Hawai`i Space Flight Laboratory University of Hawai`i at Mānoa

Putting Rockets and Satellites into Orbit

January 11, 2016

Director: Dr. Luke Flynn Contact Info: Email: info@hsfl.hawaii.edu Phone: 808-956-3138 (Hawaii Space Grant)

Web Site: http://www.hsfl.hawaii.edu Outline  Why are Small Sats Relevant: Economics of Small Space Missions  How did We Get There: Building to the ORS-4 Mission  HSFL Mission Schedule and Future Plans

 Acknowledgment: This talk is given on behalf of the HSFL, HSGC, and HIGP staff who helped to make the ORS-4 Mission a possibility.

Property of HSFL 2 Demand for “Space”  In less than 60 years of space flight, the world has launched about 6500 satellites to space of which about 1000 are still operating…

 In the next 5 years, 3 companies (SpaceX/Google: 4000, OneWeb: 900, Samsung: 6000) will attempt to launch almost 11,000 small satellites….. They plan upgrades on 18-month cycles…  Demand for space launch and small sats has shifted from Government to commercial groups.

Property of HSFL 3 A View of the Launcher Market circa 2020

Market Launch Services Trend Market Size* Traditional Commercial Payload Type 2013-2020 2020 Primary Players Disruptors Large Satellites Flat $2.5B • Arianespace (Ariane 5) • SpaceX (FH) (> 4,000 kg) (20-25 sats) • ILS (Proton) • Commercial GEO Comm • Sea Launch (Zenit 3) • US Gov’t • ULA (Atlas V, Delta IV) Medium Satellites Flat $800M • Arianespace (Soyuz 2) • SpaceX (F9) (~ 1,500 – 4,000 kg) (~ 10 sats) • ILS (Angara-new) • Stratolauncher • Commercial GEO Comm • ULA (Atlas V, Delta II & IV) • US Gov’t Cargo/Supplies Growing $600M • Governments (Space Shuttle, • SpaceX (F9-Dragon) • Space Station (~ 4 missions) Soyuz-Progress) • Orbital (Antares- Cygnus) Crew Emerging $500M - $1B • Governments (Space Shuttle, • SpaceX (F9-Dragon) • Space Station (~ 2-4 missions) Soyuz) • ULA (Atlas V-CST-100 [Boeing] / Dreamchaser [SNC]) Mini-Small Satellites Growing $700M • Orbital (Pegasus, Taurus, • SLC 5-O (SPARK 1) (~ 100 – 1,500 kg) (15-20 sats) Minotaurs) • Commercial Imagery and Comm • Various FSU ex-ICBMs • US and Foreign Gov’ts • Arianespace (Vega) Nano-Micro Satellites Growing $75M • None. No dedicated LVs in • Virgin Galactic (< 100 kg) (~ 100 sats) class. All currently rideshares (LauncherOne) • Universities • Others with concepts • US and Foreign Gov’ts

* Addressable market to a U.S. company

Growing market and reduced competition makes Mini-Small Satellites segment attractive Property of HSFL 4 Why Enter SLV Market Now?

3rd Generation 1st Generation 2nd Generation Next Generation of Small Launchers Commercial Small Small Launch Dominated by Vehicles Arrives; Small-to-Nano Sat Market Launch Arrives Using Retired ICBM Systems Growth; Emerging Mini-Micro Launch

1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s+

Market Inflection Point Market Inflection Point #2 in Late 1990s Market Inflection Point #3 in #1 in 1990 • Dnepr, Rokot, Kosmo-3M, and Start-1 comprised of Former Soviet Union Mid-2010s…Right Now! 1st Launch of Pegasus - world's ICBM propulsion systems enter market and dominate commercial/int’l • Age-out issues and cost increases first privately developed space • In US, Congress passes Commercial Space Act in 1998 allowing retired US with ICBM-based launchers launch vehicle ICBM systems to be used for launching US Gov’t payloads • Proliferation of technology driving • 28 launches in 1990s • Develop of all new, purely commercial SLVs are stymied as a result growth in commercial small/mini/ • 12 launches in 2000s  Orbital focuses on Minotaurs & Antares at expense of Pegasus & Taurus micro/nano-sat markets; shift in US • 2 to date in 2010s  SpaceX starts then terminates Falcon 1 product line in 2009 Gov’t policy towards smaller sats

