1. Grammatical Categories
Grammatical Category: NUMBER, PERSON, GENDER/NOUN CLASS, DEFINITENESS, CASE, TENSE, ASPECT, MOOD, VOICE, TRANSITIVY, COMPARISON.
Relevant Lexical Category: NOUN, VERB, ADJECTIVE/ADVERB, PREPOSITION/POSTPOSITION.
Type of Grammatical Category: INHERENT, RELATIONAL, (AGREEMENT)
Grammatical Relevant Lexical Type of Grammatical Category Category Category 1 Exclusive Person Noun Inherent 2 Past Tense Verb Inherent 3 Third Person Noun Inherent 4 Passive Voice Verb Relational 5 Dual Number Noun Inherent 6 Indefinite Definiteness Noun Inherent 7 Perfective Aspect Verb Inherent 8 Superlative Comparison Adjective/Adverb Inherent 9 Nominative Case Noun Relational 10 Neuter Gender/ Noun class Noun Inherent 11 Singular Number Noun Inherent 12 Perfect Aspect Verb Inherent 13 Present Tense Verb Inherent 14 Active Voice Verb Relational 15 Second Person Noun Inherent 16 Genitive Case Noun Relational 17 Inclusive Person Noun Inherent 18 Intransitive Transitivity Verb Inherent 19 Progressive Aspect Verb Inherent 20 Definite Definiteness Noun Inherent 21 Accusative Case Noun Relational 22 Feminine Gender/Noun Class Noun Inherent 23 Imperfective Aspect Verb Inherent 24 Masculine Gender Noun Inherent 25 Future Tense Verb Inherent 26 Dative Case Verb Relational 27 First Person Noun Inherent 28 Plural Number Noun Inherent 29 Subjunctive Mood Verb Inherent 30 Indicative Mood Verb Inherent 31 Comparative Comparison Adjective/Adverb Inherent 32 Trial Number Noun Inherent 2. Finnish
The sentences below in Finnish contain nouns, verbs and a negation particle. There are no prepositions, postpositions or PPs.
I. Give a complete lexicon for this data set, classifying each word into its lexical category and any grammatical subcategory that it belongs to, as well as giving a meaning gloss. If you don’t know the name for a particular grammatical subcategory, use a number, e.g. Case-1 vs. Case-2. II. Explain how simple sentences are formed in Finnish, according to the data given. Emphasize similarities to and differences from English.
1. äiti panee lusikan kuppiin ‘The mother puts the spoon into the cup’
2. äiti ottaa kuppin kaapista ‘The mother takes the cup from the cupboard
3. äiti panee maton lattialle ‘The mother puts the carpet onto the floor’
4. äiti ottaa maton lattialta ‘The mother takes the carpet from the floor’
5. äiti ottaa lusikan kuppista ‘The mother takes the spoon from the cup’
6. äiti ottaa lusikan matolta ‘The mother takes the spoon from the carpet’
7. äiti panee maton kaappiin ‘The mother puts the carpet into the cupboard’
8. äiti ei pane lusikkaa kuppiin ‘The mother does not put the spoon into the cup.
9. äiti ei ota kuppia kaapista ‘The mother does not take the cup from the cupboard’
10. äiti ei ota mattoa lattialta ‘The mother does not take the carpet from the floor’
11. äiti ei ota lusikkaa kuppista The mother does not take the spoon from the cup.
12. äiti ei pane kuppia lattialle ‘The mother does not put the cup onto the floor’
13. äiti ei pane mattoa kaappiin ‘The mother does not put the carpet into the cupboard’
äiti 'mother', N, Case 1 matolta, 'carpet', N, Case 4 lusikan, 'spoon', N, Case 2 lattialle,'floor', N, Case 5 kuppin, 'cup', N, Case 2 lusikkaa, 'spoon', N, Case 6 maton, 'carpet', N, Case 2 kuppia, 'cup', N, Case 6 kuppiin, 'cup', N, Case 3 matooa, 'carpet', N, Case 6 kaapiin, 'cupboard', N, Case 3 otta, 'take', V, Present kaapista, 'cupboard', N, Case 4 panee, 'put', V, Present lattialta, 'floor', N, Case 4 pane, 'put', V, (non-finite) kuppista, 'cup', N, Case 4 ota, 'take', V, (non-finite) ei, 'not'
The word order in Finnish is SVO Instead of using prepositions/postpositions, Finnish uses case to indicate location/direction.
3. Forms of the verb. Identify the clauses in the following passage by bracketing them. Underline the verbs, and label them as to their verb form: Present tense, past tense, infinitive, present participle, past participle.
[Air Oceanic warned the police 20 days before the July 16, 1976 terrorist bombing of PAST
Flight 199 [that those extremists planned [to target the airline with suitcase bombs or PAST INFINITIVE
suicide squads] ] ]. [Shocking Telexes and letters about the threats from 12 years ago were PRESENT
revealed for the first time Tuesday at the judicial inquiry [looking into the bombing and PAST PART. PRESENT PART
subsequent investigation] ]. [ [After receiving the Telexes], the RCMP asked the PRES. PART PAST
Australian Security Intelligence Service for a new threat assessment on the airline]. [But
the police neglected [to hand over to ASIS the critical information [provided by Air PAST INFINITIVE
Oceanic] ]. [ASIS then issued an assessment [claiming [there was no specific threat PAST PRES. PART. PAST
against Air Oceanic] ] ].