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ONLY PART OF THE TOTAL COST TO NASA, DOD, GOVERNMENT (CLOSER TO “PRICE”) •

OTHER PUBLIC DATA FOR PERSONNEL/GOVERNMENT AND OTHER PROGRAM/PROJECT RELATED PROCUREMENT COSTS WITH PRIOR, GETS NEAR TO “TOTAL COST” • THE BENEFIT ACROSS TIME, THE CUMULATIVE BENEFIT PRODUCED FOR THAT PRICE/COST, LONG TERM

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Zapata 4/6/2021 The NASA Budget Education & IG, then Cross Agency Support '07 fwd NASA budget increases = ~ 1.8 % per year average 1995-2020 $24,000 Aerospace incl. R&D to '02 / Aeronautics '03 fwd Science $22,000 Space Flight Support (incl. Payload/Util., LSP, Comm., & SMA) $20,000 Cx '05 Fwd, SLS + Orion + Grd.Sys. '11 Fwd $18,000 NASA BUDGET Expl. R&D: Gateway

$16,000 Purchase Power Expl. R&D: Advanced Cis-lunar/Landers, HRT, & Commercial LEO 19% Drop 1995-2021 Purchase Power $14,000 R&D (Many) & LifeSci; now Expl. R&D: AES Science Drop 1995 to 2021 = Space Tech. & Aero-Tech. Space Technology '10 Fwd $12,000 19% ISS R&D $10,000 ISS (Construction to '11, then Ops & Maint.) $8,000 Shift to (Cx/Ares I Cross-cutting Research Constellation canceled) Orion, SLS US Commercial Crew for ISS & Program Budget Begins & Ground Sys. Development $6,000 Management + LifeSci ISS Crew (Soyuz) & Cargo (US Commercial) << ISS 1st ISS Element $4,000 Development Launched Space Shuttle Production, Operations & Upgrades Begins 1985 (Russian) 1998 & Construction >> <-- Shuttle Shuttle Production, Earmarks $2,000 $Millions NASA Budget (Nominal Dollars) (Nominal Budget NASA $Millions Development Begins Operations 1972 & Upgrades Rescissions (2012a) $- 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Rescissions (2012b)

Return To Flight Last Shuttle Columbia Purchase Power (PP) in 1995 $ Decision: End Shuttle post-ISS Flight 2011 Dragon/Cargo Cygnus/Cargo Dragon/Crew & Falcon 9 & Antares to ISS May 8 May 2012 Sept. 2013 2020

COMPETITIVENESS Zapata 5/15/2021 Commercial Orbital Space Launches To-Date Data from US Department of Transportation (to 2017) & Others (2018-2021) • The DOT defines a 50 US (private) - SX/Starlink commercial launch as a “launch that is 45 US - Other Commercial internationally competed US (gov) - SX/ISS Cargo/Crew (i.e., available in principle to 40 international launch US (gov) - NG/ISS Cargo providers) or whose primary 35 US (gov) - ULA/NASA Sci. payload is commercial in nature”; also FAA licensed 30 US (gov) - SX/NASA Sci./DoD launches. So interpreting, Starlink is “commercial in New Zealand (R-Lab USA) 25 nature” and included here. Europe Cargo and crew to the ISS, and NASA science missions 20 Russia are competed and China awarded on commercial 15

terms as a service and Launches of Number India licensed by the FAA, even if 10 only competed nationally, Japan so also included here. 5 Sea Launch Ukraine • Pending distinguishing 0

which specific DOD missions

1997 1999 2020 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2021 after 2017 are “competed” 1990 vs. previous block-buys with only a single provider (ULA). Year See “DOD NSSL (was EELV)” ahead. 10 COMPETITIVENESS Zapata 5/15/2021 Commercial Orbital Space Launches To-Date Data from US Department of Transportation (to 2017) & Others (2018-2021) 50 MARKET US (private) - SX/Starlink ELASTICITY? 45 US - Other Commercial US (gov) - SX/ISS Cargo/Crew 40 US (gov) - NG/ISS Cargo

35 US (gov) - ULA/NASA Sci.

30 US (gov) - SX/NASA Sci./DoD New Zealand (R-Lab USA) 25 Europe

20 Russia

15 China

Number of Launches of Number India 10 Japan 5 Sea Launch Ukraine

0

1997 1999 2020 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2021 Year

11 Zapata 5/18/2021 US Launchers 180 1. The failures in the Delta II (& III) line for 8/27/98, 5/5/99 and 8/23/00 were the Delta III, which was then 160 retired. 2. For the (overlapping) Delta IV and then Atlas V partial failure points, the 1st is a Delta IV on 12/21/04, the 2nd 140 is the Atlas V on 6/15/07.

