Owned Processing Data Aspects of Warships in a MTF-UNIFIL Mission After testing the consistency ratio in the overall DIPLOMACY pairwise comparison, the next step is to calculate the TPV for each alternative that will be prioritized. TPV is obtained from the comparative value between all diplomatic criteria in the operational capabilities of EXE CUL CON warships with available alternatives, as shown in the following table.

Table 2. TPV of Diplomatic Criteria DPN TOM Sub Criteria Alternatives Priority EXE (L:0.635) DIPONEGORO CLASS 4,849 Source: Owned Processing Data BUNG TOMO CLASS 1,212 CON (L:0.287) DIPONEGORO CLASS 2,351 BUNG TOMO CLASS 0,392 The components used as criteria in making the CUL (L:0.078) DIPONEGORO CLASS 0,596 hierarchical diagram in Figure 1 above consist of BUNG TOMO CLASS 0,149 three interactions between warships and outsiders which are largely carried out during an MTF-UNIFIL Source: Owned Processing Data

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 11 After obtaining the TPV, a sensitivity analysis is Data processing by applying the AHP method in carried out to determine the variation of priority priority synthesis that results in TPV, resulted in the criteria to observe the effect on alternative priorities. MTF Inter-Element Training’s sub-criteria of the This sensitivity analysis is practical in maximizing Diplomatic Criteria having the greatest weight value operational criteria which have a positive effect compared to other sub-criteria, which is equal to on overall operational capabilities. The results of 0.635. It also resulted in the fact that the three KRI the sensitivity analysis on Sensors, Weapons, and DPN’s diplomatic sub-criteria had a priority value that Command are shown in the following table. was superior to the KRI DPN.

Table 3. Sensitivity Analysis of Diplomatic Criteria CONCLUSION Condition KRI DPN Results of the data processing utilizing the AHP Diplomacy TPV KRI TOM method show that KRI DPN has advantages in all Initial 10,5% 69,0% 31,0% diplomatic sub-criteria compared to KRI TOM. This Increase to 10,1% 20,6% 70,4% 29,6% research has proven that AHP theory can be used Decrease to 10,1% 0,4% 67,6% 32,4% to determine alternative priorities in the field of a Source: Owned Processing Data warship’s operational capabilities, especially in the field of diplomacy.

The value of excellent diplomatic skills in MTF- The above tables explain that increasing the value UNIFIL missions will be obtained through effective of diplomatic criteria by 10.5% will increase the TPV preparation, which can support the achievement of the KRI DPN by 1.4 percent. Instead, it of key tasks in the framework of the Government of will reduce the KRI TOM alternative by 1.4 percent. Indonesia’s foreign policy through the deployment While the decline in the value of diplomatic criteria of naval forces on world stage as diplomatic means. by 10.1% will reduce the TPV of the KRI DPN to 1.4% This is in line with the Sea Power theory from Alfred and will increase the alternative TPV of KRI TOM by Thayer Mahan, which states that a country must have 1.4 percent. great naval force to expand its national interests in the world.©

12 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 THE NAVY EXTRACTS INDONESIAN CREW MEMBERS OFF CRUISE SHIPS

THE Indonesian Navy (TNI AL) assisted in the extraction of Indonesian citizens (WNI) working in the cruise ships MV World Dream and Diamond Princess. To that end, TNI AL deployed the KRI Dr. Soeharso-990 to transfer the crew members of both cruise ships to the observation site on Sebaru Island, in the Thousand Islands north of Jakarta. On both cruise ships, there were indications that some of the crew members were infected by Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19). Preventing the Indonesian crew members not to be infected with the virus, the swiftly took the initiative to relocate them and had them quarantined first, in order to observe whether they were infected or not before interacting with the community.

The evacuation was carried out in two ways: the crew members of MV World Dream were picked up in the territorial waters of the Islands with transfers carried out in the middle of the sea. While for the Indonesian crew members aboard the Diamond Princess were picked by KRI Dr. Soeharso-990 at a jetty in Indramayu, West , belonging to a steam power plant of the State Electricity Company (PLN), as the crew was on their way to Indonesia by plane that landed at Kalijati Airport in West Java to further take the land route to the power plant’s jetty.

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 13 The evacuation went well thanks to the team work of various parties. In reinforcing the humanitarian operation, KRI dr. Soeharso-990 was manned by 95 members of the TNI AL, supported by 59 personnel from the Evacuation Task Force led by the Commander of the Navy’s Fleet II Naval Security Task Force, First Admiral Rachmad Jayadi, M.Tr. (Han).

EVACUATION OF THE DIAMOND PRINCESS FOLLOWING the success of evacuating 188 crew members of the cruise ship MV World Dream, the Indonesian Navy’s KRI dr. Suharso-990 returned to carry out the task of evacuating the 69 Diamond Princess’s Indonesian crew. EVACUATION OF MV WORLD DREAM’S The Evacuation Task Force carried out CREW embarkation at the Indramayu PLTU IN evacuating the Indonesian crew members of the MV World (steam power plant) jetty in West Java, Dream in the Durian Strait, , on Wednesday, February and sailed to Sebaru Island. 26, 2020, TNI AL deployed five warships, namely the hospital ship KRI Dr. Soeharso-990, KRI Cut Nyak Dien-375, KRI Clurit-641, KRI Up to that time, the aircraft carrying Krait-872, and KAL (prefix designation given to non-commissioned the 69 crew members of the Diamond ships that are property of the Indonesian Navy) Marapas and two Princess that had been declared Sea Riders. Covid-19 negative took off from ’s Haneda Airport, and landed There were 188 Indonesian crew members removed from the at Kertajati Airport in Majalengka, MV World Dream, consisting of 172 men and 16 women, all of West Java, Indonesia. They then went whom have been declared Covid-19 negative. At the time of the to the Indramayu PLTU jetty by land. departure, the sunlit weather was very accommodating, so that According to the designated medical with the excellent cooperation between all parties involved, the protocol, before embarking to the evacuation went well and smooth. The personnel transfer was KRI dr. Soeharso-990, the integrated carried out in two sorties by means of an MV World Dream’s medical team carried out rigorous transfer boat to the KRI dr. Soeharso-990. medical examination. The crew members were received at KRI dr. Soeharso-990 KRI dr. Soeharso-990 then sailed to after going through the inspection procedure according to the Sebaru Island, and arrived on Monday designated medical protocol. KRI dr. Soeharso-990 then moved afternoon March 2, 2020, to further towards Sebaru Island in the Thousand Islands. During the debark the 69 crew members who evacuation, TNI AL joined forces with a number of institutions were then received by the Integrated under the auspices of the Indonesian Ministry of Health, i.e. the Observation Team on Sebaru Island. Port Health Office (KKP), the Jakarta Health Laboratory In assisting humanitarian missions in Center (BBLK) and the Jakarta Health Research and Development Sebaru Island, the Kepulauan Seribu Agency (Balitbangkes). (Thousand Islands) Regency of the After cruising for two days from the Durian Strait in the Riau Special Capital Region of Jakarta, in Islands, KRI dr. Soeharso-990 arrived in the Thousand Islands, on addition to KRI dr. Soeharso-990 was Friday (28/2). The 188 Indonesian crew members originally from also seconded by KRI -594 the MV World Dream, who had been declared Covid-19 negative, which was operated as a command were then transported with two Landing Craft Utility (LCU) boats center during the Covid-19 virus to Sebaru Island. The first LCU brought 16 Indonesian citizens observation process. and their baggage, while 172 Indonesian citizens were carried KRI Semarang-594 as the headquarters with the second LCU and were immediately received by the Joint of the Joint Combined Task Force Observation Team on Sebaru Island. (Kogasgabpad) is on guard at all times, KRI dr. Soeharso-990’s voyage towards Sebaru Island encountered both as a hospital ship as well as as no problems. The MV World Dream’s Indonesian crew members an emergency control post tasked joined in various routine activities including worship, health with distributing both logistics as check-ups, sports, psychological counseling, and other activities. well as accommodation and a fellow

14 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 observation post for Indonesian citizens associated Agency (BNPB), and the Ministry of Health to Sebaru with the Covid-19 virus. Island. The joint team was tasked with setting up an adequate observation post. In addition to people, the During the voyage from the Indramayu PLTU jetty KRI Banda Aceh-593 also carried food and medical to Sebaru Island, the Diamond Princess’ Indonesian equipment. crew members underwent a number of pastimes such as body temperature checking, psychological games, For the sake of examining the Indonesian crew psychological counseling and also workouts. Then, members, the Navy also added another hospital before being disembarked in Sebaru Island, they ship, the KRI Semarang-594, which was used as were again blood-tested to determine whether they the command control center during the Covid-19 were really healthy or not. Sixty eight people were all treatment on Sebaru Island. From the KRI Semarang, declared negative and one person had to undergo the Commander of the Integrated Joint Task Force further examination in Jakarta. (Kogasgabpad), Yudo Margono, S.E., M.M. directed the entirety regarding the evacuation On Thursday, March 5, 2020, at around 14:30 West and observation. Beyond this, Vice Admiral Yudo Indonesia Time, the 68 Indonesian crew members Margono served as Commander of the Joint Regional of the Diamond Princess along with ten of their Defense Command (Pangkogabwilhan) I. assistants were descended from KRI dr. Soeharso-990 and headed to Sebaru Island by LCUs. During the The KRI Semarang-594 as the command center of debarkation they were escorted by four Sea Riders the Integrated Joint Task Command (Kogasgabpad) from the Indonesian Navy’s and underwater is on alert on a daily basis, both as a hospital ship demolition unit () to maintain security while and in emergency situations. In addition, the KRI heading for the island. The crew members then underwent a 14-day observation.

OBSERVATION ISLAND SEBARU Island is one of the isles within the Thousand Islands’ group which seaside has white sand, unharmed coral reefs, and hemmed in sparkling waters. The island was preferred a quarantine or observation post for Indonesian crew members removed from virus-infected cruise ships, since it is a deserted island.

Sebaru Island is deemed eligible as an observation site, for there are ready-to-use buildings with accommodations. The facility was earlier a discarded drug rehabilitation facility.

The government transformed the existing cottages and the former drug rehabilitation facility into emergency sickbays and an observation post. Unlike Semarang-594 also brought hundreds of food in Natuna, which utilizes an airplane hangar with tents. boxes for the Indonesian crew members who were Though different in physical facilities, the equipment scrutinized, which were within a few kilometers from and staff are the same as those applied at Natuna, where the ship was anchored. from sanitation, nutritionists, to psychologists. The KRI Semarang is a Landing Platform Dock (LPD)- Facilities on Sebaru Island can accommodate around type vessel 124 meters in length, 21.80 meters in 250 people. width, and weighing 7,200 tons, with a maximum The observation process on Sebaru Island is compliant speed of 16 knots and cruise speed of 14 knots. Its with the procedures approved by the World Health sailing endurance reaches up to 30 days. The KRI Organization (WHO), similar to the observations Semarang-594 is equipped with two Landing Craft administered on Indonesian citizens who were Utility (LCU) vessels each capable of carrying eight repatriated from Wuhan, China in Natuna. combat vehicles.

The fashioning of Sebaru Island as an isolating spot The KRI Semarang was also used in the repatriation of calls for exceptionally hard work considering that one the crew members who had been observed in Sebaru of its accesses is by sea. The KRI Banda Aceh-593 was Island. One hundred and eighty eight crew members deployed to bring hundreds of joint team members, of the MV World Dream were taken to the Military consisting of members of the Armed Forces and Sealift Command (Kolinlamil) dock in Tanjung Priok, th State Police, the National Disaster Management Jakarta, on Saturday, March 14 , followed by the 68 Diamond Princess’ crew members on Sunday.©

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 15 The last generation of US Navy’s P-3C Orion is capable of carrying anti-ship missiles and ground attack missiles. (navaltechnology.com)

By Commander Drs. Heri Sutrisno, M.Si. THE MIGHTY OLD BEAT-UP ORION

NOT many aircrafts are able to go through their service for more The US Navy actually still relied on the P-2 than half a century. The P-3 Orion proves itself a legendary anti- Neptune as its air power to carry out anti- submarine and maritime surveillance aircraft that has existed submarine warfare. However, the Pentagon for 58 years. In its prime of life, marked by the retirement of was interested in a new transport aircraft this aircraft by a number of its user countries, Orion continues made by Lockheed, the L-188 Electra, which to appear mighty as an overseer of the oceans that seems took off in August 1957. The company won irreplaceable. a tender to build a maritime patrol aircraft coded P3V-1, and its first unit passed the Maritime Patrol Aircrafts (MPA) have been known since World flight test on 15 April 1961. A year later, this War II to answer the limitations of sensors of surface vessels type of maritime patrol aircraft officially that could not sense targets behind the horizon. So-called light reinforced the Patrol Squadron Eight (VP- flying boats and barrage balloons that were onboard large 8) and VP-44 based at NAS Patuxent River, surface combatants (battle ships and cruisers) were then the Maryland. On September 18, 1962, the US platforms. Since the mid-1930s, land- and sea-based MPAs Navy officially named its new MPA the P-3 have been developed. Barrage balloons were abandoned and Orion. the trend led to medium/heavy flying boats as well as land- based fixed wing aircrafts. During World War II, this types The P-3 Orion is 35.61 meters in length, of aircraft played a major role in the hunting of submarines, with a wingspan of 30.37 meters, height surface ships, and performed rescue operations as well, even 10.27 meters and weighs of 27.900 kg though they only used simple sensors. (weight empty). This wide-winged aircraft is powered by four Turboprop Allison Entering the Cold War era, MPAs face new challenges that T56-A-14 engines, each with 3,661 kW cannot be dealt with using World War II platforms and sensor power. Each engine turns a four-blade technologies, especially with the development of a submarine constant speed , the Hamilton propulsion technology capable of going fathoms deep for Standard 54H60-77 type. Based on these quite a long time. The maritime patrol aircrafts at the time engine specifications, the P-3 is capable did not have enough endurance to the submarines of flying at a maximum speed of 405 knots that sailed in snorkeling mode or surfaced for battery charge. (750 km/h) and has a cruising speed of 330 This condition was further complicated by nuclear submarines knots as far as 5,600 nautical miles and is capable of sailing in depth for long periods of time. capable of flying continuously for 12 hours.

16 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 A RAAF P-3C Orion releases of anti-aircraft missile decoys.

The aircraft, manned by 11 people, is capable North Vietnamese MIG-17 fighter. This incident gave of carrying mission equipment as standard anti birth to the thinking of equipping this MPA with self- submarine elements, i.e. 50 units of anti-submarine defense armament such as chaffs or decoys and anti- sensor sonobuoys, a range of anti submarine weapons aircraft missiles. weighing up to 9 tons, such as depth charges and Mk- 46 or Mk-52 torpedoes stored in the bomb bay. As P-3 Orions were part of the first US troops to arrive self defense weapon from enemy air strikes, the P-3 in 48 hours after Iraq invaded the country on is equipped with a missile decoys and Maverick anti- August 2, 1990. The flying machines were equipped aircraft missiles. In its development, this aircraft is also with sensors and control systems to attack beyond- capable to launch attacks on surface combatants and the-horizon targets, in support of Operation Outlaw air-to-land attacks with AGM-84 and AGM- Hunter to detect Iraqi ships that were trying to cross 84E SLAM missiles. the Basra and Umm Qasar waters into Iranian waters. Reports from this MPAs’ surveillance directed the Two months after entering active service with the US multinational forces to destroy ’s vessels. Navy, the P-3 Orion was drawn in the Cuban Crisis in During the Gulf War, of the 108 Iraqi vessels destroyed October 1962. Its mission was to detect and block by multinational forces, 55 of them were Orion P-3 missile transports from the that would targets. enter Cuban waters. By the Kremlin, the country would be made a missile base that would directly threaten These combat aircrafts were also operated by the US the United States. This crisis ended without firing a Navy in the Balkan crisis in former Yugoslavia. P-3C weapon. And the Soviet Union revoked its intention Orions were not only used in surveillance, but were to make Cuba its missile base. also assigned as close air support using anti-ship missiles. Two years later Orions were deployed during the Vietnam War, in support of Operation Market Time The P-3 Orion is distinct in terms of quantity and the in 1965. Their mission was to thwart the shipment of distribution of its users which is beyond other MPAs. logistical supplies to the Vietcong by patrolling along Until 2020, 751 aircrafts have been produced which the Vietnamese coast. Orions were also assigned are flown for military and civilian purposes. The US to a number of air reconnaissance missions against Navy has the most with 227 aircraft, which since 2013 enemy positions on land. During this mission, one have been replaced by the P-8 Poseidon, a Maritime P-3 was lightly damaged by an anti-aircraft gun shell Multi-mission Aircraft (MMA) built by Boeing. Next and one was shot down by a Zuni missile fired from a to the United States, the Orion P-3 is also operated by 17 other countries, i.e. , Australia, , THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 17 , Chile, , , Japan, , the Netherlands, by installing the Raytheon AN/APS-137 , Norway, , , , Spain multi-mission surveillance radar as done and . For nearly 60 years of service, this MPA has been on 18 Orions of the Royal Australian Air made in 39 variants according to the operational needs of its Force which were upgraded to the AP- users. 3C standard. In 2005, updates included the installation of Elta Electronics EL/M- 20223 marine surveillance radar and FLIR THROUGHOUT THE AGES Systems Star SAFIRE II thermal imaging. THE special feature of this four-engined aircraft lies in its platform which presents a high level of optimization and Meanwhile, New Zealand had chosen operating efficiency and can be modified according to any L-3 Communications to upgrade its needs of the user. The United States is open to its allies to six P-3K aircraft with a new mission operate an aircraft that can work together with the elements of system. The upgrade also included their fleet and air power. Replacing the Lockheed P-2 Neptune, new communication and navigation the beat-up Orion has proven itself throughout the ages as the equipment. Pakistan, which bought seven world’s leading maritime patrol aircraft. Far beyond the British former US Navy P-3C Orions, upgraded Nimrod, French Atlantique, and Russia’s Ilyushin Il-38. the radars of two among them, and also installed an Electronic Support Measure Every decade, the Lockheed and Kawasaki-manufactured (ESM) electronic warfare equipment, and aircraft undergoes upgrades in its sensors and weapons in communications systems in 2007. accordance with the development of naval technology. In 1975, an Update I Program was carried out by enhancing the aircraft’s Japan, which already holds a license to navigation system, computer memory, and tactical display. make their own Orions through Kawasaki A year later, the Update Program was again implemented Heavy Industries Ltd., improved the by installing an infrared detection system and a sonobuoy engine to be able to fly for 14 hours, two reference system and equipped with Harpoon missiles. hours longer than before.

