DOCSLIB.ORG

THE CATEGORY of ANMACY: a SEMANTIC FEATURE HIERARCWY? Marija Stefanovic a Thesis Submitted in Confomiity with the Requirements F

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE CATEGORY of ANMACY: a SEMANTIC FEATURE HIERARCWY? Marija Stefanovic a Thesis Submitted in Confomiity with the Requirements F THE CATEGORY OF ANMACY: A SEMANTIC FEATURE HIERARCWY? by Marija Stefanovic A thesis submitted in confomiity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Depanment of Slavic Languages and Literatwes University of Toronto O Copyright by Manja StefanoMc ZOO0 National Library Bibliotheque nationale 1*1 ofCanada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie SeNices servkes bibliqmphiques The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive Licence dowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seii reproduire, prêter, distn'buer ou copies of this thesis in microfonn, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis oor substmtial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. THE CATEGORY OF ANIMACY: A SEMANTIC FEATURE HIERARCHY? Ph.D. Thesis Manj a Stefanovic Depanment of Slavic Languages and Literatures University of Toronto, 2000 This dissertation focuses on variation in the accusative form in Serbian and Russian that in much of the previous research has been ascribed to marking of the category of animacy in Slavic languages that have the case system. Analysis of data fiom these two languages suggests that the accusative-genitive syncretism, which the scholars traditiondly associated with marking of the object's animacy, in fact marks its atypicality. while the accusative-nominative syncretism marks the object's typicality. Since the speaker sees him/herself as the ultimate subject and the most atypical object. every object that has features the speaker usually associates with hirnlherself can be treated as atypical. Whenever an object is animate. has a personal name, is highly referential and possesses features that are associated with a high degree of referentiality (is individuated ador definite). or is in the focus. or is supplied with a large amount of information about it, or provokes a special attitude from the speaker. than this object can acquire the accusative-genitive fom; t his case marking does not necessarily correspond to the object's real-life status and semantically appropriate marking f?om the point of view of animacy. Conversely, when the object is not to be perceived as atypical (individuated and relevant "on its own" for the speaker's particular communicational needs), it can be rnarked with the accusative-nominative form, regardless of its animacy status. The conneetion of choice of the accusative form to the speaker's perception of objects as typicd or atypical makes it possible to eliminate long lists of "exceptions" and semantically inexplicable cases of animacy marking, and to view anbcy as a part ofa more general category of atypical objects. Many factors that can influence the accusative form sometimes occur simultaneou~lyin a sentence. or can overn.de one another. which rnakes it impossible to establish a rigid hierarchy that would govem the choice ofthe accusative form. iii FOREWORD My interest in the category of animacy arose dunng rny graduate studies at the University of Belgrade, Yugoslavia. The first results of my research based on contemporary Russian and Serbian appeared in my M.A. thesis, written under the supervision of Professor Predrag Piper. That thesis was the starting point for furiher research, which included several studies of different aspects of the category of animacy. The present thesis is my attempt to explain the complexity of this category in a manner that would eliminate as many as possible of the exceptions traditionally ascribed to the category of animacy irregulanties. I wish to express my sincere thanks to ail mernbers of my Cornmittee: Christina E. Kramer, Joseph Schallert, Wayles Browne and Ralph Bogen. 1 am particularly grateful to my advisors Christina Kramer and Joseph Schallen for their constant support, patience and insightfùl comments during al1 phases of this project. In addition, their kindness and understanding made my balancing between work and family less stressful. My parents and in-laws have my special gratitude for their help in taking care of rny son Ivan. Finally, the complet ion of this dissertation would not be possible without my husband Sladjan's consideration and support. I dedicate this work to the memory of rny grandfather Stevan Iovifid (1 9 18- 1998). whose love and trust followed me everywhere. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. MTRODUCTION 1-21 1. 0. introduction .....................................................................................................1 1.1. The Corpus ......................................................................................................6 1.2. Rule 'and Esccpiioiis ...........................................................................................6 f .3. @o!o)typicnl Qljcct': .................................................................................. 