= Partial Failure GROWTH 120 = Failure Falcon PRODUCTIVITY 100 Atlas 80

60 Numberof Launches 40

20

0 1/1/1989 1/1/1993 1/1/1997 1/1/2001 1/1/2005 1/1/2009 1/1/2013 1/1/2017 1/1/2021 Delta II (& III) Atlas I+II+III Minotaur Atlas V Delta IV Falcon Antares Electron LauncherOne

12 SUSTAINABILITY Zapata 5/15/2021 Launch Systems Reusability - SpaceX Falcon 700 16 • The Falcon booster return success rate 14 vs. attempts is: 600 • 86% for drone ship 12 landings 500 • 96% for land 10 landings 400 • 88% overall 8 • Falcon Heavy 3- 300 boosters are each 6

counted here (points 200 umber Reuses of 4 may overlap, i.e., 2 N

Days Between Reuse Between Days Crew Flt 3 boosters on flight 76 100 each had the same 2 turnaround days) 0 0 15 35 55 75 95 115 An actual attempt to recover a booster starts at flight 14. Previous flights are test flights regarding return. Sequential Launch Order The 1st successful return is on the 20th flight. Trendlines are 10-point moving averages

13 SUSTAINABILITY Zapata 5/15/2021 Launch Systems Reusability - SpaceX Falcon 700 16 CREW FLIGHT NUMBER OF 600 14 REUSES = 1 12 500 (PUSHES 10 TRENDLINE 400 DOWN) 8 300 6

200 umber Reuses of

4 N

Days Between Reuse Between Days Crew Flt 3 100 2 Crew Flt 3 0 0 15 35 55 75 95 115 An actual attempt to recover a booster starts at flight 14. Previous flights are test flights regarding return. Sequential Launch Order The 1st successful return is on the 20th flight. Trendlines are 10-point moving averages

14 SUSTAINABILITY Zapata 5/15/2021 Launch Systems Reusability - SpaceX Falcon 700 16 GOODNESS TRENDING UP 600 14

12 LANDING 500 RELIABILITY 10 TRENDING UP 400 8 300 6

200 umber Reuses of

4 N

Days Between Reuse Between Days Crew Flt 3 100 2

0 0 15 35 55 75 95 115 An actual attempt to recover a booster starts at flight 14. Previous flights are test flights regarding return. Sequential Launch Order The 1st successful return is on the 20th flight. Trendlines are 10-point moving averages

15 DOD NSSL Zapata 4/6/2021 National Security Space Launch (was EELV) Program Annual Funding vs. Quantity Procured • As of Dec. 2019 SAR • Note! The NRO also contributes Running Procurement $M per Unit (excludes RDT&E) QTY Cumulative QTY per Year funds to the NSSL program. These additional $ are NOT $350 200 included here. • NRO covers 25% of the fixed 180 yearly payment to ULA. $300 • This NRO amount is likely in 160 the range of an additional $" $250 $300M a year. 140 Qty. Procured • For comparison on unit costs,

also see GAO-18-360-SP, Year - 120 pp.128, a unit cost of $342.54M $200 in 2018 dollars. 100 • Note! The apx. $1B a year to $150 ULA apart from services for a 80

launch continues, even $M "Then $M though at times thought to be $100 60 phased out by 2020. There is now Launch Vehicle 40 Production Services (LVPS) and $50 Launch Operations Services 17 16 20 11 15 (LOPS). 5 7 5 6 5 8 9 7 6 7 6 5 8 5 6 7 8 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 1 3 3 0 0 • Pending – further $0 0

documentation and

2024 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 traceability on the fixed 1994 Data from Dec. 2019 Year SpaceX 2017=2, '18=1, '19=1, '20=2 to date amount to ULA not included Dec. 2012 DoD ULA 2017=5, '18=4, '19=4, '20=3 to date when announcing launch Selected Acquisition Reports opens EELV program contract awards (but awards Qty Procured/year are not Qty launched. to competition to SpaceX appear to be total amounts.) 16 Zapata National Security Space Launch (was EELV) 4/6/2021 Program Annual Funding RDT&E $M Yearly Procurement Cost (Budget)

