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SSC03-I-4 the Inexpensive Injection of Mini-Satellites Into GEO

SSC03-I-4 the Inexpensive Injection of Mini-Satellites Into GEO

SSC03-I-4 The Inexpensive Injection of Mini- into GEO

G. M. Webb(1), Fadeev A. (2), Pestmal N. (1)

(1) Commercial Space Technologies, Ltd., 67 Shakespeare Rd, Hanwell, London W7 1LU, UK, (2) Centre for Ground Space Infrastructure Operations, 129857, 42, Schepkin street

Commercial Space Technologies - London Office Commercial Space Technologies - Moscow Office Gerry Webb - General Director Nina Pestmal - Director, Moscow Office Contact: Mali Perera Contact: Irina Silantieva

67 Shakespeare Rd, Hanwell 6 Kosmodemyanskih, Flat 116 London W7 1LU, UK 125171 Moscow,

Tel: +44 020 8840 1082 (UK) Tel/Fax: +7095 415 7732 (Russia) Fax: +44 020 840 7776 (UK) Tel/Fax: +7095 150 8855 (Russia) E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

1 CST CAPABILITIES

•SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND CST has developed the full range of contacts POLICY CONSULTANCY and methodology necessary to perform the range of services needed by customers wishing to use FSU launchers, including: •TECHNICAL EQUPMENT MARKETING AND TRADING 1. Launcher brokerage in a straight forward way ‘across the board’ obtaining the best •MANAGEMENT, REPRESENTATION AND achievable prices and conditions LOGISTICS IN RUSSIA 2. Local management, progress meetings, etc on the spot •LAUNCHER SERVICES BROKERING 3. Construction of launch services agreements •SPACE COMMUNICATIONS EXPERTISE 4.Provision of logistical services inside Russia •INSURANCE AND RISK ASSESSMENT ISSUES 5. Consultancy services to enable potential customers to access the technologies and ability to do business of the relevant Russian •QUALITY ASSURANCE AND organisations STANDARTISATION ISSUES 6. Arrangement of insurance, legal, financial •ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS and other services

2 Commercial Space Technologies Ltd HISTORY OF CST LAUNCH ARRANGEMENTS

Completed 1995 August 31 (1 piggy-back) Fasat Alpha 1998 July10 (2 piggy-back) Fasat Bravo + TM sat 1999 April 21 (1 dedicated) Uo Sat 12 2000 June 28 Cosmos (2 piggy-back ) Tsinghua 1+Snap 2000 September 26 Dnepr (1 piggy-back ) Tiung Sat 2002 November 28 Cosmos (1 piggy-back) Alsat/DMC-1 Future Schedule 2003 September Cosmos (3 in cluster) NigeriaSat-1, BilSat-1 and UK-DMC/DMC-2 2004 April Dnepr (main in cluster) Demeter July Cosmos (2 in cluster) TopSat+ChinaSat/DMC-3 2005 First half (1 piggy-back) Gemini-1

2006 Rapideye + others either scheduled Launcher unassigned or in negotiation

3 Why FSU Launchers?

• Even though now considerably reduced from its past Soviet glories, FSU space activity is still vast and multifarious. • Russian and Ukrainian activity involves a variety and quantity of launches to all the orbits required by small satellites (except, perhaps, equatorial). • Due to the recently tough financial conditions in the FSU, prices are favourable and companies eager to please and competitive. • The de-commissioning of a great many missiles has led to a flood of ‘conversion’ launchers • A large number of possibilities for piggy-back launches are available and there exists a willingness to adapt major national missions to this end.

4 FSU Launcher Families • / system (now defunct) • Proton/Proton-M (ultimately, 5) • Family (perhaps, Angara 3) • Zenit 2 (Ukrainian) Zenit 3 (Sea Launch) • Small Launchers –Cosmos and Tsyklon (soon, Angara 1) • Converted Missiles – Shtil, Start, , Rockot, Dnepr

5 Why GEO Mini-Satellites?

• The high level entry costs for using ‘conventional’ large satellites, which are getting larger anyway • Economical experimentation and technology demonstration • Stop-gap regulatory compliance, phased roll-out of capability at a particular slot • Tests of markets or small ‘niche’ markets • For developing countries: independence and prestige with improvement of technology base.