The P-3 was again upgraded under the Update III Program, which The might of this aircraft also lies in the was implemented in 1984. Within this program, the aircraft was weapons system which is integrated with equipped with sophisticated anti-submarine warfare avionics, the upgrading of the sensor system. The including the IBM Proteus AN/UYS-1 acoustic processors. The initial generation of this aircraft was armed upgrading process gave birth to the P-3C variant. During the with depth charges, torpedoes and sea 1990s, the aircraft underwent a phase IV upgrade aimed at mines carried in its bomb bay. The latest providing advanced signal processing capabilities to respond generation of P-3C Orion is capable of to threats of a new generation of submarines that were fast, carrying anti-ship missiles and ground quiet and operating in deep seas. The upgrade also included attack missiles, the Harpoon AGM-84. the installation of a multi-sensor WESCAM 20 system, which Less than two years out of the six decades contained thermal temperature sensors and CCD sensors. of the Orion’s service, the assignment of In the midst of the issue that US Navy’s P-3 Orions are being the legendary MPA has been reduced. retired, a number of users instead carried out a phase V upgrades The US Navy as the first user has retired most of the P-3 Orion and replaced them with a new generation, more sophisticated P-8 Poseidon patrol aircraft which better responds to current task challenges. Currently, the country still operates 41 P-3Cs as MPA and 12 EP-3s as elements of strategic electronic warfare. This step was followed by countries such as Australia, Spain, the Netherlands, and Japan.

However, there are still many users that still continue the Orion’s service for the next ten years, as did Germany and South Korea. A number of other user states seem to be unwilling to lose the might of the sea eagle despite its old age. Indeed, the ocean air watchdog has never reinforced the and the Indonesian Navy’s air arm, but we can take valuable lessons from the greatness and extensive lifetime of the P-3 Orion.©

A P-3C and an Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate, two US Navy’s defense equipment that will enter 18 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 retirement. (navaltechnology.com) INDONESIA TRAPPED IN CONFLICTS OF INTEREST IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA By Navy Captain Cecep Hidayat, S.E., M.Si.

THE South China Sea is abundant with natural resources, both oil, gas, and edible fishes. The South China Sea is also considered strategic because it is a path of trade and economic traffic from Australia (Indian Ocean), towards Asian countries, Europe and the Middle East. Hence, the South China Sea is significant for China and other claimant states as SLOC/SLOT and source for natural wealth.

Regional disputes in the South China Sea had taken place more than a decade ago, which began long before the international sea law convention (UN Convention on the Law of the Sea—UNCLOS) was formulated in 1982 as a legal framework for determining territorial sea boundaries, additional zones and exclusive economic zones (EEZ) as well as other rights and obligations of coastal states.

However, at present, UNCLOS has been accepted as the basis of international law. Regional disputes in the South China Sea involve China, Taiwan, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, and Vietnam as well as outside parties that have interests in the region, such as the United States (US). Until now, there has been no clear resolution regarding the peaceful resolution of the problem. Although Indonesia is not one of the regional Chinese claims on South China Sea claimants against the South China Sea, Chinese as well as overlapping claims with claims called Nine-Dash-Line (NDL) are very likely other countries to bring future problems for Indonesia. Indonesia, which is not a claimant state, was drawn in after the absolute claims of the PRC over the waters of the South China Sea, entered Natuna waters in 2012.

The South China Sea dispute is seen as testing the ability of ASEAN member states to maintain a united attitude as an international organization.

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 19 Sovereignty disputes in the South China Sea are Meanwhile, by drawing on a balanced and intelligent strongly influenced by the strategic location of the force will reduce the possibility of forming a coalition area as maritime access and the potential of large that will fight China. This was conveyed by Hu Jintao mineral resources. The South China Sea is always at the Chinese Communist Party’s congress on the crossed by various types of ships that transport importance of a smart and balanced power approach. energy sources, both oil, coal and natural gas. More A tougher and firmer approach to violations committed than half of the number of commercial vessels from by China at several hotspots in the South China Sea all over the world passing the Malacca Strait, Sunda can provide impetus for China to start increasing its Strait and Lombok Strait continue their journey aggressiveness by using its military power (hard power). through the South China Sea. Chinese aggressiveness can be interpreted as China’s desire to practice its desire to use more military power However, what needs to be understood is the reason accompanied by an economic crackdown in the form of that pushed China, as the leading actor behind the pressure exerted on the target country. conflict in the South China Sea as a whole, to be so bold as to claim this territorial waters as a legitimate Indonesia’s attitude in the South China Sea conflict is part of the country’s territory that contradicts all expressed by not taking sides and maintains stability international provisions and agreements contained in the region, while Indonesia can act as an “Honest in UNCLOS and the most recent international Broker” to resolve conflicts in the South China Sea. This decisions, the outcome of the decree made by the is required in the region to maintain regional stability, International Arbitration Court (Permanent Court bearing in mind that Indonesia’s territory covers almost of Arbitration—PCA) which granted the demands two-thirds of the entire ASEAN region which is dominant of the Philippines for territorial claims in the South with its territorial waters. China Sea. For China, Indonesia is an important country for the One of China’s motives for claiming the South China sustainability of its maritime “Silk Road” doctrine. Sea is because it has the largest population in the Therefore, it is very likely that China will maintain its world today, rapid economic progress and its military relationship with Indonesia through its economic strength which now measures up with the US and capabilities by adopting the most likely approach for Russia. These factors are seen as the main reason Indonesia, namely by disbursing Chinese investment in for China to dare to disagree with other parties even Indonesia, perhaps by facilitating the disbursement of when it is seen as violating all the provisions and funds and investment assistance and the technology international law that apply positively at this time. required by Indonesia in realizing the Global Maritime Fulcrum. FUTURE THREAT PREDICTION It can be seen that the dynamics of the use of force IMPLICATIONS OF THE DISPUTE ON by the disputing parties in the South China Sea do INDONESIA not use the conventional paradigm of military power IN the political field, the dispute over the South China (hard power) to achieve goals. The balance between Sea if it continues to increase will have a negative impact military power and also other forces that are more on regional peace and stability. This condition clearly subtle as a counterweight (soft power) needs to be contradicts Indonesia’s political interests in maintaining used together to achieve goals while maintaining regional peace and stability as mandated in the 1945 harmony in their relationship, which although up and Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The escalation down due to the escalation of conflict, but prevent of the South China Sea dispute will have significant the occurrence of conflict openness that can lead political implications for Indonesia. to open war, which can end in the next world war. That is what China seems to realize in terms of the On the one hand, the implication is that Indonesia will approach it uses to win their claims in the South be trapped in the struggle for the interests between China Sea. major countries in the region, namely the United States and China. On the other hand, Indonesia’s national China not only applies its rapidly increasing military interests in the South China Sea are also at risk because power, but is also going together with an economic, Indonesia’s EEZ in the waters and Natuna’s borders will diplomatic, and ideological approaches that are definitely be affected by the spill-over of the conflict. The used in a properly calculated way. The combined formation of claimant states can also affect Indonesia’s approach taken by China can be classified as a smart foreign policy. China’s Nine-Dash Lines which overlaps approach (smart power). The balance of power and with Indonesia’s EEZ if left unchecked may imperil approaches used by China is clearly illustrated by Indonesia due to changes in the territorial boundaries Joseph S. Nye in an interview that illustrates that the claimed by other countries. Chinese approach is not always military force for it may alienate its allies and also increase tensions in In the economic field, the prolonged conflict in the the region. South China Sea is predicted to bring shock waves to the

20 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 PROTECTING THE NATUNA SEA TO expunge the implications of the South China Sea conflicts on national interests, Indonesia needs to anticipate possible scenarios in the South China Sea region by developing a comprehensive defense strategy. The best-suited defense strategy must be able to answer three basic questions: what are the ends, by what means, and how to achieve that ends (ways). Furthermore, in the national defense strategy which portrays Ends as national sovereignty, territorial integrity and national security and honor, the means used are military defense integrated with non-military defense contained in the national defense posture, Map of the Chinese Maritime Silk Road and how to use a multi-layered defense strategy.

Regarding open conflicts in the South China Sea, their Indonesian economy. The direct economic implication impact on Indonesia’s national interests will greatly for Indonesia is the reduction of state revenues from affect the country’s politics, economy, defense and oil and gas fields and fisheries in Indonesia’s EEZ in the security. In national defense strategy, objectives are region. set out in strategic objectives, which consist of five interrelated strategic targets, which include targets Natuna waters, which border directly with the South in the field of deterrence, targets in dealing with China Sea, is a national strategic area since it is a natural threats of military aggression, targets in overcoming resource exploration area. The reduced exploration in military threats that do not take the form of military the region will also have an impact on the availability of aggression, targets to overcome non-military threats energy and food, especially the fisheries sector which and targets to bring about world peace and regional is a source of income for the people in the Natuna stability. Islands. The indirect implication of the disputes in the South China Sea is the increase in insurance costs In the South China Sea conflict, the related strategic and operational costs of commercial vessels that pass objectives include three national defense functions, through the region or are forced to find safer alternative i.e. deterrence, suppression, and recovery in the face shipping routes. of a possibility of military aggression and the realization of regional stability. All related resources (means) The existence of conflicts in the region also endangers available must be used as much as possible through the continuity of Indonesia’s trade with countries in appropriate strategies (ways) for the achievement of East Asia which are Indonesia’s important economic the three intended national defense functions. partners. The value of Indonesia’s trade with these countries is quite significant in maintaining the national In addition to the military which executes strategies economic wheel for the ASEAN-China Free Trade Area to respond to contingencies in the South China Sea, (ACFTA) and the Japan-Indonesia Economic Partnership stakeholders involved in politics and economics also Agreement (JIEPA) have been agreed. have an important role to play. Conflict resolution will be prompter to achieve and more successful In the field of defense, the presence of armed forces in if supported by conducive political conditions and the disputed areas in the South China Sea has created supporting economic conditions. This is where synergy new threats and tensions for the Asian region, particularly is needed between all parties involved. It must be , because the presence of armed forces understood from the start that conflict resolution in facing each other in one field of operation to protect the an area cannot be borne only by local territorial and interests of each potential country may become an open military authorities, but must be an integrated unit of conflict. South China Sea’s strategic position in defense action that mutually reinforces one another. makes every claimant state try to play its influence in the region through the deployment of troops that may have Concerning the disputes in the South China Sea, a strategic impact. This condition requires Indonesia Indonesia has the principle of promoting peaceful to review its national defense system, especially in conflict resolution and seeking negotiations within areas bordering the disputed territories. In the context a peaceful path as the main way to find common of national defense, Indonesia has interests in the ground. This principle is basically the basic foundation sovereignty of its territory on the border of the South of ASEAN which prioritizes the “ASEAN Way” which China Sea and security guarantees on the Sea Lanes of focuses on the principle of non-intervention and Communications (SLOC). peaceful ways of resolving disputes.©

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 21 SAFEGUARDING THE INDONESIAN ARCHIPELAGIC SEA LANES (III) By Navy Captain Aries Cahyono, S.E.

THE geography of Indonesia as a self-governing territory makes up of 17,504 islands, which makes it as the largest archipelago in the world. Two thirds of Indonesia’s territory is a sea area with a coastline of 108,000 kilometers and its waters cover 6,400,000 square kilometers.

The final Prime Minister of Indonesia, Djuanda Kartawidjaja (1911-1963), adopted the Djuanda Declaration on December 13, 1957, which gained international recognition on December 10, 1982 after the 3rd United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS 1982) and followed by a state political decision three years later through Law No. 17 of 1985. Since then Indonesia has the sovereign right to utilize natural resources including those on the seabed and below it as well as the provisions on the Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lanes (ALKI).

The advantages of Indonesia as a country that has archipelagic sea lanes become a potential base capital in preparing the nation’s future, including in the realization of Indonesia’s vision to become a Global Maritime Fulcrum (PMD) as stated in the first point of the 2014 Nawa Cita from the President of the Republic of Indonesia, Ir. H. .

International trade and transportation bustles through the Sea Lanes of Communication (SLOC) and Sea Lanes of Transportation (SLOT) in Indonesian waters reach approximately

22 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 Illustrative map of the Archipelagic Baselines and Maritime Boundaries of Indonesia (Source-US Dept of State)

40% and continue to increase. This is an economic foreign sympathizers in supporting the RMS in the windfall and a bargaining power if we are able to Maluku and North Maluku regions. manage it properly and appropriately. In the maritime security’s context, the strategic location of Indonesia In the ALKI (III A) lane in the Ombai Strait there contains logical consequences in ensuring maritime is a maritime boundary between the Republic of security for its users as well as how to respond to a Indonesia (RI) and the Democratic Republic of East number of maritime security issues involving many Timor (hereinafter abbreviated as DRET), which until countries. now is still in the process of bilaterally establishing the borderlines between the two countries, potentially Therefore, safeguarding and overseeing maritime a vehicle for the escape of RDTL citizens entering security are highly prioritized while still paying Indonesia. Various activities at the RI-RDTL maritime attention to the area, especially on ALKI lanes. boundary can jeopardize the safety of navigation of Government Regulation No. 37 of 2002 concerning sea operators, next to eliciting increased territorial the Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lanes lists the violations by the RDTL military elements or other distribution of ALKI (III) lanes and their branches. maritime agencies as well as the rampant smuggling Acting towards the existence of the ALKI (III) routes of goods and human trafficking and territorial claims. in accordance with the provisions and legislation is certainly not easy. There are challenges to be faced, Archipelagic sea lanes are sea channels that are and these need to be sustained by the best strategies. traversed by ships or foreign aircraft above the channel, to carry out shipping and flights in the normal manner solely for continuous, direct and fast transits POTENTIAL THREATS and not obstructed through or over the waters of the EACH ALKI has different potential threats, but ALKI islands and territorial seas that is adjacent to one and (III) has potential threats in the Maluku Sea originating another part of the high seas or Indonesia’ss Exclusive from the impact of the Philippine internal Moro Economic Zone. Eastern Indonesia is full of open conflict, which makes ALKI (III) a pathway of firearms space waters, with very long and winding coastlines, smuggling activities into Maluku or North Maluku through large and small clusters so that the position as a base for the “diving” of the Republic of South of ALKI (III) has its own geographical characteristics. Maluku (RMS) and the Free Organization The peculiarity of the ALKI (III) should be given special (OPM) separatist movements. On the other hand, the attention by the Indonesian government. The critical lanes also has the potential as maritime pathways for area of ALKI (III) is located on the RI-RDTL and the

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 23 RI-Philippines borders where both of these areas are provisions of national law and international law which likely to cause smuggling of weapons, drugs and have been ratified in the form of law enforcement alcohol, and illegal fishing. operations at sea including enforcing the law on the ALKI routes. Aside from the maritime aspect, ALKI (III) Based on the analysis and anomalies found by the security is also carried out by air. The question arises, Maritime Information Center of the Indonesian who should guard and enforce the ALKI (III)? National Armed Forces (Pusinfomar TNI) since January 2020, around 25 commercial vessels weighing above Safeguarding the ALKI (III) is not only the responsibility 10,000 GT cruised in the eastern Indonesian waters of the Indonesian Armed Forces, specifically the (east-west track or north-south track) and not through TNI AL and the Indonesian Air Force (TNI AU) as a the ALKI (III) route. The waters of eastern Indonesia single stakeholder, but it must also involve multi- are widely used by foreign-flagged commercial stakeholders in line with the limits of capability and ships to continuously sail around the ALKI III (the authority. western side of Buru Island or in the Seram Sea) for approximately 12 days. The activities of these The ALKI (III) is located in the eastern waters of commercial vessels have led to various allegations Indonesia which is dominated by open water and of violations or criminal acts at sea in the form of many gaps. This is the challenge. The geographical transshipment, illegal buying and selling of oil-based condition offers an opportunity and invites sea fuels at sea, disruption to navigation security in the operators (both military and non-military) to sail surrounding waters or disregarding conservation through or not through the ALKI III (III B and III C), and areas and others. even does not comply with any ALKI provision. This non-compliance of sea operators is often spotted and recognized (visual contact) by elements of the GUARD AND ENFORCER OF Indonesian Navy and Air Force. The infractions were Conforming with article 7 paragraph (2) of Law caused by two main things, namely, first, several No. 34 of 2004 concerning the main task of the countries did not ratify the UNCLOS 1982 and, Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) as referred secondly, as an effort to cut the operational costs of to in paragraph (1) is carried out through Military the ship by shortening the track to its destination. On Operations Other Than War (MOOTW) including the other hand, formal legal in the context of state political decisions at the operational level between Government Regulation No. 36 of 2002 concerning the right to peaceful crossings in Indonesian waters with Government Regulation No. 37 of 2002 concerning the ALKI’s crossing rights and obligations is still not aligned and “lack” in legal terms.