“The multiplication of earth observation satellite projects in countries with no launch capability benefits to low cost launch service providers” – Rachel Villain, Director Space & Comm., Euroconsult, Feb 2010 US Air Force need is to “augment large Mini- and Small-class sats dominate! launches with mid-size and smaller, on- demand launchers and nontraditional launch” – Dr. Beason, Chief Scientist, Air Force Space

Source: Teal Group, Jun 2013 Command, Jan 2012

“Smallsat Launch Market Up For Grabs” Aviation Week & Space Technology Magazine, 8 Oct 2012 Property of HSFL 5 The “Current” Economics of Space

 Northrop-Grumman engineer: “It costs our company $100M to test new technologies in space.”  “Potential Market”  Current launch cost = $30-40M  Current satellite cost ~ $100M  HSFL small sat rideshare launch cost = $4.0M  HSFL small sat cost = $3M  Potential Space Technology Scenario  Satellite companies fly new technology on UH satellites  Drops development costs  Large companies not able to produce small sats at profitable cost.  Strong partnerships based on internship program for technology development  Science Scenario – Launch and satellite costs at 10% of NASA mission development costs. Property of HSFL 6 Major Project Elements Spacecraft Integration and Test Instruments • Partner with NASA Centers and others to • Clean rooms in UH/POST will be •The HSFL can call on a diverse advance small spacecraft design. used to assemble satellites. group of instrument-developing •Design, build, launch, and operate 1-100-kg –Systems integration faculty from HIGP and SOEST. small satellite for science and education tasks. –Thermo-vac testing •A number of businesses in Hawaii •Support technology validation missions as –Vibration/shock testing well as other University missions. also develop a wide array of –Payload spin balancing instrumentation. The HSFL will partner with these organizations to provide technology demonstration opportunities. •NASA Centers (Ames and JPL) are interested in joint technology missions.

Launch Vehicle and Launch Support Ground Station & Mission Operations • Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) •UH/HSFL maintains •Local launch facility and mission support UHF/VHF receiving •Modify existing S/CPMRF Systems launch pad for rail-fitted Avionics stations with Kauai CC and modified VAFBPower Scout launcher. and Honolulu CC staff. Telecom •Ground station • Kauai Test FacilityThermal (KTF)/ Sandia National provides command and Lab S/W control broadcast as •Experience withH/W solid rockets and missile design. well as data downlink Use Super-Strypi launch vehicle. capabilities. •Can lift ~270 kg (594 pounds)to low-Earth orbit •Mission Ops Center (400 km). on POST 5th floor •Heritage working with PMRF as on-site vehicle under development integrator and launch agent. with UH support.

Property of HSFL 7 HSFL/EE Integration & Test Laboratory

EE Space

Property of HSFL 8 HSFL Integration & Test Equipment

Intlvac Thermal Vacuum Chamber Spin Balancer 1.6 m I.D. x 2.25 m long, 10-8 Torr

Astro-Fein (Germany) ACS Testbed Vibration and Shock Table Air-bearing platform for 150 kg Tests objects 1.2m x 1.2m Magnetic Field, Sun, GPS simulations 5-2200 Hz to 7000 kgf; 14000 kgf shock Property of HSFL 9 HSFL Ground Stations

HSFL X-band Antenna Kauai Community College NRL’s MC3 Ground Station @UH UHF/VHF/(S-band) UHF/S-band Affiliated Ground Stations:  Alaska Space Facility (S-band)  Surrey Space Centre/SSTL (UHF/VHF/S-band)

Property of HSFL 10 Mission Operations Support Tool (MOST) Mission Times MOST Mode