11 1.4. Variation - S1wc.i. ;ilid ltciiiitig ............................................................................17 1.5. Chaptcr Oiiiliiic .........................................................................................20 2. DEVELOPMENT OF tIY POTH ESES AND THEORLES ON TBE CATEMDRY OF ANIMACY 22-39 2.1. Gcndcr iiiid Ariiiii;iq ......................................................................................22 2.2. Mcillci's Hgoilicsis .......................................................................................23 th 2.3. Dcvclopriicrii al' 111c Hicon iti tlic 20 Cenhuy .......................................................26 2.3.1. hlorl~lio-S!iii:iciic Approacli .................................................................26 2.3.1. Som-Lirigiiisitc Approacli ................................................................... 29 2.3.3. L;i t c.51 H! pot licscs - Compromises and New Discoveries ................................ 32 2 ; ;. 1 . Hic.r;ircliics Rclated to Animacy ...............................................32 2 . ; ; 1. \.. H . kys'ko's Reaiialysis of Data and Theories ............................34 -' . 7 ; ; 'Ti 111bcrliikc's Research and the Introduction of Contextual Meaning ..... 36 2.4. Concliisioti........................................................................................... 38 3. FEATURES INFLU ESClNC Tt1 E ACCUSATIVEI<;EmACCUSATIVE-NOMMA= SYNCRETISM 40-62 3.1. Invodiictioii .................................................................................................40 3.2. Rolc of tlic Gciiiiivc iri iiic Clioicc of the Accusative-Genitive Syncretism ........................ 42 3.2.1. Verbal Rcctiuti ;ilid Sciii,ui tics ....................................................................... 12 3.2.2. Gcnitivc Objccis iii Non-Ncgated Sentences ......................................................... 45 3.2.3. Conclusion ................................................................................................46 3.3. Markers of Ai>.pic;ilit!. ........................................................................................47 3.3.1. Iiitrodiictioii....................................................................................... 47 3.3.2. Iricli\~idii;iiiori.................................................................................... 50 3.3.3. Dcl?tiiiciic.ss ......................... ., .....................................................52 3.3.4. Rclcrctii~;ilit.................................................................................... 56 3.3.5. Foc.ility . Topic;ility aiid Wordûrder .......................................................... 58 3.3.6. Coricltision ........................................................................................61 1. DESCRIPTION OF LINGUISTIC FACTS TRADITIONAWIY RELATED TO TBE CATEGORY OF ANIM ACU IN SEWWAND RUSSIAN 64-119 4.1. introductioii . ................................................................................ 64 4.2. Variation in L's;igc Rcl;itcd ici Uriccrtninty about the Real-Lifk Statu of the Object ................. 66 4.2.1. introdtict ioii ............................................ 4.2.2. Microor,,"-!111sIIIS ...................................................................................68 4.2.3. Iricoriipleicl! DC\C[OPC~Organisms ................................................................. 70 1.2.4. Iiiiriiobilc Bciiigs ....................................................................................70 1.2.5. LL'SSL)~K;IO\\II -\~~IIII;IIL' Bci~igs ....................................................................... 71 4.2.6.Dcad Bciirgh ............................... .................................................. 73 4.2.7. Fintnsiic Uciiigs ...................................................................................74 4.2.8. Coticliisiciii .......................................................................................75 4.3. Nouns Dcnotirig Aiiiiii;i t c. Bci~igsUscd as Inanimate Objects ............................................ 76 4.3.1. Inirodiict iori ............................................................................................76 4.3.2. Noii-Pol! s~iiii~iisLL'.\CIIICS
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Animacy and Alienability: a Reconsideration of English