Another nontrivial challenge is the limited availability of elements of the Navy, especially frigates (which have high-end operation and deterrent capabilities) and maritime patrol aircraft as well as elements of the Air Force both multi-purpose fighter aircraft, air surveillance aircraft and maritime patrol aircraft. The readiness of operating TNI elements is still not comparable between the vast area they have to cover and the high operational tasks and regional logistical support in maintaining and securing the sea area and the air space above the ALKI (III). Finally, the security of ALKI (III) has not been involving multi-stakeholders. These challenges caused the enforcement of ALKI (III) assisting the government in safeguarding shipping not as expected. and aviation against piracy and smuggling. The implementation of TNI’s task of securing shipping activities takes the form of a Joint Security Operation OPERATIONAL REALIZATIONS of the Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lanes (Opsgab THE establishment of the Combined Defense Area Pam ALKI) and Maritime Security Operations (Ops Command (Kogabwilhan) itself was formed based on Kamla). The Indonesian Navy (TNI AL) is also tasked Presidential Decree No. 27 of 2019 concerning the with the upholding of the law and maintaining security formation of a combined defense area command and in the nation’s territorial seas in accordance with the status of 23 Military Resort Commands. Subsequently,

24 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 the task of Kogabwilhan is to take the preliminary 4. The Hong Kong-flagged MV Xin Yuan sailed from action in the event of a conflict in the Kogabwilhan Qingdao (China) to Weipa (Australia) taking the operational area both for Military War Operations Halmahera Sea-Seram Sea (north of Seram Island)- and Military Operations Other Than War, to dissuade Banda Sea-North Aru Islands-Arafuru Sea route. external and internal threats and restoration of state security disturbed by security disorders which are carried out according to the policy given by the SPILL-OVER OF THE SOUTH Commander the TNI. CHINA SEA CONFLICT THE South China Sea (SCS) issue has always been an The Kogabwilhan III is headquartered in , attention-grabbing discussion by all groups due to Papua, and is responsible for land areas (Maluku, the intricacy of the interests in the region to date. But North Maluku, Papua), sea areas (waters around in the midst of a world that is collectively drudging Maluku, North Maluku, Papua and ALKI III B and III against the Covid-19 pandemic, the intensity of the C along with surrounding waters) and airspace (areas SCS conflict is heating up again. This raises many above Maluku, North Maluku, Papua and ALKI III B fundamental questions, is this part of the grand and III C and the surrounding waters). scenario by each country concerned? To answer it certainly requires quite a long review. Even though it is considered a newly formed TNI Operational Main Command, the Kogabwilhan III On April 23, 2020, United States warships (USS moved quickly through the issuance of telegram America, USS Bunker Hill, USS Barry) and the Australian from the III Combined Defense Area Commander Anzac-class frigate HMAS Parramatta were present (Pangkogabwilhan III) number TR/01/2020 dated at the SCS to conduct joint training maneuvers and January 1, 2020 regarding the implementation of were reported to have faced Chinese warships. The the Operational Plan (RO) into Operational Orders presence of US and Australian surface combatants (PO) for 13 types of TNI Combined Operations in in the West Capella region as real support for a eastern Indonesia. Among these are the Combined Malaysian oil drilling has been disrupted by Chinese Safeguarding Operation for ALKI III B and III C (Fleet vessels in recent times. Command-III and Air Force Operations Command-III) The situation in the SCS is indeed difficult to predict, The Combined Safeguarding Operation of ALKI III B but if you learn from the initial series of SCS conflicts and III C which is operationalized by the Commander that involved many countries in the SCS region or of the Fleet Command III as Commander of the ALKI even outside the SCS as allies of both the conflicting III B and III C Combined Safeguarding Operation is parties, it corresponds to a time bomb that in the end one of the concerns of the Combined Area Defense will ignite. If the SCS conflict does not end and will Command III in carrying out efforts to safeguard, prolong, and eventually a war between superpowers oversee and take action against violations of the ALKI will break out, what will be Indonesia’s strategic move (III ). Based on the analysis and anomalies found by to get ahead? the TNI Maritime Information Center in the period of April 2020, the Kogabwilhan III conducted operational Many parties still hope that the SCS conflict will not control through the deployment of elements of Fleet turn into an open war. The importance of maintaining Command III and the Air Force Operations Command peace and stability in the area should be upheld. III and got the identification/visual contact of four Freedom of shipping and aviation by all interest foreign commercial ships sailing between the 7th and groups involved in the disputes should respect and 26th April, 2020, not going through theALKI (III), i.e.: ensure international law. Indonesia as a non-claimant state, views that the spillover effect of the SCS conflict 1. The -flagged MV Summertime requires a its anticipation and readiness since the early Dream, sailed from Tianjin (China) to Australia and stages, especially in the aspect of defense through taking the Pacific-Arafuru Sea route. TNI’s readiness in incessantly maintaining Indonesia’s sovereignty. 2. The Panama-flagged MV Innovation Way, sailed from to the Philippines and took ALKI III It is enormously potential for Australian naval vessels A route. to go through the ALKI (III) from their base in Sydney, Perth, or Darwin to join US warships in the SCS region 3. The Greece-flagged MV Double Fortune sailed through Philippine’s waters. On the other hand, if it from Huang Hua (China) to Amrun (Australia) were true that Australia would build a naval base in taking the Halmahera Sea-Seram Sea (North Seram the RDTL region as stated by the Prime Minister of Island)-North Banda Sea-Aru Islands-Arafuru Sea Australia, Scott Morrison during his visit to Dili on route. Friday, 30 August 2019 that coincided with the 20th anniversary of Timor Leste’s independence, then this

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 25 would be a homework especially for the TNI, which the provisions of ALKI (III) in accordance with the implements a strategy to maintain and secure the UNCLOS 1982 as ratified through Indonesian laws ALKI (III) exclusively on the RI-RDTL-Australia borders and regulations (positive Indonesian law ), among or other waters. others are:

Indonesia has a great potential to become the • Legal instruments that are related to ALKI (III) crossing area of the disputing powers by utilizing the should provide legal force and strict and clear trans-transit regime. The UNCLOS 1982 lists three sanctions types of foreign vessel crossing rights including right of innocent passage Article 52 (I), right of transit • Control over the ALKI (III) should not only rests passage Article 3 (2), right of archipelagic sea lanes on the TNI/Indonesian Navy and Air Force passage Article 53. Well, at least Indonesia should through the TNI Combined Operation or merely take “breaches” in the form of its attitudes to regional a law enforcing operation, but must also include countries that will use ALKI (III) as the crossing of their elements of ministeries/institutions related to ships, especially naval vessels, as an effort to prevent security and other maritime surveillance that are conflicts between countries in the region. able to play a convincing role in enforcing the ALKI (III) provisions and control Tangible steps as a form of anticipation are political statements of the state as a neutral state should be • The state budget, especially in terms of maritime immediately voiced from time-to-time and not in and air defenses should be supported by favor of any country. Indonesia as an archipelagic adequate allocation as the main capital for the state that has power over the ALKI (III) should presence of elements of the TNI/TNI AL and TNI upheld the supremacy of international maritime law AU and should uphold the right political attitude together with strengthening the ALKI (III) Combined and have a strong bargaining position in placing Safeguarding Operation supported by the readiness itself as a neutral state in anticipating the impacts of operational facilities along the ALKI (III) as early as of the SCS conflict, especially Indonesia’s position possible. as the country that has power over the ALKI (III). To strengthen the ALKI (III), strategies and efforts are needed. The first strategy is by strengthening the STRATEGY position of the ALKI starting from:

CONDITIONS expected to realize the empowerment • The Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs through of the ALKI (III) as a path through which foreign the Indonesian Embassy or the Indonesian ships and aircraft are always in compliance with

26 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 Consulate General should communicate and of the Republic of Indonesia accompanied by disseminate information to maritime associations copies to relevant ministries/institutions or shipping company associations in each country as ALKI (III) users. • Increasing the development of TNI’s main equipment and weapons systems (ocean-going • Strengthening communications with the vessels, maritime patrol aircraft and fighter International Maritime Organization (IMO) aircraft) through TNI’s synergy with related ministries/ institutions • The TNI Headquarters through the TNI Maritime Information Center bring about cooperation • The TNI Headquarters should provide input with the Indonesian Ministry of Transportation through a strategic study to the President of the to create a public website that contains news Republic of Indonesia on the concept of applying updates about the ALKI (III) a ship channel pricing rate system for foreign vessels • Developing and integrating sea level sensory systems in several ALKI (III) Choke Points • A concept should be addressed to the Ministry of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia • Reinforcing the Rules of Engagement specifically regarding the control system of the ALKI (III) lanes for the ALKI (III) which are located on the Alor Island (ALKI IIIA) and • The TNI Headquarters together with the the Leti Island (ALKI IIIB) which are integrated with Indonesian Ministry of Transportation, the TNI infrastructure facilities especially elements and other relevant of the Navy for detection, identification, and ministries/institutions should develope the ALKI enforcement of the law. (III) Integrated Security Procedure

The second strategy is to strengthen the ALKI (III) • The TNI Headquarters should continue the regulatory instruments starting with: collaboration (MoU) with the Indonesian • Proposing the revision of Law No. 17 of 1985 Maritime Security Agency which ended in 2019 by and the synchronization between Government completing the cooperation in the security sector Regulation No. 36 of 2002 with GR No. 37 of 2002 of the ALKI (III) related to the bolstering of sanctions • Establishing an ALKI Supervisory Coordinating • The TNI Headquarters should initiate focus group Body (BAKORWAS-ALKI) consisting of all discussions as TNI’s concern in realizing the ALKI national stakeholders that have assets and the (III) enforcement. capability of control and enforcement in the ALKI (III) routes, including: the armed forces, the The third strategy is by optimizing the control, Maritime Security Agency, State Police, Ministry guidance and enforcement systems through: of Defense, Coordinating Ministry of Political, Legal and Human Rights, Ministry of Foreign • Increasing the presence and development of the Affairs, Ministry of Transportation and other operational pattern of the elements of the TNI related agencies. Combined Operations under the control of the Kogabwilhan III through the ALKI (III) Combined The fifth strategy is to build the nation’s vision Safeguarding Operation pooled with other and perspective of the ALKI as a pillar of maritime TNI Combined Operastions that are strongly sovereignty and the nation’s future, starting with: correlated with the ALKI (III) routes. • Strengthening knowledge about the Archipelagic • Integrating the TNI Combined Operations under Sea Lanes starting from junior high school level the control of the Kogabwilhan II and III • Massively publicizing or popularizing the ALKI • Deploying an ALKI (III) Integrated Security pathways and positions and what the prospects Operations involving the Kogabwilhan III-Fleet are for the nation and how to maintain the ALKI Command III-Air Force Operational Command pathways especially for people living on islands III-Port Authorities-Indonesian Maritime Security close to the ALKI through TNI public service Agency sub-programs or empowering coastal village communities. • The TNI Headquarters provides ALKI (III) regular situation reports periodically to the President

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 27 By Commander Tuti Marwaty, S.H., M.H., M.Tr.Hanla (from Naqoura, Lebanon) THE IMMENSELY CHALLENGING ROLE OF FEMALE BLUE BERETS

AN important moment in the history of the United Nations peacekeeping force occurred on May 12, 2014. At that time, Major General Kristin Lund from Norway became the first woman to be appointed the Force Commander of a UN peacekeeping operation in Cyprus.

Major General Lund’s appointment is the first major acknowledgement of the implementation of the year 2000 UN Security Council resolution 1325 on women, peace and security. The resolution highlighted a shift in UN policy to engage more females in peacekeeping operations around the world. It affirmed the role of women in the prevention and resolution of conflicts, negotiations, peacekeeping, humanitarian responses and post-conflict reconstruction. Further, it stressed the need to integrate a gender perspective in these areas, including in peacekeeping operations.

The role of women in UN peacekeeping operations covers all police, military and civilian levels, and women play a greater role in UN peacekeeping operations than in the past. In 1993, only one percent of all uniformed personnel deployed were women. In 2012, women made up three percent of the military and ten percent of police personnel in UN peacekeeping operations. At present, women account for nearly 30 percent of international civilians working on peacekeeping and special protection missions.

GREAT VALUE PEACEKEEPING is a soldier-intensive business in which the quality of troops matters as much as the quantity. It is not just soldiering under a different color helmet; it differs in kind from anything else soldiers do. There are medals and rewards (mainly, the satisfaction of saving lives), but there are also casualties. And no victories. It is not a risk-free enterprise. In Bosnia, mines, snipers, mountainous terrain, extreme weather conditions, and possible civil disturbances were major

28 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 The author in front of two armored vehicles belonging to the Indonesian group of UN peacekeepers in Lebanon

threats that had to be dealt with from the outset of (FMOC) in the Netherlands. The course is an initiative of the operation. Dag Hammarskjold once remarked, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the “Peacekeeping is a job not suited to soldiers, but a job Empowerment of Women—also known as UN Women— only soldiers can do.” and is organized in close cooperation with the Chinese Peacekeeping Affair Center in Beijing. The Netherlands Humanitarianism conflicts with peacekeeping and still values such initiatives and financially supported the more with peace enforcement. The threat of force, if it course. is to be effective, will sooner or later involve the use of force. For example, the same UN soldiers in Bosnia under The focus of the course was on female peacekeepers a different command and mandate essentially turned worldwide and how essential their influence and belligerence into compliance overnight, demonstrating participation is for the success of such missions. The that a credible threat of force can yield results. Unlike participants valued the all-female participant list which the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR), the enabled them to share and discuss experiences and NATO-led Implementation Force was a military success expectations at ease. and helped bring stability to the region and to provide an “environment of hope” in which a nation can be The course program consist of a wide variety of reborn. It is now up to a complex array of international subjects. It covers generic subjects like the Principles civil agencies to assist in putting in place lasting of Peacekeeping—but also delves deeper in into structures for democratic government and the will of the topics specifically for women. For example, the module international community to ensure a lasting peace. “Introduction to Conflict-Related Sexual Violence” focuses on sexual violence as a brutal form of physical To ensure that peace operations are effective and and psychological warfare in conflict zones with roots that senior leaders are prepared for both the daily in gender inequality. The persistence of such forms of challenges and the inevitable crises of peacekeeping, violence undermines peace and security while shattering comprehensive leadership training is necessary. A community and family ties. gender perspective is of central importance to such training. To be able to help local people in conflict zones efficiently and to get a better idea of what’s going Female peacekeepers are of great value to peacekeeping on within a community, it is necessary to encourage missions worldwide. In April 2019, I was one of the engagement across genders and age brackets. This female officers working for the armed forces globally means not only talking to the elderly men, but also the participated in the UN Female Military Officers Course women—and the children. Many times female citizens

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 29 are not comfortable in sharing details of trauma with experience in multiple peacekeeping operations. male officers—that ends up distorting the overview of UN Women, through the Military Advisors of the peacekeeping missions. Permanent Missions to the UN, sends a call for nominations to participants from major troop For most women who are participating, this course contributing countries (TCC) from all over the is the first and probably the only time that they are world. Candidates must be interested in and participating in a course which is exclusive to women. eligible for deployment in peace operations. Each Because there are only female officers sitting in class, course takes a maximum of 40 participants, and UN you feel a very special and open atmosphere in which Women sponsors all the costs of the participation of lots of these women feel freer to speak. Also, the candidates from the Global South, which represent a course gives participants the opportunity to build up an large majority of the largest TCC. international support network of women in the military and some are even being sent to the same mission. The UN has called for more female peacekeepers to enhance the overall holistic approach to current The participation in this course will increase the chances peacekeeping operations. There is clearly more work for women to be deployed. It teaches them about all to be done to integrate more female peacekeepers the issues they will be facing when they are being sent into UN missions. More skilled and trained female on a mission. Seventy-five percent of the participants of peacekeepers can only be an asset to future this course are being sent on mission. The more women peacekeeping operations. Through the FMOC, are empowered through the FMOC, the better! perhaps a new generation of blue-bereted women will be inspired to take on the immensely challenging HOLISTIC APPROACH role of peacekeeping.© WITH an emphasis on scenario-based and roleplaying exercises, the range of skills and knowledge that the participants are trained on include communication techniques to interact with victims and address intimate or sensitive information; civil-military coordination; knowledge about the nature, physical and psychological consequences of violence against women in peacekeeping theaters, including sexual violence; knowledge of mandates and operational guidance on women, peace and security; early warning signs of conflict-related sexual violence; information/ intelligence gathering to identify risks, threats, and vulnerabilities; knowledge of child protection; how to operate in mixed military teams and with civilian colleagues from relevant components of the mission; service referrals for female survivors; and community outreach and expectations management; interview and screening techniques; and knowledge of gender- responsive peacekeeping in general.

The instructors’ team is a combination of military and civilian men and women led by a retired general with

A female UN peacekeeper assists in the installing of a Premier Mobile Data Computer (PMDC) on a Elli-class frigate operated by the in Beirut, Lebanon,

Woman’s Day celebration with the Chief Of Staff of UNIFIL, Brigadier General Frédéric Boucher on 8 March 2020.