$5,000 $4,500

$4,000 $"

DOD NSSL $3,500 Year

- $3,000 $2,500 $2,000

$M "Then $M $1,500 $1,000 $500

$0

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 SpaceX 2017=2, '18=1, '19=1, '20=2 to date Data from Dec. 2019 Dec. 2012 DoD Year ULA 2017=5, '18=4, '19=4, '20=3 to date Selected Acquisition Reports opens EELV program to competition Restart RDT&E: ATK, AR, SpaceX, Vulcan

17 “Appropriators in a report accompanying the bill Zapata National Security Space Launch (was EELV) point out what industry 4/6/2021 and government officials Program Annual Funding have been saying for RDT&E $M Yearly Procurement Cost (Budget) years: that the development of $5,000 commercial launch $4,500 systems has substantially

reduced the cost of $4,000 $" launching satellites to $3,500

orbit. The price of Year launches under the - $3,000 National Security Space $2,500 Launch (NSSL) program, meanwhile, do not $2,000 appear to be coming "Then $M $1,500 down. The 2020 budget funded four launches for $1,000 $1.2 billion. The 2019 $500 budget funded $1.7

billion for five NSSL $0

1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 launches.” 1996 SpaceX 2017=2, '18=1, '19=1, '20=2 to date Data from Dec. 2019 Dec. 2012 DoD Year ULA 2017=5, '18=4, '19=4, '20=3 to date Spacenews.com July 16, Selected Acquisition Reports opens EELV program 2020 to competition Restart RDT&E: ATK, AR, SpaceX, Vulcan

18 NASA Zapata SLS / ORION 4/6/2021 SLS/Orion Total of Prime Contracts and Other Costs Spent Through End of 2020 (billions, nominal $) Boeing ICPS since 2012 - • Prime contract data from Contract data, $0.557 , 1% govtribe.com reconciled with public budgets Other (42%) Main Contracts ( ~$29B, 58%) (exploration ground ops and typical/estimates for *REMAINDER-Other SLS/Orion Boeing Ares I, V & SLS since 2007 - government management Contract data, $7.200 , 15% yield the “REMAINDER”). procurement $, support • Adds up to 100% of the contractors, program integ. & ops Orbital ATK since 2007 - NASA funds on the @MSFC, SSC, JSC (and other TBD $), Contract data, $3.900 , 8% development that is now $12.233 , 25% SLS, Orion and Ground Systems / Operation (KSC). Aerojet Rocketdyne See prior “NASA Budget” Contract #1 since 2006 - graph. ESTIMATE-SLS/Orion Government Contract data, $2.100 , 4% • Note! Does not include mang'mt/civil Service @JSC, MSFC mission / flight operations & SSC, (excludes KSC, below), Aerojet Rocketdyne (JSC). Pending $3.450 , 7% Contract #2 since 2015 - distinguishing which of this is Contract data, $1.400 , 3% under Orion vs. other SLS/Orion Ground/Launch Human Spaceflight budget Operations, procurement $ lines. and gov. mang'mt/civil Lockheed-Martin Orion • Pending distinguishing since 2006 -Contract data, funds, 2019 forward that service @KSC since 2011, $13.300 , 27% start to count toward a $5.097 , 10% recurring operational flight if counting a first flight as ending development. 19 NASA Zapata SLS / ORION 4/6/2021 SLS/Orion Total of Prime Contracts and Other Costs Spent Through End of 2020 (billions, nominal $) Boeing ICPS since 2012 - Contract data, $0.557 , 1% 42% OF COSTS NOT AS VISIBLE AS Other (42%) Main Contracts ( ~$29B, 58%) THE “PRIME” VERY *REMAINDER-Other SLS/Orion Boeing Ares I, V & SLS since 2007 - PUBLIC procurement $, support Contract data, $7.200 , 15% contractors, program integ. & ops CONTRACTS Orbital ATK since 2007 - @MSFC, SSC, JSC (and other TBD $), Contract data, $3.900 , 8% $12.233 , 25% “THE VAB EFFECT” Aerojet Rocketdyne Contract #1 since 2006 - ESTIMATE-SLS/Orion Government Contract data, $2.100 , 4% Also – ground ops mang'mt/civil Service @JSC, MSFC & SSC, (excludes KSC, below), Aerojet Rocketdyne always in, but $3.450 , 7% Contract #2 since 2015 - mission ops Contract data, $1.400 , 3% missing re. Space SLS/Orion Ground/Launch Operations, procurement $ Flight Support and gov. mang'mt/civil Lockheed-Martin Orion (SFS)-see NASA service @KSC since 2011, since 2006 -Contract data, $5.097 , 10% $13.300 , 27% Budget graph