    Running head: ANIMACY AND ALIENABILITY 1 Animacy and Alienability A Reconsideration of English Possession Jaimee Jones A Senior Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation in the Honors Program Liberty University Spring 2016 ANIMACY AND ALIENABILITY 2 Acceptance of Senior Honors Thesis This Senior Honors Thesis is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation from the Honors Program of Liberty University. ______________________________ Jaeshil Kim, Ph.D. Thesis Chair ______________________________ Paul Müller, Ph.D. Committee Member ______________________________ Jeffrey Ritchey, Ph.D. Committee Member ______________________________ Brenda Ayres, Ph.D. Honors Director ______________________________ Date ANIMACY AND ALIENABILITY 3 Abstract Current scholarship on English possessive constructions, the s-genitive and the of- construction, largely ignores the possessive relationships inherent in certain English compound nouns. Scholars agree that, in general, an animate possessor predicts the s- genitive while an inanimate possessor predicts the of-construction. However, the current literature rarely discusses noun compounds, such as the table leg, which also express possessive relationships. However, pragmatically and syntactically, a compound cannot be considered as a true possessive construction. Thus, this paper will examine why some compounds still display possessive semantics epiphenomenally. The noun compounds that imply possession seem to exhibit relationships prototypical of inalienable possession such as body part, part whole, and spatial relationships. Additionally, the juxtaposition of the possessor and possessum in the compound construction is reminiscent of inalienable possession in other languages. Therefore, this paper proposes that inalienability, a phenomenon not thought to be relevant in English, actually imbues noun compounds whose components exhibit an inalienable relationship with possessive semantics.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Latin Nouns 1. Noun Entries – Chapter 3, LFCA Example
    Session A3: Introduction to Latin Nouns 1. Noun entries – Chapter 3, LFCA When a Latin noun is listed in a dictionary it provides three pieces of information: The nominative singular, the genitive singular, and the gender. The first form, called nominative (from Latin nömen, name) is the means used to list, or name, words in a dictionary. The second form, the genitive (from Latin genus, origin, kind or family), is used to find the stem of the noun and to determine the declension, or noun family to which it belongs. To find the stem of a noun, simply look at the genitive singular form and remove the ending –ae. The final abbreviation is a reference to the noun’s gender, since it is not always evident by the noun’s endings. Example: fëmina, fëminae, f. woman stem = fëmin/ae 2. Declensions – Chapters 3 – 10, LFCA Just as verbs are divided up into families or groups called conjugations, so also nouns are divided up into groups that share similar characteristics and behavior patterns. A declension is a group of nouns that share a common set of inflected endings, which we call case endings (more on case later). The genitive reveals the declension or family of nouns from which a word originates. Just as the infinitive is different for each conjugation, the genitive singular is unique to each declension. 1 st declension mënsa, mënsae 2 nd declension lüdus, lüdï ager, agrï dönum, dönï 3 rd declension vöx, vöcis nübës, nübis corpus, corporis 4 th declension adventus, adventüs cornü, cornüs 5 th declension fidës, fideï Practice: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Case, Animacy and Semantic Roles: ALAOTSIKKO
    1 Introduction to Case, animacy and semantic roles Please cite this paper as: Kittilä, Seppo, Katja Västi and Jussi Ylikoski. (2011) Introduction to case, animacy and semantic roles. In: Kittilä, Seppo, Katja Västi & Jussi Ylikoski (Eds.), Case, Animacy and Semantic Roles, 1-26. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Seppo Kittilä Katja Västi Jussi Ylikoski University of Helsinki University of Oulu University of Helsinki University of Helsinki 1. Introduction Case, animacy and semantic roles and different combinations thereof have been the topic of numerous studies in linguistics (see e.g. Næss 2003; Kittilä 2008; de Hoop & de Swart 2008 among numerous others). The current volume adds to this list. The focus of the chapters in this volume lies on the effects that animacy has on the use and interpretation of cases and semantic roles. Each of the three concepts discussed in this volume can also be seen as somewhat problematic and not always easy to define. First, as noted by Butt (2006: 1), we still have not reached a full consensus on what case is and how it differs, for example, from 2 the closely related concept of adpositions. Second, animacy, as the label is used in linguistics, does not fully correspond to a layperson’s concept of animacy, which is probably rather biology-based (see e.g. Yamamoto 1999 for a discussion of the concept of animacy). The label can therefore, if desired, be seen as a misnomer. Lastly, semantic roles can be considered one of the most notorious labels in linguistics, as has been recently discussed by Newmeyer (2010). There is still no full consensus on how the concept of semantic roles is best defined and what would be the correct or necessary number of semantic roles necessary for a full description of languages.