30 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 By Navy Lieutenant M. Imam Chadafi, S. Tr.Han, M.M. RULES OF ENGAGEMENT IN IMPLEMENTING INDONESIA’S Indonesia’s position makes it having the power over four of the world’s nine Sea Lanes of Communication (SLOC), namely: MARITIME a. Indonesia as a strategic international shipping junction; b. Indonesia as a strategic fishing ground; c. Indonesia as a strategic potential SECURITY bussines; and WITH its geographical conditions and the natural resources d. Indonesia as a strategic key partner to it contains, Indonesia becomes the Center of Gravity (CoG) major countries. and a Global Supply Chain System. This causes Indonesia to face innumerable threats, disturbances and obstacles that This has brought logical consequences have implications on maritime security in the region. For this regarding the defense and security of the reason, the support of a strong defense and security system country at sea, namely the emergence of is a vital requirement. The government must also change the threats and disturbances that affect the pattern of defense buildup which is not only concerned with concept and strategy of national defense. land but must also put emphasis on the sea. In the attachment of Law No. 17 of 2007 concerning the National Long-Term

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 31 Development Plan of 2005-2025 it is explained that by regulations produced by the government and the marine resources cannot be utilized optimally because House of Representatives (DPR). It is hoped that the of several things, including: resulting regulation can adjust the involvement of each stakeholder involved in security and enforcement in a. No maritime boundary arrangement yet; Indonesian waters. Law enforcement will be fulfilled if b. Conflicts in the use of space at sea; the pillars of the law are carried out in a good manner, c. No guarantees on security and safety at sea; namely: d. Existence of regional autonomy that causes the a. Good legal instruments; absence of a shared understanding of marine b. Rugged law enforcement officers; resource management; c. Adequate equipment; e. A limited ability of human resources in managing marine resources; and d. Law-aware society; and f. Absence of research on marine science and e. Supporting bureaucracy. technology. Law enforcement at sea cannot be separated from Indonesia’s potential can be both a strength and a the enforcement of state sovereignty at sea, so that a challenge with a high level of vulnerability and can definition can be made, that law enforcement at sea disrupt security stability that can pressurize the integrity is the process of arresting and investigating a case of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). that arises as a result of violations of international and Indonesia’s very open position provides opportunities national laws, so that the implementation of sovereignty for other countries to enter Indonesian territory by enforcement and law enforcement at sea can be carried sea and carry out activities in the territory with various out simultaneously. impacts, so it needs to be re-considered for maritime security conditions. RULES OF ENGAGEMENT THE basic meaning of the rules of engagement are As an archipelago, Indonesia is required to have a navy directives for the use of force and attacks from military capable of protecting the entire territorial waters from units to deal with hostilities. Another meaning, rules of threats and disturbances arising from within and outside engagement are operational orders or instructions to the country. The Indonesian Navy or TNI AL as an integral govern, both for the use of force and action that can be part of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) explained as provocative actions. plays a major part in the defense of the country at sea, carries out its duties based on state policies and political The rules of engagement made for the lowest level of decisions to uphold national sovereignty, maintain the command, commanders and troops are rules governing territorial integrity of the Republic of Indonesia based and the use of force and actions that can potentially on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution as well as protect influence or regulate the escalation of the use of force or the entire nation and all of Indonesia’s homeland from combat in the area of operation. NATO states the rules threats and disruption to the integrity of the nation and of engagement as “directive to military forces (including state through the implementation of Military Operations individuals) that define the circumstances, conditions, for War and Military Operations Other Than War. degree and manner in which forces or actions which might be construed as provocative, may be applied” Problems in the North Natuna Sea compel Indonesia to (Military Decision, 2003 ), i.e. instructions for military be firm. Chinese unilateral claim about the nine dash- forces including individuals who determine about lines and Vietnamese illegal fishing in the undelimited circumstances, conditions, degrees and ways or actions area (Indonesia’s exclusive economic zone) are proof that might be explained as provocative actions. that the threat faced by Indonesia today is not only a military threat, but has expanded to non- military threats Whereas the United States Armed Forces states the as well. rules of engagement as “directive issued by a military authority that delineates the circumstances and Besides problems in the North Natuna Sea, Indonesia limitations under which the United States forces will also faces other threats, such as piracy, pollution initiate and continue combat engagement with other and destruction of marine ecosystems, conflicts over forces encountered” (Joint Publication 1-04 , 2010), i.e. management of marine resources and smuggling. directives issued by the military authority that describe These threats have an impact on the country’s economy the circumstances and boundaries under the power of because it lost at least IDR300 trillion every year. the United States will begin and or continue the war faced with other forces. In other words, rules of engagement Law enforcement is very necessary so that maritime are operational orders or instructions to govern, both security in the Indonesian sea area can be realized, but for the use of force and action that can be explained as law enforcement cannot stand alone without any law- provocative actions. They display and reflect operational making functions. Law enforcement is also influenced

32 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 and political policy guidelines based on operations or tasks they issue and are certainly legally valid so that no one will give freedom except those that can be used legally both at national and international levels under ambient circumstances. The rules of engagement turn out to have a dominant influence on political, economic and military factors. In this case it is in line with the factors that are the pillars supporting the national security strategy. The rules of engagement are the answer, since it allows commanders of elements and units in the field to take actions and decisions for they are protected by a legal basis both national and international law. The rules of engagement in an operation must also be adjusted to where the problem is located. Different places have their own different risks. The rules of engagement have a very important role in a marine security operation in an China ship seen from an Indonesian Naval ship during a patrol area sea operators have the difficulty of understanding north of the Natuna Islands, Indonesia, January 11, 2020 the dos and the don’ts. Following are functions of the rules of engagement. a. Will not violate armed conflicts in peacetime; Furthermore, the third characteristic is political nature, b. Will not violate international and national laws for the military always carries out political objectives and related to maritime security; forces are spread separately or specifically to achieve c. Minimize collateral damage; political objectives. So it can be concluded that the d. Avoid unnecessary victims; rules of engagement are the result of political leaders in power and responsible for operations. Based on the e. No losses occuring in the field; deepening of the theory and research that has been f. Commanders can make firm and proportional carried out, it turns out that rules of engagement must decisions; be supplemented by a risk register. g. Maintaining the country’s authority in the eyes of the international world; When linking the influence of a risk register to the rules of engagement, there is a fairly close correlation, that h. Can proportionally protect national interests; is, the rule of engagement is the result compiled by i. Describe the state of a strategic environment and political leaders in power and responsible for operations. the limitations in the strength of a country’s armed The presence of a risk register as a component of the forces; rules of engagement is considered crucial because if j. As a guideline when carrying out operations; risks are not included, a leader cannot predict the steps, k. Explain the rules that elucidate the authority limits and decisions that will be stipulated in the rules of possessed by a KRI ( of the Indonesian engagement. Navy) Commander, for example the provisions in The existence of trust and capability has provided the carrying out inspections, the shooting provisions greatest opportunity for the birth of a risk register as which are divided for warnings, paralyzing or deadly, the fifth component, because in the process there and many other rules. has been a discussion between military operations The rules of engagement have a military nature which experts, military operations practitioners with legal is of itself and follows the logic of its role in a military expert staff and operational units. It is expected that by context which has a legal basis and is politically obtaining information related to the risks that have been accepted. summarized in the form of a risk register, the political leadership in charge and responsible for operations In addition to the military nature, another attribute of can draw up rules of engagement according to the rules of engagement is its concise nature, that is, things conditions and needs of the commanders of elements that do not make sense or cannot be used by those and units in the area of operation. Following are the who carry out operations need not be included. components of the rules of engagement. A legal nature, namely as a basic and vital element and a. Policy; helps secure the legality of the use of force given in b. Diplomacy; operations. When the rules of engagement require c. Operations; review and input from legal advisors, they do not have to consider legal documents or specific areas of their d. Law); and legal advisors. e. Risk register.

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 33 e. Determination of the strategic plan and operational plan must involve top management for it is very fundamental in the implementation of all missions to maintain, and develop medium and long term existences; and f. Implement strategies in programs to achieve goals through management functions that include organizing, implementing, budgeting and control. A strategy management has several stages, namely: a. Formulating the strategy, including activities to develop the organization’s vision and mission, identify external opportunities and threats, determine internal strengths and weaknesses, set long-term goals, make a number of alternative strategies and choose specific strategies to use; Members of the Indonesian Navy holding crew members of a Chinese trawler intercepted in Indonesian waters. Belawan, North , April 23, 2016 b. Implementating the strategy, through setting targets, making policies, allocating resources so that the formulation of the strategy can be carried out; c. Implementation of the strategy includes Risk registers reported by commanders of elements developing a culture that supports the strategy, and units are expected to be important information creating an effective structure, developing and and specifically provide a more detailed tactical utilizing information systems; and picture to explain what risks will be faced by actors in the area of operation. With the important information d. Evaluating the strategy by reviewing internal and regarding rehearsal, rules of engagement are needed in external factors, measuring performance and accordance with the latest conditions in the field so that taking corrective actions. it can reduce, suppress and eliminate existing risks. Based on the meaning and elucidation of strategy Moreover, with rules of engagement, commanders of management, it can be concluded that the both elements and units can quickly and accurately formulation of rules of engagement is a form of make decisions when faced with difficult circumstances management of the Government of Indonesia’s and short time. This is a very crucial decision because strategy to strengthen the maritime security of if the decision made is not right, it will affect national Indonesia. From the regulation aspect, maritime stability and can even increase the escalation and security is closely related to the laws and regulations tension between related parties. governing the sea and all activities related to the sea. Existing regulations have given institutional authority to enforce law at sea in accordance with MARITIME SECURITY STRATEGY the contents stipulated in the Law, but regulations MANAGEMENT in the field of maritime have not been implemented STRATEGY management is the science of the effectively and efficiently. Due to frequent conflicts formulation, implementation and evaluation of cross- in legal arrangements and responsible institutional functional decisions that enable an organization to authorities at sea, it is necessary to harmonize the achieve its objectives. Explained in detail, strategy legal system and legislation to strengthen maritime management is used to recognize and analyze security in Indonesian territorial and jurisdictional the environment, formulate strategies, implement waters. strategies and evaluate and control. The following is a comprehensive explanation of strategy management. The formulation and establishment of rules of engagement is a solution to maritime threats faced by a. Strategy management is realized in a large- Indonesia. As the threats that occur at sea have been scale planning, covering all components in the going on for a very long time and involve many parties, organizational environment as outlined in a strategic not only the state but also certain organizations, so plan, then translated into operational planning and that illegal crimes at sea have become transnational work programs; crimes. With rules of engagement, the Indonesian b. Strategic plans are oriented towards reaching of Navy as a law enforcement outfit at sea will be more future objectives; professional in carrying out its tasks, because it has been arranged in a clear and applicable manner. Into c. Vision, mission, and strategy selection that produces the bargain, the operational readiness of the Navy’s the main strategy and long-term strategic objectives forces will increase, because there is no doubt for the are the guidelines in formulating the strategic plan; leadership or Commander of the KRI to serve in the d. The strategic plan is translated into an operational area of operation.© plan that contains operational programs, medium term objectives and top management decisions;

34 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 The Garuda bird-shaped transplanting frame made of steel

CORAL REEF CONSERVATION IN THE SOUTH SULAWESI SEA

SUSTAINING the conservation of coral reefs is very the Garuda Pancasila bird gripping on the seabed. The important for coral reefs have a major role in maintaining Garuda bird-shaped transplant media was assembled the stability of marine biota culture, especially fish. Also and planted at a shallow depth of 6 meters and deepest plays a role in protecting the coast from degradation, was 18 meters with a transplanting frame made of steel abrasion and erosion. 40 x 40 meters with a wing span of 1 meter, the Garuda’s head and a 2-meter ribbon and a 3-meter shield. Therefore, an event was held in Indonesia recently themed “Garuda di Lautku, Lestari Terumbu Karangku, This event has carved a new history for Indonesia Sejahtera Bangsaku” (The Garuda in My Seas, My Coral because for the first time a giant Garuda bird with a Reefs will be Preserved, and my Nation wil Prosper). It was sturdy iron frame as a medium for the transplantation successfully organized on March 18, 2020 on the seabed of coral reefs appeared on the seabed of Indonesia, in of Kodingareng Keke, South Sulawesi. The event was Kodingareng Keke Island. carried out in order to promote conservation activities to save coral reefs in Indonesia so that they would not The national scaled event was initiated by the become extinct and ready to become a national and Indonesian Navy in the operational area of the Main even a global coral reef laboratory, as an effort to restore Nany Base VI in collaboration with the the marine ecosystem. South Sulawesi Provincial Government, the Makassar Municipal Government and the Regional Leadership Results of the coral reef transplantation is appears to Coordination Forum and the people of South Sulawesi, be very beautiful when seen from the air as it resembles especially millennials, by focusing on conservation

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 35 Two Landing Craft Vehicle Personnel (LCVP) from the KRI Teluk The planting of the Garuda bird-shaped coral reef Ende (TLE-517) support and transport the divers of the “Garuda di media by Navy frogmen Lautku” to plant the Coral Reef Transplantation module.

efforts through coral reef transplantation techniques. general public can study coral biology. The transplantation steel frames took the the form of a Garuda bird, which is the national emblem of the The transplanting of coral reefs with steel frames in the Republic of Indonesia. It represents the Indonesian form of a Garuda bird on the seabed of Kodingareng people faithfully guarding the independence of the Keke Island will have a positive impact to restore the nation. The Garuda bird also glued the unity of the surrounding marine ecosystem in coordination with the Indonesian nation. Makassar Coastal and Marine Resource Management Center (BPSPL) on how to plant coral reefs. The Garuda bird grips the national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (Old Javanese phrase translated as “unity in Commander of the Main Navy Base VI, First Admiral diversity”), that has inspired millions of Indonesians to Hanarko Djodi Pamungkas as Chairperson of the maintain the unity and integrity of the Unitary Republic Organizing Committee stressed that the “Garuda di of Indonesia (NKRI). In addition, the NKRI cannot be Lautku” event besides protecting marine ecosystems disjointed from the Djuanda Declaration which places was also intended to enhance nationalism for the the sea as one regional unit that binds all islands in nation’s next generation, to promote values of the the archipelago into one unit, namely the Republic of Pancasila on our oceans, encourage development of Indonesia. national marine tourism and awaken cultural potential in the millennial era and local wisdom of South Sulawesi The Kodingareng Keke Island was chosen as the place as a national asset. of the event, due to its geographical position which is right in the middle of the Indonesian Archipelago “The spirit of of the Garuda di Lautku must spread and is icon of South Sulawesi’s marine tourism worth throughout the Indonesian archipelago. Since it was promoting globally. held in Makassar City in October 2019, this big event can spread its wings to various parts of the archipelago,” said the Commander. CORAL TRANSPLANTS IN the Coral Stock Center (CSR) technical guidelines SERIES OF ACTIVITIES it is mentioned that coral transplantation is an attempt VARIOUS activities were carried out during the event, to transplant or cut live corals to be planted elsewhere including free health services, breadfruit tree planting, or in places where corals have been damaged, as a social communication, social services in a so-called rehabilitation effort. Creative Development of Maritime Potential activity, Saturday-Sunday Saka Bahari Scouting Camp, open At present, coral transplants have also been further ship KRI Dewa Ruci and KRI Bima Suci, cleaning the developed to support sustainability. Coral transplants environment of Kodingareng Keke Island, and a Bank are also used to make dive sites become more scenic Indonesia currency exchange program for the island’s and attractive, thus boosting an increase in the number coastal communities. of tourists. Competitions were also held to enliven the “Garuda di One of the purposes of making a Coral Stock Center Lautku” event, from a photo contest to the ornamental is to make a center where elementary, secondary, and boat race to entertain the general public which was held high school students and college students and the on , 2020 at the Losari Beach Pier in Makassar.