20 US LAUNCH Zapata E. Zapata NASA 4/6/20211/13/2021 $ per Kg US Launch Capability (2021$) PRICES AS Shuttle-ref (cargo only) SLS-ref, if 2 $/KG OF Scout-ref Pegasus-ref flts/yr, +EUS, PAYLOAD Atlas V 501 NASA Sci +% of Grd Ops $100,000 Minotaur 1 DoD Atlas V 401 Private Sector Electron ULA Average DoD w. ELC Atlas V 541 NASA Sci. Antares NASA ISS • Assorted inconsistencies Antares NASA ISS Delta IV Heavy are introduced here in NRO w. ELC attempting to compile cost data that are not $10,000 Atlas V 551 Private Sector available in one Falcon program exactly as Heavy-e book kept or visible in Private another program. None Sector of these inconsistencies $1,000 F9-e NASA Sci. if adjusted for would F9-e DoD (1) Falcon 9s if REUSABLE, estimated 11.7t to LEO, alter the basic picture (used on half the private sector data points, most ISS F9-e NASA ISS

cargo launches, and the NASA LSP Sci. data point) F9-e Private Sector SPECIFIC COSTS PER $ = KG COSTS SPECIFIC significantly. PER $ = KG COSTS SPECIFIC (2) Falcon Heavy if REUSABLE, side boosters return to Falcon 9 e=expend launch site, center to ship, estimated 35t capability $100 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 Payload Capability of Launcher kg to LEO, 200km @ 28.5 circ.

21 Zapata 4/6/2021 $ per Kg US Launch Capability (2021$)

Atlas V 501 NASA Sci. Minotaur 1 DoD $100,000 Atlas V 401 Private Sector Electron ULA Average DoD w. ELC Atlas V 541 NASA Sci. Antares NASA ISS Delta IV Heavy US LAUNCH NRO w. ELC LauncherOne PRICES AS $10,000 Atlas V 551 Private Sector $/KG OF Falcon Heavy-e PAYLOAD Private Sector $1,000 F9-e NASA Sci.

(1) Falcon 9s if REUSABLE, estimated 11.7t to LEO, F9-e DoD (used on half the private sector data points, most ISS F9-e NASA ISS

cargo launches, and the NASA LSP Sci. data point) F9-e Private Sector SPECIFIC COSTS PER $ = KG COSTS SPECIFIC (2) Falcon Heavy if REUSABLE, side boosters return to Falcon 9 e=expend launch site, center to ship, estimated 35t capability $100 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 Payload Capability of Launcher kg to LEO, 200km @ 28.5 circ.

22 Zapata 4/6/2021 $ per Kg US Launch Capability (2021$)

US LAUNCH Atlas V 501 NASA Sci. Minotaur 1 DoD $100,000 Atlas V 401 Private Sector PRICES AS Electron ULA Average DoD w. ELC NanoRacks Atlas V 541 NASA Sci. $/KG OF 1U Antares NASA ISS Delta IV Heavy NRO w. ELC LauncherOne PAYLOAD Spaceflight $10,000 Relativity Space Atlas V 551 Private Sector Available SpaceX Rideshares Falcon Nanoracks as of 3/13/2018 Heavy-e Private Spaceflight, examples as of 7/9/2020 Sector SpaceX Rideshare 200kg and 830kg $1,000 F9-e NASA Sci. LEO/SSO $1M and $4.15M as of 7/9/2020 link (1) Falcon 9s if REUSABLE, estimated 11.7t to LEO, F9-e DoD (used on half the private sector data points, most ISS F9-e NASA ISS