    [Show full text]
  • Verbal Agreement with Collective Nominal Constructions: Syntactic and Semantic Determinants
    ATLANTIS Journal of the Spanish Association of Anglo-American Studies 39.1 (June 2017): 33-54 issn 0210-6124 | e-issn 1989-6840 Verbal Agreement with Collective Nominal Constructions: Syntactic and Semantic Determinants Yolanda Fernández-Pena Universidade de Vigo [email protected] This corpus-based study investigates the patterns of verbal agreement of twenty-three singular collective nouns which take of-dependents (e.g., a group of boys, a set of points). The main goal is to explore the influence exerted by theof -PP on verb number. To this end, syntactic factors, such as the plural morphology of the oblique noun (i.e., the noun in the of- PP) and syntactic distance, as well as semantic issues, such as the animacy or humanness of the oblique noun within the of-PP, were analysed. The data show the strongly conditioning effect of plural of-dependents on the number of the verb: they favour a significant proportion of plural verbal forms. This preference for plural verbal patterns, however, diminishes considerably with increasing syntactic distance when the of-PP contains a non-overtly- marked plural noun such as people. The results for the semantic issues explored here indicate that animacy and humanness are also relevant factors as regards the high rate of plural agreement observed in these constructions. Keywords: agreement; collective; of-PP; distance; animacy; corpus . Concordancia verbal con construcciones nominales colectivas: sintaxis y semántica como factores determinantes Este estudio de corpus investiga los patrones de concordancia verbal de veintitrés nombres colectivos singulares que toman complementos seleccionados por la preposición of, como en los ejemplos a group of boys, a set of points.
    [Show full text]
  • Serial Verb Constructions Revisited: a Case Study from Koro
    Serial Verb Constructions Revisited: A Case Study from Koro By Jessica Cleary-Kemp A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Associate Professor Lev D. Michael, Chair Assistant Professor Peter S. Jenks Professor William F. Hanks Summer 2015 © Copyright by Jessica Cleary-Kemp All Rights Reserved Abstract Serial Verb Constructions Revisited: A Case Study from Koro by Jessica Cleary-Kemp Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics University of California, Berkeley Associate Professor Lev D. Michael, Chair In this dissertation a methodology for identifying and analyzing serial verb constructions (SVCs) is developed, and its application is exemplified through an analysis of SVCs in Koro, an Oceanic language of Papua New Guinea. SVCs involve two main verbs that form a single predicate and share at least one of their arguments. In addition, they have shared values for tense, aspect, and mood, and they denote a single event. The unique syntactic and semantic properties of SVCs present a number of theoretical challenges, and thus they have invited great interest from syntacticians and typologists alike. But characterizing the nature of SVCs and making generalizations about the typology of serializing languages has proven difficult. There is still debate about both the surface properties of SVCs and their underlying syntactic structure. The current work addresses some of these issues by approaching serialization from two angles: the typological and the language-specific. On the typological front, it refines the definition of ‘SVC’ and develops a principled set of cross-linguistically applicable diagnostics.
    [Show full text]
  • Dative Constructions in Romance and Beyond