6 Launching Methods

There are at least four distinct potential methods available uniquely to mini satellites which are relatively inexpensive to use. These are: 1. Dedicated Small Launchers such as Soyuz+Fregat, Tsyklon-4 (if this is produced), Angara variants or 2 (with PAMs) or converted missiles with additional stages. 2. Ion Propulsion Khrunichev is developing a bus with ion propulsion capacity capable of reaching GEO from a launch called ‘Yacht’. 3. Cluster Launching Any of the extant launchers could be adapted to do this. Proton already does cluster launchers to HEO of GLONASS satellites and new EXPRESS buses are being developed which will be cluster launched to GEO. 4. Piggy-backing -5 can do this to GTO but this orbit is not suitable for very small satellites for which the extra propulsion burden to get to GEO is proportionately greater. Proton can piggy-back a satellite in the mini-satellite class directly into GEO at economical cost. 7 PIGGY-BACK TO GEO

CST is making arrangements with Rosaviakosmos for the launch of small satellites direct to GEO by piggy- backing on a Russian national satellite launch on Proton. Arrangements can be made for other satellites of up to 400kgs very economically (~ 20K US dollars/kg)

8 CLUSTER TO GEO

Universal Cluster launches can also type of P/L be arranged for GEO fairing small satellites above 400 “Express-AK” S/C kg, up to about 800 kg. “Express-AK” Above this mass, Cluster occasional opportunities arise in the form of specially arranged ‘test’ launches on behalf of Separation federal bodies . system

«Packed» arrangement of S/C inside upper unit

9 Dedicated Small Launches

• ‘Pure’ Launchers • Soyuz+Fregat • Tsyklon 4 • Angara Variants • Converted Missiles • Dnepr+Stages • Rockot+stage+ion propulsion • Strela+stage(s)+ion propulsion

10 The Tsyklon-4 (artist impression, Yuzhnoye)

Tsyklon-4 will have increased performance of the engines, a modern control system and a head fairing with an increased volume of payload compartment. From the Brazilian Alcantara range it will provide the possibility to inject a satellite or a group of satellites of up to 5500 kg to an equatorial orbit of 500 km or a satellite of 1800 kg to GTO. The range of launch azimuth will be from 0 to 115o.

11 The ‘Angara’ Family of Launchers

1 – ‘Angara-1.1’, 2 – ‘Angara-1.2’, 3 – ‘Angara-1VA’, 4 – ‘Angara-3 I’, 5 – ‘Angara-4 I’, 6 – ‘Angara-5 I’, 7 – ‘Angara-4E’, 8 – ‘Angara-3SPG’, 9 – ‘Angara-4SPG’, 10 – ‘Angara-5SPG’, 11 – ‘Angara-5’, 12 – ‘Angara-7’

12 Dnepr Payload Accommodation Showing SBS (Kosmotras brochure)

13 ‘Rockot’ and ‘Strela’ Launch Vehicles

2 6 1 3

4 1 – protection device;

2 – fairing of launch vehicle; 5 3 – equipment room; 4 – container with launch vehicle;

5 – silo’s tube;

6 – technological protection cover The pedigree and versions of the ‘Rockot’ launch vehicle: 1 – SS-19 ICBM; 2 – initial version of ‘Rockot’ with ‘Breeze-K’ and ‘old’ fairing; 3 – The ‘Strela’ launch vehicle (in an current ‘Rockot’ with ‘Breeze-KM’ and ‘improved’ version i.e. with a ‘space’ new composite fairing fairing) in a standard SS-19 silo 14 Mini and GEO Projects

• Non FSU •GEMINI (SSTL) • FSU •Express-AK (NPO-PM) •Dialog (Khrunichev) •Ruslan-MM (NPO-M)

* All FSU projects are Russian, influenced by an Intersputnik requirement and are being developed by reputable organizations

15 GEMINI-1 EXPRESS-AK (SSTL) (NPO PM)

• Mass 400 kg, • Mass 840 kg, 6 transponders (Ku) 10-12 transponders (C + Ku) • Lifetime 7+ years

16 DIALOG-E (Khrunichev)

Artistic picture of the ‘Dialog-E’ satellite published in April 2001. Spacecraft to have a mass of 495 kg and 4 transponders (C + Ku)

Intermediate orbit Impulse for transition from parking orbit to intermediate orbit

Parking orbit

GEO

Leg of transitional flight under low thrust Three-dimensional profile of the ‘Dialog-E’ satellite injection by ion propulsion into GEO

17 RUSLAN-MM (NPO-M)

Mock-up of the improved ‘Ruslan-MM’ shown at the MAKS-2001 Airshow in 2001. (CST photo) •Mass 560 kg •Transponders 6-12 (C + Ku) depending on final design

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