Upcoming cargo launches, and the NASA LSP Sci. data point) F9-e Private Sector SPECIFIC COSTS PER $ = KG COSTS SPECIFIC (2) Falcon Heavy if REUSABLE, side boosters return to Falcon 9 e=expend Relativity Space as of 11/3/2020 link launch site, center to ship, estimated 35t capability $100 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 Payload Capability of Launcher kg to LEO, 200km @ 28.5 circ.

23 Zapata 4/6/2021 $ per Kg Global Launch Capability (2021$)

Non-US launcher data from the FAA, "The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2018". Small launchers have slight variations from normalized LEO (200km, 28.5 circ.) capabilities of all data (e.g, LauncherOne 230km, 0 deg.)

Atlas V 501 NASA Sci. Minotaur 1 DoD $100,000 Atlas V 401 Private Sector Electron ULA Average DoD w. ELC Rockot Atlas V 541 NASA Sci. Vega Antares NASA ISS Delta IV Heavy GLOBAL NRO w. ELC LauncherOne LAUNCH $10,000 PSLV XL Ariane 5 Atlas V 551 Private Sector PRICES AS Dnepr Falcon Long March 2D GSLV Heavy-e $/KG OF Soyuz 2.1b Private HII-A Sector Long March 3B PAYLOAD $1,000 Proton-M F9-e NASA Sci.

(1) Falcon 9s if REUSABLE, estimated 11.7t to LEO, F9-e DoD (used on half the private sector data points, most ISS F9-e NASA ISS

cargo launches, and the NASA LSP Sci. data point) F9-e Private Sector SPECIFIC COSTS PER $ = KG COSTS SPECIFIC (2) Falcon Heavy if REUSABLE, side boosters return to Falcon 9 e=expend launch site, center to ship, estimated 35t capability $100 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 Payload Capability of Launcher kg to LEO, 200km @ 28.5 circ.

24 Zapata 4/6/2021 $ per Kg Global Launch Capability (2021$) Non-US launcher data from the FAA, "The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2018". Small launchers have slight variations from normalized LEO (200km, 28.5 circ.) capabilities of all data (e.g, LauncherOne 230km, 0 deg.) Blue - systems in development, not all inclusive, company statements, some more specific than others. Price line today Atlas V 501 NASA Sci. $100,000 Minotaur 1 DoD Atlas V 401 Private Sector Electron ULA Average DoD w. ELC Rockot Atlas V 541 NASA Sci. Antares NASA ISS Vega Delta IV Heavy GLOBAL Pricing with new systems NRO w. ELC LauncherOne LAUNCH $10,000 FireFly PSLV XL Ariane 5 Atlas V 551 Private Sector Terran1-Relativity Space PRICES AS Dnepr Falcon Long March 2D GSLV Angara A5 Heavy-e $/KG OF Soyuz 2.1b Private HII-A Sector Ariane 6 PAYLOAD $1,000 Long March 3B Vulcan ULA Proton-M F9-e NASA Sci. (1) Falcon 9s if REUSABLE, estimated 11.7t to LEO, F9-e DoD (used on half the private sector data points, most ISS F9-e NASA ISS

cargo launches, and the NASA LSP Sci. data point) F9-e Private Sector SPECIFIC COSTS $ = PERKG COSTS SPECIFIC (2) Falcon Heavy if REUSABLE, side boosters return to Falcon 9 e=expend launch site, center to ship, estimated 35t capability $100 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 Payload Capability of Launcher kg to LEO, 200km @ 28.5 circ.