    Dative constructions in Romance and beyond Edited by Anna Pineda Jaume Mateu language Open Generative Syntax 7 science press Open Generative Syntax Editors: Elena Anagnostopoulou, Mark Baker, Roberta D’Alessandro, David Pesetsky, Susi Wurmbrand In this series: 1. Bailey, Laura R. & Michelle Sheehan (eds.). Order and structure in syntax I: Word order and syntactic structure. 2. Sheehan, Michelle & Laura R. Bailey (eds.). Order and structure in syntax II: Subjecthood and argument structure. 3. Bacskai­Atkari, Julia. Deletion phenomena in comparative constructions: English comparatives in a cross­linguistic perspective. 4. Franco, Ludovico, Mihaela Marchis Moreno & Matthew Reeve (eds.). Agreement, case and locality in the nominal and verbal domains. 5. Bross, Fabian. The clausal syntax of German Sign Language: A cartographic approach. 6. Smith, Peter W., Johannes Mursell & Katharina Hartmann (eds.). Agree to Agree: Agreement in the Minimalist Programme. 7. Pineda, Anna & Jaume Mateu (eds.). Dative constructions in Romance and beyond. ISSN: 2568­7336 Dative constructions in Romance and beyond Edited by Anna Pineda Jaume Mateu language science press Pineda, Anna & Jaume Mateu (eds.). 2020. Dative constructions in Romance and beyond (Open Generative Syntax 7). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/258 © 2020, the authors Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-96110-249-5 (Digital) 978-3-96110-250-1
    [Show full text]
  • Tehniška Založba Slovenije, Ljubljana 1969. Bajt Dr. Aleksand
    korišćena literatura 833 KORIŠĆENA LITERATURA Avčin France Človek protiv naravi - Tehniška založba Slovenije, Ljubljana 1969. Bajt Dr. Aleksandar Produktivnost rada - Nolit, Beograd, 1960. Bakunjin Mihail Država i sloboda - Globus, Zagreb Bleicher prof. Dr.K. Organisation als Sistem - Betriebwirtschaftlicher Verlag Dr.Th.Gabler, Wiesbaden 1972. Chamberlain Neil W. Preduzeće: mikro-ekonomsko planiranje i akcija, Savremena administracija, Beograd 1968. Čavoški Kosta Revolucionarni makijavelizam - Rad, Beograd 1989. Černe Dr. France Tržište i cijene - Informator, Zagreb 1966. Dimitrijević Mladen Ni kapitalizam ni komunizam - Dosije, Beograd 1990. Dobžanski Teodosijus Evolucija čovečanstva - Nolit, Beograd 1982. Dragičević Dr. Adolf destruktivno društvo i njegovi prijatelji korišćena literatura 834 Teorija i praksa socijalizma - Naprijed, Zagreb 1966. Sutom socijalizma - Avgust Cesarec, Zagreb 1989. Drucker Peter F. Praksa rukovođenja - Privreda, Zagreb 1961. Državni kapitalizam - Zbornik radova, Kultura, Beograd 1959. Dujšin Uroš Teorija novog socijalizma J.K.Galbraitha - Globus, Zagreb 1989. Đilas Milovan Nesavršeno društvo - Narodna knjiga, Beograd, 1990. Nova klasa - Narodna knjiga, Beograd 1990. Engels Fridrih Porijeklo porodice, privatnog vlasništva i države - Naprijed, Zagreb 1945. Anti - Duehring, Naprijed, Zagreb Socijalizam - istorije, teorija, praksa - BIGZ Beograd Etiambl Poznajelo li Kinu - Vuk Karadžić, Beograd 1968 Fajol H. Administracija i organizacija industriskih i drugih tehničkih preduzeća - Narod, Beograd 1920. Fetscher Iring Uvjeti preživljavanja čovječanstva - Je li još moguće spasiti napredak? -Globus, Zagreb 1989. Ford Henri Moj život i rad - S.B.Cvijanović, Beograd 1924. Galbraith John destruktivno društvo i njegovi prijatelji korišćena literatura 835 Menadžeri gutaju kapitaliste - Izbor, Zagreb 1968. Grahovac Tripo Inlacija - Izdavački centar Rijeka 1989. Grossmann Henryk Zakon akumulacije i sloma kapitalističkog sistema - Prosveta, Beograd 1983. Guerin Daniel Anarhizam - od doktrine do akcije - Naprijed, Zagreb 1980.