C&W Panel Orbit Display

Attitude Display Mission Events Display

Subsystem Panels

Command Strip Charts Input

• Real-time Monitor & Control Tool • Additional Uses: • Easily configurable for new vehicles . Mission Planning using COSMOS Editor . Simulations • Based on LUNOPS tool used for . Training and Rehearsals . Trending & Analysis Clementine Lunar Mission . Anomaly Resolution • Suitable for UAVs, rovers, etc. Property of HSFL 11 HSFL Small Satellites HawaiiSat Baseline HiakaSat Variant  Diameter: 26.5in (672 mm)  Diameter: 25.5in (647 mm)  Height: 29.3in (745 mm)  Height: 15.9in (403 mm)  Mass: 63 kg (w/o payload)  Mass: 38 kg (w/o payload)  Solar panels: 18  Solar panels: 10  Payload Volume: 3616 in^3  Payload Volume: 1760 in^3  Payload Energy: 150WHr/24hrs  Payload Energy: 80WHr/24hrs  550km Sun Sync Orbit, LVLH  550km Sun Sync Orbit, LVLH  ROM First Platform Cost: $4M  ROM First Platform Cost: $1.8M  Subsequent Units: ~$2.5M  Subsequent Units: ~$1.3M

Property of HSFL 12 Hawai‘iSat-1 Mission: HiakaSat Experimental Remote Sensing Mission: Thermal Hyperspectral Imaging

Mission Goal: • Remote sensing capability in Low-Earth orbit for advanced technology and science instrumentation.

 Prime payload for ORS-4 mission to launch from PMRF in 2014  Design orbit 475-525 km 94º incl.  Design life is 2 years  UHF/VHF C&C and S-band data  3-axis control with magtorquers & reaction wheel  2 HSFL CCD imagers + SUCHI HS-1 Team  Funded by UH, NASA, ORS Space Ultra-Compact Hyperspectral Imager (SUCHI)

 Fabry-Perot FTIR  New UH technology HiakaSat Specifications  Patent pending  Diameter: 64.7 cm (25.5 in)  Development to TRL 4 funded by DARPA  Height: 40.3 cm (15.9in)  Uncooled 320x256  Mass: 55 kg (w/payload) microbolometer array  10  FLIR Photon 320 Solar panels:  Sensitivity 20 mK or  Solar cells per panel: 19 better at 30 Hz frame  Total number of solar cells: 190 rates, F-number 1.4  Camera inside a pressure  Payload mass: 7.26 kg (16 lb) vessel  Payload volume: 10x16x10in (279 x 406 x 254 mm) Property of HSFL 13 HiakaSat Integration Completed

Property of HSFL 14 Motor Development Accomplishments – Aerojet-Rocketdyne

Designed, Fabricated, Assembled , Demonstrated All 3 Motors Sets

LEO-7 Complete LEO-1 Complete Thru Static Test (Aug 2012) Thru Static Test (Sept 2013)

LEO-46 Complete Thru Static Test (Aug 13, 2014) A single large rocket motor costs $180M and years to develop. AR developed 3 new motors for less than $25M over 4 years.

Property of HSFL 15 ORS-4 Mission: Fully Funded for November 3, 2015 Launch  The Operationally Responsive Space Office with support from the Sandia National Laboratories, University of Hawaii and other partners is developing a orbital small launch vehicle.  Goal is to deliver 300kg to Low Earth Orbit (LEO).  Develop and test fly three new solid rocket motors from Aerojet-Rocketdyne.  Future mission cost is $15M/launch compared to +$30M for other US alternatives. AJR motor test -2012  UH/HSFL’s HiakaSat will fly as the primary payload on the Integrated Payload Stack  UH hyperspectral imager flies on HiakaSat.  Partnerships Developed  Space Act Agreement with NASA Ames: Development of HiakaSat  Strategic Alliance Agreement with Aerojet- Rocketdyne: Solid rocket motors  Pacific Missile Range Facility: Support for all HSFL activities SUCHI  Sandia National Laboratory: Rocket development  Alaska Aerospace Corporation: Future launch opportunities for small sats  *Northrop-Grumman: Space technology test-bed on Super-Strypi HiakaSat  * USPACOM: Discussions and guidance regarding HiakaSat Department of Defense future needs. Property of HSFL 16 Super-Strypi Orbtial Capacity