25 Zapata 4/6/2021 Prices Global Launch Capability (2021$) Note: The Proton-M, PSLV and GSLV pricing data have more uncertainties than other data points. The Minotaur I data point is old, 2013. Pegasus has no announced customers after NASA in 2018. GLOBAL $400,000,000 Delta IV Heavy NRO w. ELC

LAUNCH $350,000,000 $10,000/kg PRICES vs. ULA Average DoD w. ELC $300,000,000 Atlas V 541 NASA Sci. PAYLOAD $5,000/kg CAPABILITY $250,000,000 Atlas V 551 Private Sector

$200,000,000 Atlas V 401 Private Sector Ariane 5 Falcon 9 and Antares “NASA Atlas V501 NASA Sci. Falcon 9-e NASA Sci. ISS” prices are derived, the $150,000,000 LAUNCH PRICE $ PRICE LAUNCH Falcon Heavy-e portion of pricing for just the HII-A F9-e DoD launcher in that use-case, Antares NASA ISS Private Sector Vega Soyuz 2.1b F9-e NASA ISS excluding the actual required $100,000,000 $1,000/kg Long March 3B spacecraft, Dragon or Rockot (1) Falcon 9s if REUSABLE, estimated 11.7t to LEO, Cygnus respectively. Total PSLV XL GSLV F9-e Private Sector (used on half the private sector data points, most ISS $50,000,000 cargo launches, and the NASA LSP Sci. data point) pricing is actually higher Long March 2D Falcon 9 e=expend Proton-M (2) Falcon Heavy if REUSABLE, side boosters return to once Dragon and Cygnus Dnepr launch site, center to ship, estimated 35t capability are included – see $0 https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive Electron 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 /nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/201 LauncherOne Payload Capability of Launcher 70008895.pdf Minotaur 1 DoD kg to LEO, 200km @ 28.5 circ.

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Spacecraft Development Costs Costs = Procurement Price to NASA (includes Prime and non-Prime)

Zapata 4/6/2021 Spacecraft Non-recurring Development, NASA Procurement $ Only, $M 2021$ Alphabetical Order -> $35,000 $29,477 $30,000 $23,046 $25,000 $16,296 $20,000

$15,000 recurring $M recurring

- $10,000 $4,041 $2,451 $5,000

Non $275 $337 $- Apollo Command & Starliner, crew & Cygnus enhanced, Dragon 1.0, cargo Dragon 2.0, crew & Apollo Lunar Module Orion Service Module cargo cargo cargo / Lander 2006-2021 + NASA Bud. 2011-2020 estimates to 2023 2011-2021 Demo Flt 2020; development complete w. 1st Some uncertainty. (should be NASA $ Only Shown NASA $ Only Shown Development Some uncertainty. crew launch. Lo $23B, Hi $36B complete 2021) Private $ add $379M Private $ add $386M Complete Lo $14B, Hi $19B CM $ mostly, SM by ESA.

Crew Cargo Cargo Crew Crew Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Cost+ LEO LEO LEO LEO Cis-lunar

28 Spacecraft Per Unit Costs – $ Thru Cost Phase as Indicated Costs = Procurement Price to NASA (includes Prime and non-Prime)

Zapata 4/6/2021 Spacecraft Recurring Price per Unit, NASA Procurement $ Only, $M 2021$ Alphabetical Order -> $1,400 $1,196 $1,200 $1,000 $790 $808 $800 $600 $400

Recurring $M Recurring $141 $229 $114 $200 $93 $- Apollo Command & Starliner, crew & Cygnus enhanced, Dragon 1.0, cargo Dragon 2.0, crew & Apollo Lunar Module Orion Service Module cargo cargo cargo / Lander Spacecraft production, no Spacecraft production, no Spacecraft Production, related Grd or Flt Ops. related Ops. Spacecraft production and related Ops included as a service, (as no related Ops. Estimate @1 unit/year Some uncertainty. with other data points, the launcher and it's costs are excluded). Some uncertainty. (procure. $ = prime+other) Lo $400M, Hi $1,200M Lo $500M, Hi $1,100M CM $ mostly, SMs by ESA.

Crew Cargo Cargo Crew Crew Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Cost+ Manuf. $ Only Manuf. and Launch Ops Process $ Manuf. $ Only Manuf.Cis-lunar $ Only 29 • COMMERCIAL LEO STATIONS AND COMMERCIAL @ ISS • INSPIRATION4 • COMMERCIAL LUNAR PAYLOAD SERVICES • HUMAN LANDER SYSTEM • PARTNERSHIPS FOR SPACESUIT DEVELOPMENT • NEW VISION FOR HUMAN EXPLORATION OF SPACE

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30 [email protected]

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