36 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 Coral reefs in Kodingareng Keke Island’s seabed

The Losari Beach which was previously quiet for the lanterns. Residents were seen all over the streets and cloudy weather was suddenly crowded by participants around Wisma Negara which is also located not far from of the ornamental boat race and photo contest ready the Losari Beach in Makassar. to compete. Not only that, many residents, from both Makassar and from outside the city came to watch. The The sky of Makassar City that night looked breath-taking the boats are decorated in such a way that they look so with the lanterns. Invited guests that attended the charming and grabbed the attention of the people in grand launching of the “Garuda di Lautku” campaign Losari Beach. and the public seemed fascinated by the beauty for this happened for the first time in Makassar. The release of Various models and boat decorations are displayed by thousands of lanterns is the closing event of the grand the participants of the ornamental boat race, ranging launching of the “Garuda di Lautku”. from colorful boat paints to various colorful , streamers, and pennons. Millennial style attractions livened up a band parade with hundreds of guitarists and other musicians at the During the race, the community was also entertained by Pavilion of the City of Makassar in Losari Beach, lining drum of midshipmen from the Makassar Merchant up to form a Garuda bird to accompany uplifting songs. Marine Polytechnic (PIP). The local Padupa Dance, the Four Ethnic Dance and Cultural Parade were also staged. The Navy Main Base VI also held a joint prayer followed by cutting a yellow rice cone as a sign of gratitude for The grand launching of the “Garuda di Lautku” that the grand launching of the “Garuda di Lautku”, located was presented in millennial style was successful in in front of the Jami’atul Bahari Mosque in the Command generating the nationalistic spirit of the Indonesian Headquarters of the Navy Main Base VI, on January youth, as evidenced by the attendance of thousands 17, 2020. The grand launching was the beginning of of people jampacking the Wisma Negara building with the “Garuda di Lautku” campaign. Achievements that young people from various circles among them. have been made by the Commander of the Navy Main Base VI Commander and members of the organizing The event was widely reported by various mass media committee were amazing. and even viral on online media and social media such as Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and Youtube so that Thousands of lanterns were flown during the grand it received a very positive response from the larger launch of the “Garuda di Lautku” campaign around the community, especially millennials. This symbolizes the Wisma Negara Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) on Jalan love for the sea which is based on the spirit of diversity Metro Tanjung Bunga, Makassar City, South Sulawesi, and national defense. on the night of January 17, 2020. Thousands of people of Makassar City also participated in the release of The coral reef transplanting movement that was held the lanterns that immediately illuminated the sky of was not just a symbolic event, but is a real continuous Makassar. action in preserving nature and of course this had a positive impact in restoring marine ecosystems as The enthusiasm of the people of Makassar City was well as awakening the national spirit and encouraging seen just before the release of thousands of these marine tourism.©

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 37 IMPROVING EXCELLENT HUMAN RESOURCES IN THE INDONESIAN NAVY By Commander M. Sati Lubis, S.T., M.Sc., CHRMP

HUMAN Resources (HR) is the most essential asset in influenced the patterns and ways of thinking of people an organization for it has an extremely strategic value to be able to survive in the current situation. compared to equipment, technology and systems contained in the organization. The empowerment of HR As the second largest archipelago in the world, Indonesia emphasizes “empowerment” which generally means has enormous homework, especially related to securing “more powerful than ever, both in terms of authority, its territorial waters and natural resources at sea. Hence responsibility and individual abilities possessed”. it must build the strength of the Navy to face challenges, threats, obstacles and disturbances that exist both from The empowerment of HR is related to trust, motivation, within and outside the country. decision-making and passing the barriers between management and existing human resources. The rejuvenation and improvement of the quantity and Empowerment enables soldiers to participate in quality of the main equipment and weapon systems of decision-making, helping them get out of trouble in a the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI), especially stagnant mindset to take risks and try something new. the Navy (TNI AL), must be well-adjusted with the development of the capabilities of Navy personnel to In order to realize the empowerment, there are be able to maneuver all the latest defense equipment several approaches for application, namely Enabling, equipped with advanced technology. In a state address Empowering, Protecting, Supporting, and Fostering. delivered by the President of the Republic of Indonesia, Ir. Joko Widodo said that: “Our vision for 2045 is that The development of the existing situation at the Indonesia’s Gross Domestic Product reaches seven national, regional and global level has forced people to trillion US dollars and Indonesia already enters the top get out of their comfort zones to be able to deal with five world economies with poverty approaching zero current situations and conditions. Changing times have percent.”

38 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 This is in line with the National Medium-Term Development Plan IV (RPJMN IV, 2020-2024), which is accelerating development by emphasizing the construction of a solid economic structure based on competitive advantage in various regions supported by qualified and competitive human resources.

One important aspect that supports increased economic growth is the realization of stable defense and security. In order to realize a strong Navy, the Chief of the Indonesian Navy, Admiral Yudo Margono, S.E., M.M., is committed to develop Indonesian Navy personnel to become superior and professional human resources who are resilient in facing all threats.

INDIVIDUAL RESILIENCE AS an organization that has a strong identity and Indonesian Navy and U.S. Navy officers work through a freedom of culture, the Navy has the “Trisila TNI Angkatan Laut” navigation exercise during a legal training symposium. The exercise is part of Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training (CARAT). (three precepts of the Indonesian Navy, i.e. Discipline, Hierarchy, and Military Honor) motto, which has always been the identity and principle that is adhered to by all members of the Navy in carrying out all their duties vision, training in healthy living habits physically and and so that their actions and attitudes reflect the spiritually to become meaningful human beings in the characteristics of a Navy soldier. The three precepts process of regional/national development. can be said to be an organizational culture that can maintain and enhance the resilience of an individual There are two factors that affect the individual member of the Navy so that he or she always runs and resilience of members of the Indonesian Navy, namely serves within the corridor. external and internal factors.

Based on the meaning, individual resilience is the External factors are factors that originate from basic foundation of family, environmental and regional outside oneself or an individual. This factor includes resiliences that support national resilience. National the surrounding environment including those closest resilience, in the form of the ability, tenacity and to you. External factors that spark the emergence of resilience of a nation to ensure its survival in realizing social problems are natural factors, population factors, the glory of the nation and state, is very dependent on location factors, economic factors, environmental the resilience of the individuals involved in a state life. factors and social factors. There are a number of things that affect a soldier’s individual endurance, where in The concepts of individual and national resilience are the present condition of individual resilience the main not very popular compared to economic or political concern is the issue of Human Resources, Welfare and development, even though this is a very basic thing Performance. that determines the progress of a nation. Individual resilience or personal resilience is that the individual Of the three issues raised there are things that affect as God’s creation must have the attitude and strength and come from outside individuals and organizations, as well as the ability to face and overcome all kinds of among other things the advances in science and challenges, threats, obstacles and disturbances both technology. The community plays a major role in the coming from inside as well as outside. development of science and technology. In addition to providing a lot of positive influences and benefits, Knowing broadly the elements of the human personality the development of science and technology also give will help us determine how to increase personal negative impacts. In everyday life the negative impacts resilience with the right efforts and processes in life. have been felt and eventually become commonplace Personal or individual resilience is a dynamic condition for each individual who has started to being absorbed or appearance of a person consisting of tenacity, in their respective preoccupation. Faced with the resilience, and ability to develop self-strength in the current conditions in which the equipment in naval face of threats, challenges, obstacles and disturbances vessels has applied the latest technology, reliable that come from inside and outside him that endanger personnel who are able to use the equipment are his integrity, identity, and existence to achieve goals certainly needed, and it is our common responsibility. and ideals according to the personal vision that they A warship commander is responsible for carrying out have. There are several efforts to improve personal the advancement of personnel both at the base and resilience, namely through education, teaching and even more so during operations so that the main tasks training, the development of self-discipline, training and objectives of any operation can be achieved. in discipline and independence, having a personal

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 39 strategic for the organization. A human capital then can be defined as a unique unit of expertise, skills and knowledge.

In the context of existing organizational culture, good relations or kinship become one of the important factors as motivator for soldiers to increase their ability to work and develop themselves.

Good communication and an effective organizational structure will reinforce the soldiers. The development and strengthening of knowledge and skills in accordance with their respective fields are needed, especially in classifying abilities and competencies at the technical to strategic levels. Then, soldiers must also have analytical skills. The leadership has an obligation to develop the capabilities of his or her 35 Navy personnel complete a special education for officers in soldiers in accordance with their respective fields the Navy’s Doctrine, Education and Training Training Command (Kodiklatal) Protection of soldiers is an important aspect, so that all soldiers feel they have the same opportunity without discrimination or unfair competition between soldiers.

Internal factors are factors that originate from Support can be given by providing motivation and within a person or individual itself. Internal factors opportunity as well as openness to communicate that affect the individual resilience of Navy soldiers between leaders and subordinates, so that a good include personnel training patterns, schools and two-way relationship occurs. courses, and health services. Leadership style is an important key to realize good maintenance. Each leader has a different art in how to EMPOWERING THE CAPABILITIES lead; giving examples is the best leadership style. What OF NAVY PERSONNEL must be avoided is the presence of vacant positions IN the framework of empowering the capabilities and functions in an organizational structure both in of Navy personnel, empowerment of human operational units up to the leadership echelon. Vacant capital must be carried out. Literally, human capital positions require one person to hold two positions is knowledge, expertise, ability and skills so as to concurrently that may open opportunities for weak make Navy soldiers as capital or assets that are very maintenance systems in an organization.

The 4th Armada Jaya training of the Indonesian Navy involved thousands of soldiers and various defense equipment

40 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 A REALIST’S PERSPECTIVE ON THE KOREAN WAR By Marine Colonel Pangestu Widiatmoko

THE end of World War II apparently did not end conflicts between many countries in the world. Instead of returning to peace and order, the world has become a field of endless chaos. The emergence of two global powers, the US and the USSR, resulted in a number of countries and nations divided. One of them is Korea. After a declaration of war was broadcast throughout the country by Radio Pyongyang, on June 25, 1950, launched a surprise attack on South Korea. The episode that day was connected to a series of events five years earlier.

The Yalta Conference, held 4-11 February 1945, resulted in being the approval of the Soviet Union to enter the war in Asia against Japan. The Soviet Union launched an attack on Japanese forces on August 8, 1945. The attack of Soviet troops through the Korean Peninsula penetrated Japanese defenses, eventually reaching the 38th parallel.

After six days of fighting, the Soviet Union came out a victor. On August 14, 1945, Japan surrendered to Allied forces provided that Japanese troops in the 38th Parallel capitulated to the Soviet Union, while Japanese troops on the south side of the 38th Parallel laid down arms to US forces. This became the basis for the division of Korea, so that the 38th Parallel became the demarcation line between North and South Korea.

The Korean War that ensued was not limited to a war between North and South Korea. Both parties were supported by their allies that rallied around during the war. Aware of the Soviet Union being behind North Korea,

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 41 the United States decided to augment South Korea. China then also entered the war on the North’s side.

This article discusses the attitudes of non-Korean stakeholders that fought along in the Korean War, namely the United States, the Soviet Union and China, and their realistic perspectives on the reasons they were involved in the war. The author also highlights the relevance of this event to the current Indo-Pacific strategic environment. According to Dunne and Schmidt (2004), realists argue that the basic structure of international relations is anarchy in which independent sovereign states consider themselves to be their own supreme authority and do not recognize the superior power above them.

THE UNITED STATES AFTER World War II, the United States became North Korean troops backed by Soviet-made tanks advance through apprehensive about the spread of communism, Seoul in June 1950 a few days after the invasion began. especially by the Soviet Union. In the view of the United States, the Soviet-backed North Korean attack was to expand communism. Hence, the US assisted South Korea. On the other hand, South Korea then was its support. politically unstable and militarily unprepared, so South Korea had to seek assistance from other countries. THE SOVIET UNION SOVIET’S involvement in the Korean War was very Events in the late 1940s and early 1950s also influenced strong, despite opposition at the time. The Soviet US involvement in the Korean War. The atomic bomb contribution was imperative: it provided diplomatic test by the Soviet Union in 1949 ended US monopoly on support, strategic and tactical planning—including for the possession of nuclear weapons. The interference of the invasion of South Korea, as well as critical logistical the Soviet Union in Greece and Turkey also caused the support. Chinese and North Korean fighter pilots also US to increase its assistance through the Marshall Plan underwent training from the Soviet Air Force. to prevent the dissection of Europe and prevent the spread of communism. Internally, the US government Campbell’s research led him to conclude that the Soviet was also under pressure to carry out its commitment to leadership was characterized by strong realist thinking prevent the spread of communism. on issues of national interest. As an initial stage, they agreed on North Korea’s plan to attack South Korea, The 1949 Chinese revolution that brought the and pushed for a prolongation of the war during the Communist Party to power and all together expelled intermediary phases. But they then sought all possible the Nationalists to Formosa (Taiwan) was also one of means to end the war when it became a burden to the the triggers. Consequently, the Korean War created post-Stalin foreign policy of Soviet Union. opportunities for the US to compete against the Soviet Union, while simultaneously carrying out its moral Among the leaders of the three communist countries— responsibilities in the fight against communism. the Soviet Union, China and North Korea, Stalin was the strongest. He was the main decision maker who had On June 27, 1950, President Truman assured his staff full authority to decide whether South Korea should be that if the United States did not take the fight now, “no attacked or not. Compatible with the US, the successful one knows what they will do” (Anon., N.d.). To justify Chinese communist revolution had an impact on the the intervention, Truman ensured that the action was decision made by the Soviets to give the green light for within the framework of the United Nations by getting North Korea to launch an attack.

The emergence of a new communist force compelled the Soviet Union to re-evaluate its Far Eastern strategic policies (Campbell, 2014: 8). Another possible reason for the Soviets to support the war is to fight America’s “containment policy” to stop them from gaining influence outside their borders.

CHINA A meeting between North Korean, Soviet and Chinese leaders was held before the attack, but China had no plans to put its oar in the Korean War. However, China Soldiers from the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division in action unhesitatingly joined in when US forces pushed to the near the Ch’ongch’on River, 20 November 1950 north of the 38th Parallel which, at the time, was a North 42 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 Korean territory, and then moved towards a Chinese territory in Manchuria.

When US troops moved towards the Yalu River on the Chinese-North Korean border, China saw it as a threat to its national security. Hundreds of thousands of Chinese People’s Volunteer Army troops crossed the Yalu River into North Korea.

Apart from making sure of it’s sovereignty, there were other contributing factors that led China to intervene: shared communist ideology with North Korea and the Soviet Union, the geo-strategic position of China adjacent to Korea, historical connections and the image of the US which is notorious for its efforts to stem Chinese soldiers from 348th Regiment assaulting communist forces. Although US forces had superior positions held by South Korean troops material capability, based on decades of experience may economically be far ahead of North Korea, but it conducting protracted war, Chinese leader, Mao is exceedingly reliant on the US for its security. North Zedong, decided to intervene in the Korean War anyway, Korea, on the other hand, is self-determined, not with the belief that the CPVA would be able to defeat dependent on other countries. In fact, North Korea technologically advanced enemy through superior will has been able to make itself a major threat to major and morale (Boose, 1998). countries such as the US, Russia and China through the Negotiations were conducted throughout the war but development of their nuclear weapons. were hardly effective in reducing the conflict. After The second factor is the rise of China as one of the a series of talks, both sides were finally settled on an great powers in the world. America’s misperception of armistice. Hostilities ceased on July 27, 1953 when China is also evident from its assumption that China, the United States, the People’s Republic of China and with its smaller military capabilities, will not take military North Korea signed a ceasefire agreement. Although action. In the Korean War, for the first time in history, the then-South Korean President, Syngman Rhee, the Chinese People’s Voluntary Army operated outside declined signing, he promised to respect the ceasefire their jurisdiction and exceeded the expectations of agreement. Nevertheless, tensions on the Korean every participant of the war—it can be done once again Peninsula still remain ingrained. if they want it.

Major casualties were suffered by both sides until the Third, apart from relations between the two Koreas, war ended on July 27, 1953. The US lost 36,914 men, relations between several countries are currently at the whereas South Korea 415,005 men. North Korea, same stage as in post-Korean conflicts. An example according to the US Department of Defense, lost two of this is the relationship between North Korea and million soldiers, which was quite a large number for Japan—because Japan gave full support to US troops a three-year war (Dewi, n.d.). Like preceding wars, no in the war, Japan-North Korea relations remained one came out a victor—the one who got ahead in unstable. triumphing over its opponent must suffer huge losses too. The hope that the cessation of hostilities between To sum up, in the Neo-Classical’s realist view, as a self- both parties could bring peace to the Korean Peninsula governing actor, the state always prioritizes its existence did not become a reality. and has the potential to comport itself differently from other countries based on their own national interests. This has some bearing on a number of factors such as: THE ASIA-PACIFIC ENVIRONMENT the international situation, the domestic situation, the THE current strategic situation in the Asia-Pacific perception of the ruling elite, and the ability to maximize region is still shaped by some of the long-term effects the power or ability of the state manifested in the form of the Korean War. First, the US still plays an important of a foreign policy. Beyond doubt, each country’s foreign security role in the Asia-Pacific region, especially in policy is solely aimed at achieving national interests.© providing a security umbrella for its allies. South Korea

nd Delegates sign the Korean Armistice AgreementTHE in HORIZON P’anmunjŏm, 2 EDITIONJuly 27, 20201953 43 THE FUTURE OF By Arifin Anto DS NAVAL INTELLIGENCE

THE question of how the future of naval intelligence— Publication 2 (United States Department of the Navy, as well as from other services in the armed forces—is 1994), naval intelligence is to furnish insights in both almost the same as what a naval intelligence’s mission peace and war, estimates of situations, and forecast likely really is for lay people in the navy itself: Covered in fog! adversary courses of action. In addition to developing estimates and forecasts for the naval chain of command, it In the current so-called Disruption era, or in today’s “provides indications and warning, cuing for surveillance style of information warfare, with a variety of information efforts, and discrimination between friendly, neutral milling about in various media—traditional and and potentially hostile forces. It gives the commander, contemporary, prodding the correct information with their staff, and subordinate commands the information disinformation or misinformation, adding to the burden they need to plan and execute combat action, and to of naval intelligence’s tasks with multilayered analytic evaluate the results.” The role of naval intelligence is set criticism. to grow.