Property of HSFL 17 Launch Sequence

Property of HSFL 18 First Vertical Lift of Rocket

Property of HSFL 19 Launch Pictures – Ignition and Rail Travel

Property of HSFL 20 Launch Pictures – Free Flight – 1st Stage Burn

Property of HSFL 21 Launch Pictures – Rocket Failure

Property of HSFL 22 Launcher Aftermath

Property of HSFL 23 Failure Investigation Ongoing: Shroud material shed during flight

Property of HSFL 24 Electron and Buckley: Small Launch in Hawaii

 Electron: RocketLab USA  Price: $4.9M  Payload: 150 kg to 500 km orbit  Propellant: Liquid engines: LOX/Kerosene (RP-1)  Launch Sites: New Zealand, Hawaii, Alaska  Anticipated launch rate: 30-40/year  Buckley: HSFL, AAC, RocketLab  Price: $15M  Payload: 310 kg to 500 km orbit (new components)  Propellant: 3 Aerojet-Rocketdyne solid motors  Launch Sites: Hawaii (2), Alaska  Anticipated Launch Rate: 1-2/year  Commonalities  Leverage common launch sites and infrastructure  Common avionics  Common guidance, navigation, and control software  Common launch teams

Property of HSFL 25 HSFL Mission Schedule  August 2015: Project IMUA suborbital launch from NASA Wallops: successful launch of Pip  November 2015: ORS-4 Mission, orbital launch from PMRF: unsuccessful launch of HiakaSat  Spring 2016: HSFL student mission, suborbital launch of new on- board computer, scheduled from Spaceport America, New Mexico.  April 2016: 1st Electron Orbital Launch from New Zealand.  August 2016: Project IMUA suborbital launch from NASA Wallops, multi-functional CC payload  December 2016: Zero Point Frontiers suborbital launch from PMRF: LEO-46 1st stage test  December 2017: Orbital launch from PMRF: 1st Buckley launch, commercial.  December 2017: NEUTRON-1 launch: NASA CLI launch to 550km.  TBD: TRACSat: DoD Launch.

Property of HSFL 26 TRACSat: RADCAL satellite replacement  TRACSat would replace the failed RADCAL satellite that was used for radar calibration.  Dr. Trevor Sorensen led an HSFL team to pass an Air Force Critical Design Review in 2011.  Based on 100-kg HawaiiSat bus.  Uses COSMOS flight software and command/control software.  HSFL is familiar with all transponders.  Proposed project management may be SPAWAR.  Total budget is ~$8M to ARL for 18-24 month development.

EPS – Power CERTO Beacon CERTO Splitter Distribution Y (2 of 2) GPS Radio (2x) Unit X CERTO Splitter Z (1 of 2) EPS – Battery IMU Balancer EPS – Safing Module Star Tracker EPS – Battery Magnetorquer Pack (1 of 2) EPS – Battery (1 of 3) Pack (1 of 2) Nominal Gravity EPS – PV Magnetorquer Gradient Boom & Regulator OBCS Enclosure (2 of 3) Mechanism (Stowed)

Dosimeter Magnetorquer LRT-2100 MD2000C-1 (Internal) (3 of 3) X-Band C-Band Transponder Transponder X COM Magnetorquer Y Enclosure Control Unit (2x) Z SST-177 IMU, Shielded C-Band (2x) Transponder

TRACSat Internal Concept Configuration

Property of HSFL 27 Engaging the UH System: Workforce Development

COSMOS: Mission Control  Distributed campus approach to workforce development.  CC’s provide technical Associate Degrees – Build CubeSats  4-yr provide depth in Bachelor’s Degrees – Build HawaiiSats  Present Status and Future Plan:  Kauai: Small satellite communications and electronics fabrication, CubeSat development CubeSats  Maui: Space debris surveillance and removal – NASA JSC interest  Hawaii: Software development for small satellites, test bed for HSFL lunar rovers  Oahu: CubeSat development as Project IMUA at HCC, WCC, LCC, KCC (won national award for CanSat); satellite data reception at UH-Manoa, HCC; mission control at UH-Manoa, small sat development at UH-Manoa; launch vehicle integration and safety training at WCC and UH-Manoa. Property of HSFL 28