    [Show full text]
  • Die Situation Der Medien in Serbien
    7Christova-Förger:Layout 1 25.03.09 15:38 Seite 95 95 DIE SITUATION DER MEDIEN IN SERBIEN Christiana Christova / Dirk Förger Dr. Christiana Christova ist Assis - tentin des Medien- „Medien haben die Möglichkeit, programms Südost- europa der Konrad- sich an der Suche nach der Wahrheit zu beteiligen Adenauer-Stiftung und einen Teil am Versöhnungsprozess in Sofia/Bulgarien. der Menschen zu übernehmen.”1 EINLEITUNG Die Auflösung des ehemaligen Jugoslawien führte über eine Reihe von Kriegen und Abspaltungen. Eckdaten dabei waren die Konflikte um Slowenien (1991), Kroatien (1991–1995) und Bosnien-Herzegowina (1992–1995). 1993 wurde die Un- abhängigkeit Mazedoniens anerkannt, 2006 erhielt Montene- gro seine Eigenständigkeit. Im Februar 2008 erklärte schließ- Dr. Dirk Förger ist lich der Kosovo seine Unabhängigkeit. Der Zerfallsprozess Journalist und Lei- ter des Medienpro- war von politischen Systemänderungen begleitet: Während gramms Südosteu- Jugoslawien bis zur Absetzung Miloševićs 2000 ein autoritär ropa der Konrad- geführtes Regime hatte, setzte mit den Wahlen von Vojislav Adenauer-Stiftung mit Sitz in Sofia/ Kostunica zum Präsidenten und insbesondere von Zoran Đin- Bulgarien. dić zum Ministerpräsidenten eine liberal-demokratische Ent- wicklung ein. Diese verläuft mal positiv, mal erleidet sie schwere Rückschläge wie durch die Ermordung Đindićs 2003. Immerhin steuert der im Mai 2008 wieder gewählte Präsident Serbiens, Boris Tadic, das Land auf einen proeuro- päischen Kurs und hat den EU-Beitritt zum obersten Ziel er- klärt. 1 | Veran Matic, Direktor von B92, im der Sendung „kulturplatz”, 27.08.08 7Christova-Förger:Layout 1 25.03.09 15:38 Seite 96 96 Die Lage der Medien in Die Veränderungen auf politischer Ebene wirkten sich natür- Serbien ist trotz positi- lich auch stark auf die Medienlandschaft aus.
    [Show full text]
  • Adjective in Old English
    Adjective in Old English Adjective in Old English had five grammatical categories: three dependent grammatical categories, i.e forms of agreement of the adjective with the noun it modified – number, gender and case; definiteness – indefiniteness and degrees of comparison. Adjectives had three genders and two numbers. The category of case in adjectives differed from that of nouns: in addition to the four cases of nouns they had one more case, Instrumental. It was used when the adjective served as an attribute to a noun in the Dat. case expressing an instrumental meaning. Weak and Strong Declension Most adjectives in OE could be declined in two ways: according to the weak and to the strong declension. The formal differences between the declensions, as well as their origin, were similar to those of the noun declensions. The strong and weak declensions arose due to the use of several stem-forming suffixes in PG: vocalic a-, o-, u- and i- and consonantal n-. Accordingly, there developed sets of endings of the strong declension mainly coinciding with the endings of a-stems of nouns for adjectives in the Masc. and Neut. and of o-stems – in the Fem. Some endings in the strong declension of adjectives have no parallels in the noun paradigms; they are similar to the endings of pronouns: -um for Dat. sg, -ne for Acc. Sg Masc., [r] in some Fem. and pl endings. Therefore the strong declension of adjectives is sometimes called the ‘pronominal’ declension. As for the weak declension, it uses the same markers as n-stems of nouns except that in the Gen.
    [Show full text]
  • Stavovi Građana Srbije Prema Medijima MART 2017
    POLICY BRIEF NO 5 STAV GRAĐANA SRBIJE PREMA MEDIJIMA ISTRAŽIVANJE JAVNOG MNJENJA MART 2017. POLICY BRIEF NO 5 uvodMART 2017. Ciljevi istraživanja: stavovi građana Srbije prema medijima. Metoda sakupljanja podataka je bila CATI - kompjuterski podržano anketiranje putem telefo- na (Computer Aided Telephone Interviewing) je istraživački postupak u kom računar asistira anketarima prilikom anketiranja, birajući brojeve telefonskog imenika Republike Srbije sluča- jnim putem. Softver za unos podataka: WARP IT, profesionalni licencirani program za istraživanje tržišta sa velikim opsegom mogućnosti prilikom postavljanja projekta. Softver za analizu podataka: SPSS Uzorački okvir: populacija punoletnih građana republike Srbije (bez Kosova i Metohije) Veličina uzorka: 1204 ispitanika Vreme realizacije: 10.03 - 17.03.2017. godine Kontrola: ponovljenim intervjuom na 20% anketiranih lica vršena kontrola verodostojnosti odgovora Poststratifikacija: rađena radi eliminacije neodgovora usled odbijanja intervjua Uzoračka greška: 1,23% za incidencu 5% Objašnjenje čitanja tabela: Primer tabele ukrštanja pola sa odgovorom na pitanje koji kao ponuđene modalitete ima “da” I “ne”. Muški Ženski Da 24,0% 26,3% Ne 76,0% 73,7% Total 100,0% 100,0% U redu se nalazi naziv odgovarajućeg modaliteta koji predstavlja demografsko obeležje. U koloni se nalaze modaliteti odgovora na pitanje iz istraživanja. Tabela se čita po koloni, zbir je 100%, što predstavlja rezultat za subpopulaciju muškaraca (zbir 100% odgovora “da” i “ne” za muškarce). 