Naval intelligence must now be prepared to take to the The growing societal reliance on cyber technologies has fleet vital skills necessary in support of traditional combat increased exposure to dangerous sources of information operations, irregular warfare and other critical tenets of warfare threats. Navy leaders must be aware of the a nation’s maritime strategy. In today’s navy, the business diversity of potential attacks, including from high-tech of naval intelligence is conducted by a selective cadre espionage, organized crime, perception battles, and of personnel, both officers, enlisted men, as well as attacks from ordinary hackers or groups sponsored by civilian professionals—a community that is increasingly nation-states. in demand in an increasingly complex and dangerous world. Technology has enabled faster communications, the ability to distribute information over a global network, Navies in the world are today compelled to adapt quickly and the collection of data at a historically unprecedented to assure they expand their capability and capacity to level. However, what happens when that system goes provide intelligence support to growing irregular warfare down—as the intelligence community has experienced operations, while at the same time strengthening with classified and unclassified networks—or a new intelligence support to traditional war-fighting missions. command takes weeks or months simply to get a new member an account to start their work? More importantly, TECHNOLOGY OVERREACH does more technology make for better analysts? THE role of naval intelligence is unique, acting as the eyes and ears of the navy. According to Naval Doctrine Today’s naval intelligence environment runs the risk of

44 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 technology overreach or the inability to properly attend intelligence profession’s primary purpose. Thus, any to legacy systems. In his book The Last Navigator: A conversation about adversary intentions and behavior Young Man, an Ancient Mariner, the Secrets of the Sea also must consider how adversaries view a country’s (2009), Stephen D. Thomas relates how he learned to naval power and operations. Without such insights, navigate an outrigger canoe using only the elements— when intelligence officers stand up and deliver enemy the ocean, the current, the birds—from island elders. It weapon ranges and basic tactics and doctrine, they are was a skill that had been used to populate most Pacific describing only part of the story. islands long before Columbus reached the new world. Basic knowledge and skills are necessary as a back- For decades, independent analysis has sometimes been up when technology fails. If an electromagnetic pulse dismissed by chains of command. Some commands may affected systems, could operators find non-technical find analysis by googling, or may rely too heavily on methods to achieve their mission? statements from other offices and commands. Analysts or commands may be unwilling to risk fielding analyses This single-minded, over-adherence to technology that may be contrary to those provided elsewhere. The is like governing a system of assimilating new default becomes not to propose independent analysis technologies, demanding compliance but with an but to defer to others. Naval intelligence commands, addiction to technology that renders the system unable stations, or ships may simply copy-and-paste what other to be reasoned with. It fails to understand the potential commands have already assessed through classified consequences, which could render the system vulnerable networks. The danger of doing so can be drawn from to lack of initiative and innovation. Any initiative from the study of history, which revealed the fact that drawing non-compliant agents is dismissed at best or destroyed upon secondary sources means a historian’s own sources at worst. As Andrew Gordon—in his book The Rules of are tainted by pre-selection, forcing him or her to heavily the Game: Jutland and British Naval Command (2005)— focus upon primary sources. points out, “the capacity of modern communications systems is outpacing the ability of the user to absorb it Common intelligence training likewise requires a time all.” There must be balance! investment that would be better spent reading even open source coverage such as The Economist over the long The use of technology can be beneficial, but analysts term to understand the world. Learning the processes must also be able to independently research and come of administration might make for knowledgeable to their own conclusions. Some Royal Navy officers administrators—and good administration is extremely before Jutland (a naval battle between Britain’s Royal valuable—but it does not necessarily produce good Navy Grand Fleet and the ’s High leaders who understand and can foster an environment Seas Fleet from May 31 to June 1, 1916) recognized that of real research and analysis. signals are valuable servants but must not be allowed to become masters. THE HUMAN ELEMENT NAVAL intelligence must assess its shortfalls and debate COMPLEX KIT OF SKILLS ways to educate intelligence officers on analyzing and TODAY’S naval intelligence specialists require a reporting on naval operations, combat capabilities, complex tool kit of skills that crosses both the irregular etc. Top-down solutions, even the adoption of the and traditional war-fighting domains. Irregular warfare suggestions offered here, will not by themselves close includes violent struggles among nontraditional warring the community’s knowledge gap. The best intelligence groups, such as “naval guerilla warfare”—which has officers will do what they have always done—educate been considered an oxymoron, but in fact over the past themselves the best they can on “operations and century the submarine has acted as de facto guerilla threats”—but the community needs to consider warship. This type of warfare depends not just on military innovative ideas. prowess but also the understanding of such social The future recognizes the development and maintenance dynamics as tribal politics, social networks, religious of a high-level understanding of threats and how the navy influences and cultural mores. overcomes these threats with the defense equipment Certainly, naval intelligence personnel must focus available in its arsenal. Naturally, understanding comes primarily on threats, but they cannot give their from the human element—knowledge, analytical operational customers sophisticated threat assessments capability, and ingenuity in the naval intelligence unless they also have strong foundational knowledge of community—that guides to victory, defeat, or stalemate their own country’s as well as other countries’ military as it has since wars were first fought. capabilities, particularly naval ones. That is why we must reassess how time is best spent for Operational commanders need intelligence analysts, what extraneous collateral functions that have professionals who can clearly communicate what no inherent war-fighting purpose can be eliminated, and an adversary can do, is doing, and might do in the how to re-invest in education and training that is geared future. That will never change. It is and will remain the toward war-fighting. We must recognize the rules of the naval intelligence game.©

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 45 INDONESIAN MARITIME THREATS: AN INITIAL REVIEW By Navy Captain Buddy Suseto M.si. (Han), PhD (Strategy and Security Studies)

THREATS that occur in maritime regions have begun problems of resource levels, military strategy and since the days of the sailing ships to the present. The policy, state apparatus, inter-service relations, naval and types and forms of threats vary greatly depending on the maritime approaches, intrinsic acquisitions, industrial country’s geographical conditions and the magnitude capacity, plans and also reality. Within the Navy and the of a country’s sea lanes. coast guard themselves, there are common problems such as defense budget inflation, budget constraints, Some global events related to security and safety around commitment gap resources, certain unprotected sea the world include the terrorist attack on the French MV areas and strong land culture. Limburg on October 6, 2002, the suicide bombing on USS Cole (DDG-67) on October 12, 2000, piracy at sea, Furthermore, maritime issues as stated by the smuggling, cybercrime, human trafficking, corruption, International Maritime Organization (IMO) include and internal threats. Threats at sea in the context of international ship and port security, cyber security, maintaining shipping consist of local wars, terrorism, armed piracy against ships, stowaways, mixed migration piracy, unwanted dangers, attacks on cargo ships by by sea, terrorism, transport of dangerous and toxic terrorists, drug smuggling, and human smuggling. substances by sea, accidents at sea, air pollution due to shipping, pollution from ships such as oil, hazardous In addition, there are also problems in certain sea liquid substances (chemicals carried in large quantities; areas that are not guarded (sea blindness), uncertainty hazardous substances carried in packages, sewage and of what lays ahead, analysis of freedom of access, ship waste into the sea), underwater sounds that have a

46 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 negative impact on marine mammals, and illegal fishing conducted by the government in the fight against (IMO 2018). This threatens marine life and the natural fish theft can reduce the number of violations by fish surroundings. thieves, but Indonesia’s vast maritime territory needs to be strengthened further with technology supported by the synergy of the Navy, Air Force, and other related SECURITY THREATS institutions, as well as cooperation with other countries THE UN Secretary-General in his 2008 report on the to exchange intelligence information. oceans and the Law of the Sea identified seven threats to maritime security, namely: Likewise, the issue of the rise of the sea level, coral bleaching, and sea warming due to global climate 1. Piracy and armed robbery attacking ships change which will result in the sinking of small islands, 2. Acts of violence against shipping, offshore become the main concern of the Indonesian government installations and other maritime interests; and this climate issue became one of the concerns at 3. Illicit trade of weapons and weapons of mass the World Ocean Conference (WOC) meeting in 2009. destruction; 4. Illicit trade of narcotics and psychotropic substances; Meanwhile, threats in other Indonesian maritime areas 5. Smuggling in maritime processes and human are: fish theft, illegal immigrants, human trafficking, trafficking by sea; smuggling, piracy, maritime terrorism, offshore threats, 6. Illegal, Unreported, Unregulated (IUU) Fishing; and port problems; corruption in informal/export-import 7. Intentional and unlawful damage to the marine payments, tip-giving culture, organized criminal groups, environment. general and ship theft, strikes and work stoppages, New and developing transnational crimes that have protests and demonstrations, piracy at sea, coastal been identified by the United Nations Convention and logistical threats; criminals, insiders such as crew against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) in members, contractors, civilians, groups which oppose 2010 include cybercrimes, identity-related crimes, illicit state policies or actions, organized or individual trade in cultural heritage objects and illegal trade, IUU terrorism. Fishing, environmental crimes, piracy at sea, and illicit trade of body organs. The forms of threats include military, non-military, internal, state, non-state, national, regional, and The fundamental issues of Indonesia’s marine international. Therefore, the Ministry of Defense defines development include sea sand mining, fisheries, the threats in the next five years based on the 2015 small islands, degradation of the coastal and marine Defense White Paper, as: “Real threats such as terrorism environment, maritime security, institutions (levies on and radicalism, separatism/armed insurrection, natural fishery products), and small border islands. disasters, border region violations, piracy and theft of natural resources, epidemics, cyber-attacks and There are two threats namely traditional and non- espionage, drug trafficking and abuse; threats that are traditional. Traditional threats, for one, are unclear not yet real, such as forms of threats that are still not border issues. And non-traditional threats, such as piracy prioritized based on strategic analysis, and threats that at sea, environmental problems, climate change, fish may lead to open conflicts or conventional war.” theft, smuggling of goods, oil, weapons, and narcotics. Traditional threats are difficult to overcome, whereas Problems at sea include the overlapping demands of non-traditional threats are relatively trouble-free, as Indonesia’s sea boundaries with neighboring countries, long as one is committed to it. But even more difficult the ability to protect the entire sea area, the security of is the threat in the South China Sea (LCS), because no the Indonesian archipelagic sea lanes, the management doctrine exists at this time. of maritime elements, and refugees. Whereas in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ policy it is stated that ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES Indonesia pays special attention to new and developing BASED on data from the International Chamber of transnational crimes. In this context, there are several Commerce (ICC), crime activities at sea such as armed transnational crime issues in which Indonesia plays an piracy and robbery in a five-year period, 2012-2016, active role, including human trafficking, prevention and Indonesia ranks highest, followed by and eradication of corruption, eradication of environmental (ICC 2017). crime that includes wildlife trade, illegal logging, illegal fishing, illegal money laundering, and illegal trade in According to the Coordinating Ministry for Maritime cultural-related objects, and the eradication of narcotics Affairs and Investment, minor criminal offenses occur and psychotropic substances. at many ports. Until a strong perception emerged that Indonesia recorded the highest number of criminal acts, Likewise, there are criminal acts committed by fishermen given the large number of ports in Indonesia. Indonesia in Indonesia, namely: faced this problem in early 2000, but action was taken in 2004 and the number of annual attacks on ships and • Falsification of ship documents; piracy dropped dramatically, and in 2016 threats did not • Double marking and double registration; appear in the Strait of Malacca anymore. Operations • Fishing without appropriate permits/documents

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 47 (navigating without port and sea worthiness permit); Furthermore, there is no official body from the • Modification of illegal vessels (including reduction Indonesian government to deal with crimes at sea, as of signs, changing of call marks, engines); a reference for the government or other countries, so • Using foreign captains and sailors; that we can know the exact number of crimes that occur • Conversion of large foreign fishing vessels into during a year in Indonesian sea areas. So that there are small pump boats to enter Indonesian waters by often differences in data provided by the International falsifying ship documents and Indonesian identities Chamber of Commerce (ICC), the International of the crew; Maritime Bureau (IMB) in the United Kingdom, the • Deactivating of vessel transmitter (VMS and AIS); Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy • Illegal transportation at sea; and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia (ReCAAP) • Counterfeiting the logbooks; in Singapore, and Indonesia’s government-appointed • Violations of fishing grounds; Maritime Security Agency (Bakamla). • Using prohibited fishing gear; and • Non-compliance in owning/partnering with fish One important consideration regarding threats to processing units. the Indonesian maritime territory is the large number Other types of crimes (related to fisheries) in Indonesia of threats to illegal activities at sea, especially in the include illegal fuel transactions, crimes related to Malacca Strait in 2010, which had a significant impact immigration, crimes related to customs, money on economic development, especially trade by sea. If laundering, tax crimes, corruption, human rights something happens in the Malacca Strait, alternative violations, and illicit drug trafficking. route scenarios to the South China Sea will go through the Sunda Strait, Lombok Strait or turn around to At the 2017 International Maritime Security Symposium Australia. This will result in increased shipping costs. (IMSS) in , regarding types of crime at sea, Sawyer expressed his opinion that Russia’s maritime security Many government bodies are involved in handling illegal challenges such as piracy, smuggling, human trafficking, activities at sea such as the Maritime Security Agency transnational terrorism and to some extent, disaster relief (Bakamla), Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, are examples of challenges stemming from instability Ministry of Forestry, Ministry of Energy and Mineral based on land but then have an impact on the sea. While Resources, Ministry of National Education, Ministry the maritime security challenges faced by Indonesia are of Transportation and Communication, State Ministry the problems in the Malacca Strait. The condition of the of Environment, the Indonesian Navy, Indonesian Air coastal states in the Malacca Strait varies, ranging from Force, Water Police, Directorate General of Immigration, economic matters, military capabilities, development Directorate General of Customs and Excise. This causes needs, social norms, political-religious status, to security less effective handling of illegal activities at sea. alliances. Therefore, extensive cooperation is needed These problems are caused by several interrelated to deal with threats in the Indonesian archipelagic sea factors, namely: lanes (alur laut kepulauan Indonesia or ALKI). Threats in the Malacca Strait have a real threat to regional security. • Limited enforcement resources, including funds, personnel and facilities; • Gaps and lack of integration in laws and regulations MARITIME BOUNDARY DISPUTES for the management of coastal and marine THE trouble in Indonesia’s maritime territory is more resources; often than not linking to maritime boundary disputes • Lack of coordination mechanisms between in the South China Sea, armed robbery against ships, institutions and communication between various the situation in the Southern Philippines, terrorism, and law enforcement agencies; illegal fishing. • Lack of environmental and natural resource The issue of maritime boundary demands poses serious awareness of the problems and short, medium and obstacles to regional cooperation such as the joint long term impacts of illegal or destructive practices exploration commitment between the Philippines, for the sake of food security and the livelihoods of China and Vietnam in 2005 that has yet to materialize. coastal communities; • Lack of an appropriate, competent and committed Another question is the presence of foreign submarines justice court system with regard to marine resource passing under the sea through an ALKI lane which matters; and is tracked by an Indonesian Navy (Daud • Large geographical areas require supervision and 2017), which is not in accordance with the shipping law enforcement. provisions at ALKI based on the rules of the United In addition, there are also issues regarding maritime Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) boundaries with ten neighboring countries such as India, 1982 concerning peaceful cross-border voyages. In Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, addition is the question of foreign aircraft flights above , , Australia and Indonesian territorial sea areas such as the US Navy’s which have not yet been finalized. Resolving these Hornet F/A-18 fighter plane that crossed over border issues has been a priority of the government Island in 2003. since 2004, because it is important to maintain the

48 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 security and unity of Indonesia’s territory and to reduce resolution. Some government efforts that have been disputes with neighboring countries. carried out include:

There are three types of threats namely military threats, • Joint maritime patrols of elements from Indonesia, non-military threats and hybrid threats. For example, in Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines; the Philippine’s sea area, hostages were often carried • Efforts to maintain national unity; out by the Abu Sayyaf group and is suspected that • In archipelagic states, such as the Philippines and members of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) had Indonesia, the integration of countries depends on entered the area. sea communications which bind the two together or allow them to stay away. For maritime safety, Indonesia is classified as quite • Formulating the operationalization of Maritime good, among others, by the completeness of navigation Patrol Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and marks and signs, and sea maps provided by the Navy providing assistance; Hydrographic and Oceanographic Center. But maritime • Operating guidelines for information and security is still lacking because there are still many intelligencece data sharing; and problems, such as human trafficking, narcotics, people • Joint communication. smuggling, goods, and pollution. Threats also include The Government also formed a Joint Task Force (TF) violence at sea such as armed piracy, the threat of 115 consisting of the Indonesian Navy, the Water Police, navigation, fire disasters, lack of safety equipment on the Republic of Indonesia’s National Police Security board, theft of sinking cargo, pollution, destruction of Maintenance Agency, the Maritime Security Agency, marine ecosystems, and violations of the law, such as and the Agency for the Supervision of Maritime and the smuggling of food, clothes, and rattan. Fisheries Resources (PSDKP), the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries. The TF 115 is to carry out the FUTURE SOLUTIONS arrest of perpetrators of criminal acts, such as fishing THREATS in Indonesia’s maritime territory require in the Fisheries Management Area of the Republic of Indonesia without valid documents (for foreign

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 49 flagged vessels), fishing using prohibited fishing gear It is necessary to develop a maritime force that and damaging the environment, fishing without legal is commensurate between the broad areas of licenses (for Indonesian ships). The results of the TF 115 responsibility and existing threats, which is planned operation were quite effective and by 2018 the Minister comprehensively for the long term, and involves all of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries had sunk 488 foreign maritime elements both civil and military so that there fishing vessels. is a common understanding in building the posture of maritime power or national sea power and reducing the In handling irregular migration issues, Indonesia adheres occurrence of sectorial egos. to two principles. The first principle is for burdens where countries must jointly look for solutions to irregular Increasing academic studies from professionals, migration problems and avoid transferring burdens academics, government, observers, and community to other countries. The second principle is shared involvement in discussing existing problems such as responsibility where there is joint responsibility between maritime seminars, discussion forums on maritime both the country of origin, transit and destination in handling domestically and abroad, can be inputs for decision irregular migration. Indonesia also puts forward a makers and increase maritime awareness. As the Navy comprehensive and balanced approach between law has done by holding several seminars on maritime enforcement and humanity, based on the pillars of security (IMSS) in Bali, , and Lombok, maritime prevention, early tracking, victim protection and arrest seminars at the Navy Staff and Command School of perpetrators of crimes. (Seskoal), the Naval Academy (AAL), the Naval College of Technology (STTAL), Naval Doctrine, Education Security issues in waters around Indonesia in recent years, and Training Command (Kodiklatal), the Naval Bases for example, are largely due to a lack of governance on (Lantamal) and at several universities and ministries. land. To help deal with these causes, the Navy must be able to influence events on land and in this case the Indonesia’s vast maritime territory requires a great Navy may be in the most strategic and effective position. responsibility to comprehensively manage and secure As happened in the Zulu Sea, piracy and hostage taking it from various types of maritime threats. Moreover, by pirates from the Abu Sayyaf group was initially due to the Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lanes becomes problems on land that developed into the sea. an international channel that accommodates world interests, meaning that if there is a security disturbance SETTLEMENT STEPS in the area the impact will be felt not only locally, but SECURING the sea requires an integrated and internationally. Therefore, reducing the number of comprehensive settlement steps between the ministries threats becomes the main task of the government and other maritime elements. Some examples are the and the community in order to maintain regional unity absence of rules in additional zones, the lack of quality and regional and international security. An integrated human resources and the absence of efforts to make approach to dealing with maritime threats is the key and new marine laws. Patrol cooperation between regional increasing maritime power in balance with maritime area navies, sharing experiences, information and education and threats become a prerequisite for maritime states. can face problems in different places in other parts of the Maintaining the stability of Indonesia’s maritime security world. An integrated maritime strategy is also needed to plays a very strategic role in the waters of the world.© affect maritime problems.

50 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 EXERCISE KOMODO: TRACK II DIPLOMACY IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA QUESTION By Rear Admiral Angkasa Dipua, S.E., M.M. and Commander Dr. Dickry Rizanny Nurdiansyah, PSC(J), MMDS

IN the past several decades, demands for maritime the unarmed actors with an informal opportunity to security have increased in significant numbers as voice their interests in the disputes. Unsanctioned indicated by the growing challenge in the seas, STRAD efforts outside the legitimate ones serve to promoting various strategic ways to identify problems provide an alternative solution with a platform of and to seek the best solutions to the problems. interaction and engagement. Negotiating a resolution for the South China Sea disputes and a political solution, at the top political and military level, was an obvious priority for peace SECOND TRACK DIPLOMACY brokers in the disputed areas. (STRAD) CONCEPT IN 1981, Joseph V. Montville, then a U.S. State A quandary of the first track and official diplomatic Department employee, coined the phrases Track One efforts has pursued the confidence of the government, and Track Two diplomacy in “Foreign Policy According claimant states, and regional states to negotiate and to Freud”, which appeared in Foreign Policy (Davidson implement a conflict-settlement agreement. The and Montville, 1981). Montville needs to label the limitations of the first-track approach have associated differences between efforts, which was people to with the hard way and a deadlock in making peace and people and that government to government. In its settling the conflict. original conception, “track two” or “citizen” diplomacy refers to private citizens discussing issues that usually On the other side, Track II or second track diplomacy reserved for official negotiations (Peter Jones, 2015). (STRAD) played a minimal role in facilitating the signing of a settlement, though it served as a reconciliatory Track One diplomacy was what diplomats did— effort at the unauthorized level. STRAD critically formal negotiations between nations conducted by contributed to the formal peace process by providing professional diplomats. Track Two diplomacy referred

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 51 to conflict resolution efforts by professional non- governmental conflict resolution practitioners and theorists. Track Two has as its object the reduction or resolution of conflict, within a country or between countries, by lowering the anger or tension or fear that exists, through improved communication and a better understanding of each other›s point of view (McDonald and Bendahmane, 1987).

STRAD rises above the narrow power-based approaches of traditional diplomacy by substituting the nation- state as the primary resolution of disputes. In other words, rather than only pursuing strategic interests by achieving favorable discussions with exclusively governments, a fundamental characteristic of Track One diplomacies, STRAD seeks to include all parties to the conflict. STRAD recognizes its part as a practice of mounting shared views between larger citizen groups, while a Track One diplomacy tends to limit its focus to the constricted domain of politicians or military leaders. STRAD tries to make its impact felt on the entirety of what it describes as identity groups, i.e. communities that share a specific ethnic, regional, national, socio- economic, or other identities. Rather than just trying to inspire military leaders or politicians to make decisions based on standard calculations of interests and options, STRAD seeks to help all the people involved to change their way of thinking.

The STRAD concept stems from the belief that conflicts can be prevented by creating linkages of friendship and shared understanding between people. Changes in the way they are thinking, settlement of the dispute, and obtaining the best possible solutions are the objectives to bring people together. Along these lines, STRAD can transform conflicts into a constructive dialogue between those involved in disputes.

Engagements between citizens of different political standpoints adapt the requirements of techniques for a settlement of a conflict. of bargaining and negotiation. STRAD, therefore, entails processes such as problem-solving workshops, STRAD is a non-governmental, unofficial, and informal dialogues, cultural exchanges, and between people form of conflict settlement that has potentially reduced mutually engaged in a dispute. These methods are the tendency for prolonged disputes by improving a must for STRAD practitioners who have neither dialogues and encouraging shared interests amongst acquired such skills nor developed them appropriately. the opposing groups. The importance of chasing informal communication among groups on conflicting Although STRAD may occur between two or more edges is that they have the ability of scaling down a groups in a dispute, it is also designed to work with a conflict before any formal talks can be established. single agent to gain a proper understanding of other Unofficial interventions are more ready for handling people’s positions. Working with a single agent can intra-state conflicts. be useful in facilitating group cohesiveness where individuals become marginalized by their group. Indeed, STRAD should not substitute the First Track diplomacy but rather as an additional channel that “Power-based, official, and frequently inflexible methods offers a preliminary segment for productive dialogues. of formal interface amongst briefed governments of As a pre-dialogue instrument, STRAD provides crucial free states” are recognized as the First Track diplomacy information to pave the way for a peaceful resolution. (McDonald 1991:201-202). Additionally, Track I practices In general, back-channel diplomacies can be most can easily construe as interfering in the internal affairs effective when linked to the formal peace process at of a free nation. Under such situations, while First the governmental level. Track communications can easily break down, STRAD channels can resume dialogue and interaction needed Despite STRAD being a fairly recent practice, it has

52 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 between all parties involved in the negotiations. It was not published and was kept confidential” (Mitchell, 1993: 8).

THE SOUTH CHINA SEA CONFLICT THE conflict in the South China Sea is one of the most complex cases of regional disputes that have occurred in Southeast Asia. The disputes do not only involve several parties, namely Brunei Darussalam, the Philippines, Malaysia, China, Taiwan and Vietnam, but also embrace a number of issues relating to overlapping territorial claims and retraction of sea boundaries in the region. Although the current disputes in the South China Sea are relatively calm, the fact that they have not been fully resolved allow frictions or even future military confrontations. Trends in the past five years show that tensions arising between disputing parties show a higher level than in the previous decade. For this reason, a clear resolution framework is mandatory to avoid a worsening situation in the future.

However, the conflict resolution that has been attempted so far has not been able to resolve disputes that have existed since four decades ago. In the First Track diplomacy, a regional approach by Indonesia had been applied. The approval of the Declaration of the Conduct (DoC) of Parties in the South China Sea was quite successful in dealing with the disputes, but this approach has not been able to support the resolution of disputes on an ongoing basis. In addition to difficulties in mediating the conflicts, given that some Southeast Asian countries are also claimant states, several other factors have hampered regional approaches, such A number of warships are anchored before the opening of the as ASEAN member countries that wanted a role in 2016 Multilateral Naval Exercise Komodo (MNEK) in Teluk Bayur, resolving conflicts and countries that wanted bilateral Padang, . resolutions such as those implemented by China.

In other situations in the First Track diplomacy level, been able to achieve some successes. A classic the bilateral approach initiated by China also has example of this is a contribution made by former Vice limitations. First and foremost, an approach that tends , Jusuf Kalla, who represented towards a divide-and-rule towards countries in the the Indonesian government in a negotiation with region that is in line with Chinese interests in the long the Free Aceh Movement (FAM). The 2004 tsunami run. Second, the increasingly strict policies of China in Aceh eventually became a turning point for the in this dispute will be counterproductive in a bilateral FAM, as well as the Aceh people and the Indonesian approach. government (Kompas, December 26, 2019). The central Reflecting on the limitations of the First Track diplomacy government’s assistance to victims of the natural performed by ASEAN, Indonesia and China, is a disaster managed to persuade FAM leaders to start viable approach to resolution, if it refers to the multi- a dialogue. The people of Aceh, who were gripped track diplomacy theory, that will be more likely to be by terror during the establishment of the Military achieved if it involves and empowers other potentials Operations Area in the Aceh, could breathe with relief at all levels of existing diplomacies. In this case, the from a cessation of hostilities. Kalla played a central Second Track diplomacy is one of the potentials to role in negotiations between the central government support and cover the limitations that exist in the First and FAM. Track diplomacy. On August 15, 2005, the signing of the Helsinki Agreement by FAM and the Indonesian government proved that peace had been achieved in Aceh. The INDONESIAN NAVY’S STRAD peace process was an example of STRAD’s success. “It THE Multilateral Naval Exercise Komodo (MNEK) was a long-term process with time spent building trust organized by the Indonesian Navy is an example of a Track II diplomacy. The exercise, themed “a

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 53 cooperation to strengthen international maritime The symposium is one example of a Track II diplomacy security” focuses on non-warfighting manoeuvres and that has been carried out so far and is potentially able aims to elevate and articulate common interests in to support ongoing dispute resolution carried out in increasing interoperability between navies, in order to a Track I diplomacy. There are at least two important maintain the stability of regional maritime security. This things that are the reason for the Track II diplomacy in exercise allows the military in general, without the use resolving this conflict. of weapons, to carry out greater coordination of their programs and opportunities to organize themselves in First, by emphasizing in this symposium that the resolving the South China Sea conflict. informal Track II diplomacy provides an opportunity for the disputing parties to be able to attend in In this exercise, navies from various countries worked their personal capacity and express their opinions together to carry out a series of humanitarian aid more openly without pressure as occurred in a Track mission activities, such as the Medical Civic Action I diplomacy. The second reason for the importance Project (MEDCAP), the Engineering Civic Action of this Symposium as a potential supporter of the Project (ENCAP), and the Maritime Peace Keeping ongoing resolution of disputes relating to Indonesia Operations (MPKO). The Komodo exercise aims to be itself as the host country. In addition to the fact that prepared in supporting peace and maintaining stability Indonesia is not a claimant state, which makes its in the region and globally. position as a mediator more acceptable to all parties, Indonesia also acts as a normative leader in an area One of the STRADs implemented by the Indonesian that is often trusted to mediate disputes. Navy was a symposium during the exercise. In the second MNEK in 2016, the Indonesian Navy also hosted the 15th Western Pacific Naval Symposium (WPNS) with CONCLUSION the subject “Maritime partnership for stability in the THERE have been several attempts by the Indonesian Western Pacific region”. In this goings-on, experts Navy to implement a mechanism for managing and and practitioners had shared knowledge and insights resolving South China Sea disputes that has been about maritime security and stability in the region. In an applied to the Track II diplomacy. As part of the Track II effort to support maritime security, regional countries diplomacy, MNEK has grown, mingling with the global generally seek cooperation and partnership in the face naval network and person-to-person relations. Not of any threat. All countries realize that they cannot face only is the seamen’s network entwined, but it goes challenges single-handedly. beyond that, and has given effective results. Indonesia has contributed to the progress of STRAD. First, The WPNS is an important forum for implementing Indonesia, as a representative of ASEAN member regional maritime partnerships that will require a countries, plays an important role in the driver’s seat. strong foundation and mutual trust between the state This has made the “competition for regional power” or the navy. WPNS is also a proof of the effectiveness of becoming more cosy. Second, the relative success the Track II diplomacy performed by the navy. The key of the Track II has complemented and increased the to successful diplomacy in developing mutual trust lies influence of Indonesian diplomacy, especially in the in the actors to develop collective trust and peaceful Asian region. cooperation for mutual interests and benefits.

Warships from a number of 2018 Multilateral Naval Exercise Komodo (MNEK) participating countries in Lembar, West Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, on May 3, 2018.

54 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 By Navy Captain Kunto Wibowo AP THE EVOLUTION OF NAVAL STRATEGIES NAVAL strategy, and the related concept of maritime maintaining his fleet in being, he would prevent the strategy, concerns the overall strategy for achieving French from gaining command of the sea, which would victory at sea, including the planning and conduct of allow them to invade England. Although Torrington campaigns, the movement and disposition of naval was forced to fight at the Battle of Beachy Head (June forces by which a commander secures the advantage 1690), the French victory there gave Paris control of of fighting at a place convenient to himself, and the English Channel for only a few weeks. the deception of the enemy. In , a “fleet in being” is a naval force that The great aims of a fleet in war must be to keep the extends a controlling influence without ever leaving coast of its own country free from attack, to secure port. Were the fleet to leave port and face the enemy, the freedom of its trade, and to destroy the enemy’s it might lose in battle and no longer influence the fleet or confine it to port. The first and second of these enemy’s actions, but while it remains safely in port, aims can be attained by the successful achievement the enemy is forced to continually deploy forces to of the third—the destruction or paralysis of the guard against it. A “fleet in being” can be part of a sea hostile fleet. A fleet that secures the freedom of its own denial doctrine, but not one of sea control. communications from attack is said to have command of the sea. The “fleet in being” concept is based on the assumption that the fleet is relatively safe in port, even if near the Naval strategy is fundamentally different from land- enemy. After the battle of Taranto and the attack on based military strategy. At sea, there is no territory to Pearl Harbor, however, it became obvious that air occupy. Apart from the fisheries and, more recently, power made a fleet concentrated in a port vulnerable, offshore oilfields, there are no economic assets that and a fleet in being was normally no longer a safe can be denied to the enemy and no resources that option. It is, of course, possible to imagine a situation a fleet can exploit. While an army can live off the land, where a fleet is still relatively safe in harbor, such as the a fleet must rely on whatever supplies it carries with it opponent being unwilling to attack them in harbor for or can be brought to it. political reasons. The idea of a “fleet in being” can be generalized FLEET IN BEING to forces other than naval. A fortress under siege is THE British Admiral, the Earl of Torrington allegedly essentially an “army in being”, which ties up enemy originated the expression “fleet in being”. Faced forces without leaving the fortress or doing much with a clearly superior French fleet in the summer of fighting. During the Gulf War, Saddam Hussein used 1690 during the War of the Grand Alliance, Torrington his air force with an operational doctrine analogous proposed avoiding battle, except under very favorable to “fleet in being”: The mere presence of the Iraqi conditions, until the arrival of reinforcements. By Air Force in hardened bunkers forced the coalition

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 55 attacking Iraq to act cautiously and to escort its that a blockade is usually directed at an entire country bomber sorties, until the aircraft shelters were found or region, rather than a fortress or city. While most to be vulnerable. blockades historically took place at sea, blockade is still used on land to prevent someone coming into a certain area. WAR ON TRADE A blockading power can seek to cut off all maritime BY the mid-1690s, private ships from French Atlantic ports, particularly St. Malo and Dunkirk, were a major transport from and to the blockaded country; although threat to Anglo-Dutch commerce. The threat forced the stopping all land transport to and from an area may English government to divert warships to the defense of also be considered a blockade. Blockades restrict trade, as convoy escorts and cruisers to hunt down the the trading rights of neutrals, who must submit for privateers. In France, the success of privateers against inspection for contraband, which the blockading power may define narrowly or broadly, sometimes including the Anglo-Dutch war effort stimulated a gradual shift th from the employment of the Royal warships as battle food and medicine. In the 20 century air power has fleets (guerre d’escadre) towards supporting the war also been used to enhance the effectiveness of the on trade (guerre de course). blockade by halting air traffic within the blockaded airspace. Commerce raiding (German: handelskrieg, “trade war”) is a form of naval warfare used to destroy or During the revolutionary years in Indonesia, 1945- disrupt logistics of the enemy on the open sea by 1949, the Dutch imposed a naval blockade around attacking its merchant shipping, rather than engaging Singapore to stop illegal activities by Indonesian its combatants or enforcing a blockade against them. freedom fighters. In 1947, Jahja Daniel Darma, also known as John Lie Tjeng Tjoan, was assigned the duty During World War II, the Battle of the Atlantic saw Nazi of escorting boats smuggling products to Singapore to Germany conducting commerce raiding against Britain be sold for financing the Indonesian independence war. and its allies, again using U-boats, auxiliary cruisers, Starting his navy career as a ship-navigator on a Dutch and small groups of cruisers and battleships (raiders). merchant vessel, one of his first duties was to escort Limitations set by the Treaty of Versailles meant a convoy of small boats that was carrying 800 tons of Germany could not build a large battle fleet as she had rubber to the Chief Representative of the Republic of in the time leading up to the World War I, and chose Indonesia in Singapore. Commander (retired from the to covertly develop her submarines instead. U-boats navy on December 1966 with the rank of rear admiral) were cheaper and quicker to build than capital ships, John Lie’s duties were to penetrate the blockade and and consequently Germany built up a submarine force smuggle rubber and other products in exchange for rather than a surface fleet. This meant Germanywas weapons. The weapons were then handed over to the not able to fight a guerre d’escadre (battles between Indonesian revolutionary troops in Sumatra. fleets), and therefore pursued guerre de course; what small numbers of surface warships Germany possessed, The strategic importance of the blockade was such as the Deutschlands, as well as her auxiliary cemented during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic cruisers, also participated in this strategy. In addition, a Wars, during which successful blockades on France number of commercial vessels were converted. were imposed by the Royal Navy, leading to major economic disruptions. The Union blockade of southern The disadvantage of the commerce raiding when ports was a major factor in the American Civil War, as pursued as a battle fleet strategy, rather than just by was the failure of the U-boat blockade in World War smaller vessels, is that it leaves a country’s own trade I and again in World War II. Julian Corbett and A.T. defenseless. Individual raiding squadrons are also Mahan emphasized that naval operations were chiefly vulnerable to defeat in detail if the enemy sends larger to be won by decisive battles and blockade. squadrons in pursuit, as happened to Leissegues at the Battle of San Domingo in 1806 and Von Spee at CONTROL OF THE SEA the Battle of the Falkland Islands in 1914. IT was only at the very end of the 19th century that theories of naval strategy were first codified, even though British statesmen and had been CLOSE BLOCKADE practising it for centuries. UNTIL after the end of the 17th century it was thought impossible, or at least very rash, to keep the great Influenced by Jomini’s principles of strategy, the ships out of port between September and May or American naval officer and historian, Captain (later June. Therefore, continuous watch on an enemy by Rear Admiral) Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840-1914) argued blockading his ports was beyond the power of any that in the coming wars, control of the sea would navy. Therefore, too, as an enemy fleet might be grant the power to control the trade and resources at sea before it could be stopped, the movements needed to wage war. Mahan’s premise was that in of fleets were much subordinated to the need for the contests between France and Britain in the 18th providing convoy to the trade. century, domination of the sea through naval power was the deciding factor in the outcome, and therefore, A blockade is an effort to cut off supplies, war that control of seaborne commerce was secondary to material or communications from a particular area by domination in war. In Mahan’s view, a country obtained force, either in part or totally. A blockade should not “command of the sea” by concentrating its naval forces be confused with an embargo or sanctions, which are at the decisive point to destroy or master the enemy’s legal barriers to trade. It is also distinct from a siege in battle fleet; blockade of enemy ports and disruption