1 POLICY BRIEF NO 5 SOCIOdemografske i socioekonomske karakteristike ispitanika Veličina uzorka: 1204 % Muški 48.2 Pol Ženski 51.8 18-29 18.5 30-44 24.6 Godine starosti 45-59 27.0 60+ 29.9 Bez škole, nezavršena osnovna škola i osnovna škola, srednja II i III godine 52.1 Obrazovni status* Srednja četvorogodišnja škola, gimnazija i specijalizacija 31.0 Viša škola, fakultet + 16.9 Beograd 21.8 Vojvodina 28.3 Region Zapadna Srbija sa Šumadijom 28.6 Istočna Srbija 21.3 Tabela 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Proper Language, Proper Citizen: Standard Practice and Linguistic Identity in Primary Education
    Proper Language, Proper Citizen: Standard Linguistic Practice and Identity in Macedonian Primary Education by Amanda Carroll Greber A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures University of Toronto © Copyright by Amanda Carroll Greber 2013 Abstract Proper Language, Proper Citizen: Standard Linguistic Practice and Identity in Macedonian Primary Education Doctor of Philosophy 2013 Amanda Carroll Greber Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures University of Toronto This dissertation analyzes how the concept of the ideal citizen is shaped linguistically and visually in Macedonian textbooks and how this concept changes over time and in concert with changes in society. It is focused particularly on the role of primary education in the transmission of language, identity, and culture as part of the nation-building process. It is concerned with how schools construct linguistic norms in association with the construction of citizenship. The linguistic practices represented in textbooks depict “good language” and thus index also “good citizen.” Textbooks function as part of the broader sets of resources and practices with which education sets out to make citizens and thus they have an important role in shaping young people’s knowledge and feelings about the nation and nation-state, as well as language ideologies and practices. By analyzing the “ideal” citizen represented in a textbook we can begin to discern the goals of the government and society. To this end, I conduct a diachronic analysis of the Macedonian language used in elementary readers at several points from 1945 to 2000 using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Animacy Encoding in English: Why and How
    Animacy Encoding in English: why and how Annie Zaenen Jean Carletta Gregory Garretson PARC & Stanford University HCRC-University of Edinburgh Boston University 3333 Coyote Hill Road 2, Buccleuch Place Program in Applied Linguistics Palo Alto, CA 94304] Edinburgh EH8LW, UK 96 Cummington St., [email protected] [email protected] Boston, MA 02215 [email protected] Joan Bresnan Andrew Koontz-Garboden Tatiana Nikitina CSLI-Stanford University CSLI-Stanford University CSLI-Stanford University 220, Panama Street 220, Panama Street 220, Panama Street Stanford CA 94305 Stanford CA 94305 Stanford CA 94305 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] M. Catherine O’Connor Tom Wasow Boston University CSLI-Stanford University Program in Applied Linguistics 220, Panama Street 96 Cummington St., Stanford CA 94305 Boston, MA 02215 [email protected] [email protected] Abstract of entity representation within language: the definiteness dimension is linked to the status of the We report on two recent medium-scale initiatives entity at a particular point in the discourse, the annotating present day English corpora for animacy person hierarchy depends on the participants distinctions. We discuss the relevance of animacy for within the discourse, and the animacy status is an computational linguistics, specifically generation, the annotation categories used in the two studies and the inherent characteristic of the entities referred to. interannotator reliability for one of the studies. Each of these aspects, however, orders entities on a scale that makes them more or less salient or 1 Introduction ‘accessible’ when humans use their language. It has long been known that animacy is an The importance of accessibility scales is not important category in syntactic and morphological widely recognized in computational treatments of natural language analysis.
    [Show full text]