56 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 of the enemy’s maritime communications would follow. achieve this goal, Indonesia would need to increase Mahan believed that the true objective in a naval war its attention on the Navy as an essential element in was always the enemy fleet. ensuring its maritime security, both in a domestic and regional sense. Mahan’s writings were highly influential. His best- known books, The Influence of Sea Power upon The Indonesian Navy (TNI-AL) is the second-largest History, 1660–1783, and The Influence of Sea Power branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, yet upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793–1812, it possesses the most daunting task related to national were published in 1890 and 1892 respectively and his defense. With only 65,000 personnel, the TNI-AL theories contributed to the naval arms race between shoulders a big responsibility safeguarding the vast 1898 and 1914. extent of Indonesia‘s maritime territory, which covers a combined area of roughly 140,000 square kilometers Sir Julian Corbett (1854–1922), on the other hand, of water and coastline. From its inception, it has differed from Mahan in placing much less emphasis struggled to reconcile its relatively small capabilities on fleet battle. A British naval historian who became with its large responsibilities. There are four chief a lecturer at the Royal Naval War College in Great problems that the TNI-AL continues to face today, Britain, Corbett emphasized the interdependence namely (1) a lack of a comprehensive maritime outlook, of naval and land warfare and tended to concentrate (2) stringent budgetary conditions, (3) a continental- on the importance of sea communications rather oriented command and control structure, and (4) turf than battle. Battle at sea was not an end in itself; the wars between related agencies in the government. primary objective of the fleet was to secure one’s own These problems are rooted deep in the history of the communications and disrupt those of the enemy, Indonesian Armed Forces and are a result of a complex not necessarily to seek out and destroy the enemy’s interaction between social, cultural, political, and fleet. To Corbett, command of the sea was a relative strategic factors. and not an absolute which could be categorized as general or local, temporary or permanent. Corbett When it comes to its overall maritime strategy, defined the two fundamental methods of obtaining Indonesia has insisted on maintaining its inward- control of the lines of communication as the actual looking posture. Defense White Papers from 1997 to physical destruction or capture of enemy warships and 2008 maintain the continental element of Wasantara merchants, and or a naval blockade. His most famous (Wawasan Nusantara or Archipelagic Outlook) as a core work, Some Principles of Maritime Strategy, remains a focal point of Indonesia‘s strategic outlook, indicating classic. a degree of political hesitance in looking outward. It was not until 2014 when Joko Widodo proposed CONSTANTLY EVOLVING the Global Maritime Fulcrum, which promised a new NAVAL strategy has increasingly been merged with strategic outlook that would put heavy emphasis general strategy involving land and air warfare. Naval on the maritime realm and Indonesia‘s regional strategy constantly evolves as improved technologies contributions to maritime security; a more outward- become available. During the Cold War, for example, looking Indonesia. It aims to capitalize on Indonesia‘s the Soviet Navy shifted from a strategy of directly geopolitical position and increase Indonesia‘s regional contending against NATO for control of the blue- role as a global maritime fulcrum for the Asia-Pacific water oceans to a concentrated defense of the Barents region by building on five pillars which included Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk bastions. maritime culture, resources, infrastructure, diplomacy, and security. Latest naval strategies recognize the economic links of the global system and how any disruption due to In 2016, a GMF White Paper was published by the regional crises—man-made or natural—can adversely Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs. The impact a country’s economy and quality of life. State- publication provided an authoritative elaboration on of-the-art strategies chart a course for a country’s the aspects of the GMF and presented itself as a plan sea services to work collectively with each other and of action. However, it remains a lackluster document. international partners to prevent these crises from The publication only provided a brief reiteration of occurring or reacting quickly should one occur to avoid the goals of the GMF rather than an elaboration of negative impacts to the country. Sometimes a military the means that have and will be taken to achieve the force is used as a preventative measure to avoid war, overall goal, making it objective-based rather than not cause it. means-based. In the case of Indonesia, the country’s defense system The TNI-AL still operates based on its Eka Sasana Jaya has long favored the land forces over sea forces. doctrine, which has been in effect since 1965. Overall, In various defense documents, threat assessments the doctrine outlines the basics of naval combat, the highly prioritize internal threats, such as disintegration role of the TNI-AL in maritime security, and conditions and separatism, over external threats that may come in which naval force will be used. In this sense, the from the sea. However, there have been changes GMF could not be considered a doctrine; it is more to that trend. President Joko Widodo has pledged of a maritime strategy, albeit an unclear one at best. It to reassert Indonesia‘s maritime identity under the would still take some time for the concept to permeate banner of the Global Maritime Fulcrum (GMF). Under in Indonesian strategic thinking and even more so for this new maritime outlook, Indonesia seeks to be a it to diffuse into the operational and tactical levels due major regional player in the Asia-Pacific. In order to to organizational and operational constraints.

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 57 FLYING THE SICK HOW FLEET COMMAND III DEALS WITH COVID-19 PATIENTS By Navy Captain Ridwan Prawira, S.T., M.Han “It wasn’t raining when Noah built the ark.” —Howard Ruff (1931-2016)

MEDICAL evacuation, often shortened to Medevac, is the timely and efficient movement and en route care provided by medical personnel to wounded being evacuated from a battlefield, to injured patients being evacuated from the scene of an accident to receiving medical facilities, or to patients at a rural hospital requiring urgent care at a better-equipped facility using medically equipped ground vehicles (ambulances) or aircraft (air ambulances). Basically, there are three types of Medevac, i.e. ground medical evacuation, maritime medical evacuation and air medical evacuation. Ground Medevac employs land transport, such as ambulances, maritime Medevac benefits maritime transport, such as ships, and air Medevac makes use of air travel, by means of helicopters or fixed wing aircraft. In a situation that requires rapid, urgent, and even critical treatments, air Medevac is one of the most looked-for and primary medical aid to save a person’s life.

MEDICAL EVACUATION

LAND SEA AIR

GROUND VEHICLES SHIPS BOATS FIXED WING ROTARY WING

SEATED CASE STRETCHER CASE

Fig. 1. Medical Evacuation Scheme according to the type of transportation and handling.

58 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 Long Range Medical Evacuation (LRME) is a method of long-distance air Medevac by prioritizing standard LRME IN HANDLING COVID-19 operating procedures and health protocols, which PATIENTS take patients from one place to another that has THE handling of personnel infected with COVID-19 wide-ranging medical equipment and health facilities, has received great attention from the Chief of the with the aim of evacuating patients that requires Indonesian Navy. After taken delivery of a report swift treatment, advanced medical aid, critical or from the commander of Fleet Command III regarding emergency by greatly utilizing fixed wing aircraft in the a soldier who was tested positive for COVID-19, shortest possible time. This kind of evacuation may the Navy Chief ordered the Fleet Command III reduce the risk of harm to the patient without delay, commander to evacuate the personnel to a better precisely and safely. Therefore, this long-distance air and extensive health facility. medical evacuation service is one of the prioritized The commander of Fleet Command III carried out medical aids to save human lives. an immediate response through LRME to speed The Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic up the evacuation process. On Saturday, 18 July which began at the end of 2019, has had a huge 2020, an Indonesian Navy’s P-8304 (CN-235) aircraft impact on Indonesia and has spread to all corners of which traveled 1,174 nautical miles with actual use the country, including Papua; not only civilians, but of flight hours without refuel for six hours and thirty Indonesian Navy personnel serving in Fleet Command minutes direct from endurance of seven hours and III too are infected by this disease. This challenges thirty minutes, flown the sick personnel from the the health care in this region, for medical personnel Home Base of Fleet Command III in Sorong (dr. and supporting facilities for anti-COVID-19 are still Oetojo Naval Hospital), , to a more very minimal. The massive spread of COVID-19 needs comprehensive health facility at dr. Ramelan Naval to be taken seriously by various parties, especially Hospital in , East Java. for COVID-19 patients who need more intensive Technically, the LRME kind of air Medevac has medical treatment. LRME is the best alternative for the following procedure: after entering the plane, promptly evacuating COVID-19 patients from areas COVID-19 patients who have not reached the critical with inadequate health facilities to more far-reaching level are put in the Seated Case position, which is health facilities/hospitals. a sitting arrangement; otherwise, they are required to be in the Stretcher Case position (reclining on a stretcher). COVID-19 virus spread prevention and

Isolation 2 Compartment Used as a transit point for the decontamination of medical personnel after leaving Access door for the Isolation 3 Compartment, and before entering Isolation 1 Compartment. crew and medical personnel

Access door for patients

Isolation 1 Compartment Isolation 3 Compartment For air crew and medical The cabin for COVID-19 patients can accommodate personnel only five patients in a sitting position.

Fig. 2. A CN-235 aircraft cabin’s emergency compartment scheme for the handling of COVID-19 patients (compartment partitions use coated plastic sheeting).

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 59 Fig. 3. The implementation process of a Long Range Medical Evacuation (LRME) for COVID-19 patients from dr. Oetojo Naval Hospital in Sorong, West Papua, to dr. Ramelan Naval Hospital in Surabaya, East Java.

control measures are taken from the start of the flight, an extraordinary duty of humanitarian action, in the during the flight to the end of the flight, carried out by form of transferring a highly contagious COVID-19 following the standard operating procedures for the patient, without the risk of infection and transmission anti-COVID-19 protocol. to both the air crew as well as the medical evacuation personnel. The systematic execution of an air Medevac The restriction of areas prone to contamination and in accordance with the strict operational standard the separation of potentially contaminated spaces procedures of the anti-COVID-19 protocol must be on board the aircraft uses coated plastic sheeting properly and successfully carried out by flight crew, to separate flight crew and medical personnel from medical personnel and patients in accordance with COVID-19 patients when airborne. The crew and the previously planned mission, so that evacuated medics wear Level 3 personal protective equipment patients can be immediately transferred and treated and fitted out with boots and hoods, dual layer gloves, at the dr. Ramelan Naval Hospital in Surabaya swiftly, and powered air-purifying respirators or N95 masks precisely and safely. with face shields. The same applies to COVID-19 patients according to the COVID-19 health protocol. THE FUTURE OF LRME FOR THE The aircraft cabin is divided into three compartments INDONESIAN NAVY to prevent and avoid the transmission of COVID-19. THE flying of COVID-19 patients in the framework These compartments are Isolation 1 compartment of Long Range Medical Evacuation (LRME) that had which is used for crew and medical personnel, Isolation been carried out by the Fleet Command III supported 2 is used as a transit space for the decontamination by the Indonesian Center, an LRME of medical personnel when handling COVID-19 standard operating procedure is called for to evacuate patients in Isolation 3 before entering Isolation 1, other Indonesian Navy personnel serving in remote and Compartment 3 is used specifically for COVID-19 areas. According to Aviation Medicine Specialist and patients on board. The decontamination in the aircraft member of the Indonesian Presidential Expert Panel cabin is carried out before the flight to remove the of Medical Doctors, Dr. dr. Wawan Mulyawan, SpBS COVID-19 virus contamination on the plane as well (K), SpKP, AAK, FINSS, FINPS, a medical evacuation is as at the end of the flight at the Base Ops of Juanda divided into three levels, namely: Naval Air Base in Surabaya. 1. Urgent Level. The air medical evacuation in this This LRME procedure is the first in the history of Fleet category applies to emergency patients such Command III and the Naval Aviation Center. It was as victims of accidents in military operations, represented in an air medical evacuation, which is accidents during training, critical illnesses that

60 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 Portable Medical A Stretcher with a life support locking system equipment directly on the consisting of a cabin floor cardiac monitor, ECG, a ventilator, oxygen system, etc.

Air Crew Compartment Medical Compartment For aircraft crew only The cabin for medical personnel and patients suffering from infectious diseases which can accommodate up to four medical personnel and six patients in a reclining position.

Fig. 4. Schematic of an aircraft cabin compartment for medical treatment in the LRME framework in an aircraft larger than CN-235.

require extensive health facilities, victims of which at the same time enables the paramedic team natural disasters and work accidents which with to carry out internal communication activities and rapid medical evacuation can save their lives/ focus on handling patients during on flight treatment, organs, prevent severe complications and ward an aircraft that has endurance and a capacity greater off permanent disability. than the CN-235 currently owned by the Indonesian Naval Aviation Center is needed. 2. Priority Level. The air medical evacuation in this category is for patients requiring special/follow- An alternative aircraft suited for LRME which is larger up care while on-site health facilities and medical than the CN-235 is the CN-295. On the CN-295, the equipment fall short, and may reduce their aircraft compartment can be divided into two parts, distress/disability if an evacuation is not delayed. namely the crew compartment and the medical compartment. In the medical compartment, the cabin 3. Routine Level. The air medical evacuation in is isolated by way of a cabin compartment partition this category is for patients who need treatment so that patient treatment is more concentrated at one place that is considered better or at the while still able to pay attention to health protocols. request of the patient or his or her family and may With the governmental policy on New Normal and well use scheduled flights. the increasing number of people tested positive for COVID-19, the CN-295 aircraft is one of the answers The LRME for the COVID-19 patient at Fleet Command for long-distance air medical evacuation with a III is expected to become a reference for air medical greater carrying capacity. evacuations. To evacuate a larger number of patients

The CN-295 is a development of the Spanish-Indonesian transport aircraft CASA/IPTN CN-235, but with a stretched fuselage, 50% more payload capability and new Pratt & Whitney Canada PW127G turboprop engines.

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 61 FACTS & FEATS

Chief of the Indonesian Navy, Admiral Yudo Margono, SE, MM, was appointed as an honorary member of the Indonesian Marine Corps through a procession of handing over to him the Marine purple beret by the Marine Corps Commander, Major General Suhartono, M.Tr. (Han.), at Todak Beach in Dabo Singkep, Riau Islands, Friday, (24/7).

Chief of the Indonesian Navy, Admiral Yudo Margono, S.E., M.M., received an honorary brevet and was appointed as an honorary member of Indonesian Naval Aviation, directly pinned by the Indonesian Armed Forces Commander, Air Marshal Dr. (HC) Hadi Tjahjanto, SIP, presided the Handover Commander of the Naval Aviation Center, First Ceremony of the Indonesian Navy Chief’s post, from Admiral Siwi Sukma Adji, S.E., M.M. to Admiral Yudo Admiral TNI Edwin, SH, M.Han. at the Apron “A” of Margono, S.E., M.M., at the Main Building of the Navy Headquarters, Wednesday (20/5). Admiral Yudo Juanda International Airport in Sidoarjo, East Java, Margono was the Commander of the Joint Regional Defense Command I since 2019. Wednesday (24/06).

62 THE HORIZON 2ND EDITION 2020 Command Fleet I held a Level 3 (L-3) Combat Task Exercise in the Java Sea, The Indonesian Navy continues to evacuate Indonesian crew members Karimata Strait, and waters around Singkep Island, Riau Islands, on Friday working on foreign cruise ships during the COVID-19 pandemic. They were (24/7). The exercise to realize the readiness of elements of Fleet Command then taken to isolation at the Pullman Central Park Hotel, West Jakarta to I in carrying out Combined Sea Operations and Amphibious Operations in undergo swab tests and self-quarantine for 14 days. As part of the Evacuation support of TNI Joint Operations. Task Force, the Navy coordinates with relevant ministries.

Chief of the Indonesian Navy, Admiral Yudo Margono, S.E., M.M. aboard The Chief of the Indonesian Navy, Admiral Yudo Margono, S.E., M.M. the KRI Semarang-594, observing Indonesian Navy’s Level 3 Combined Task together with the Chairperson of Jalasenastri (association of the wives of Force Exercise in the waters around Dabo Singkep, Riau Islands, Thursday members of the Indonesian Navy), Mrs. Vero Yudo Margono dedicated the (23/7). The KRI Semarang is a Makassar-class Landing Platform Dock-typed Pasir Angin Naval COVID-19 Emergency Hospital in the Navy Residential hospital in the Indonesian Navy’s inventory that plays an Complex in Pasir Angin in the Cileungsi District of Bogor Regency, West important role during the COVID-19 pandemic. Java, on Tuesday (7/21).

THE HORIZON 2nd EDITION 2020 63