The.. Niagara River

- .- i a SUMMARY REPORT ON POLLUTION OF THE.. NIAGARA RIVER

INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION ADVISORY BOARD SUMMARY REPORT

THE INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION

This report has been prepared by the Lakes Erie-Ontario Advisory Board to the International Joint Commission on Control of Pollution of Boundary Waters. It is in response to a request from the Commission for the latest information available regardingcompliance or noncompliance with the "Objectives for Boundary Waters Quality Controln in the Niagara River.

Those responsible for degrading the water quality below the uObjectivesn have been identified and the status of corrective measures indicated.

October 1967 TABLEOFCONTENTS

Summary...... 1 General Characteristics of Xiagara River Area ...... 2 Pollution Problems in the Niagara River ...... 3 Objectives for Boundary Water Control ...... 3 River Sectors with Coliform Concentrations above the I.J.C. Objectives ...... 6 River Sectors with Phenol Concentrations Above the I.J.C. Objectives ... 7 Oil Problems in the Niagara River ...... 10 Esthetic Impairment of the Niagara River ...... 13 Other Problems ...... 16

Programs in Effect to Abate Pollution in the Niagara River

New York State ...... 21 Province of Ontario ...... 31 Federal Water Pollution Control Administration ...... 33 Appendix ...... 35 3 SUMMARY REPORT

Although there has been considerable that reduction of oil concentrations to a waste reduction progress since 1951 maximum of 15 milligrams per liter in directed toward improving the character- industrial waste effluents, originally be- istics of the Niagara River water to meet lieved adequate to meet the objectives, is the UObjectives For Boundary Water Quality insufficient to eliminate all oil problems in Controln established by the International the Niagara. Further reduction of waste Joint Commission, there remain some areas oils entering the river will be accomplished in the river in which the water quality by the increased degree of treatment of fails to meet the objectives occasionally municipal and industrial wastes ordered by or all of the time. Because of the larger New York State. Although precautionary population and industrialization on the U. S. measures to prevent oil spills are being side, most of the wastes causing pollution required, accidents may never be com- of the Niagara River originate in the United pletely eliminated. States. There are areas of esthetic impairment .In a large portion of the river, the coliform of the Niagara River. The most serious counts are much below the 'objective of a are the discoloration and odor at the median of 2400 organisms per 100 milli- diversion sewer outfall, discoloration at liters. In a few limited areas, primarily the outfall of the City of Niagara Falls along the U.S. shore, they are consis- sewage treatment plant, and the odor and tently higher than the objective. In some brown foam at the Maid of the Mist land- others they approach and are occasionally ing dock at the Canadian side. The diversion above the objective. Completion of sewer discoloration will be eliminated secondary treatment facilities at all of the when Carborundum removes its wastes and municipal plants on the U.S. side and corrective measures by the Hooker Cor- other corrective measures currently poration plant will eliminate moat if not ordered by the New York State Health all the odor. The discoloration from the Department will reduce the coliforms well City of Niagara Falls sewage treatment below the objective in all portions of the plant will be eliminated when the second- river. The median will be reduced below ary treatment ordered by the New York 1000 per 100 ml which some authorities State is provided. Other discolorations of now feel is needed. limited river areas are also in process of elimination. The foam and odor problem The concentration of phenol exceeds the below the falls which has existed for a objectives in some areas of the river. long time is not entirely understood. It However, taste and odors caused by phenol is probably related to the enrichment of at municipal water plants on the U.S. side Lake Erie and the Niagara River with are no longer a problem. The Town of the resultant growth and decay of algae. Niagara on the Lake treats with activated The problem may npt be alleviated until a carbon to prevent taste and odor in the solution is found for nutrient control in the finished water. The additional removal of Lake and the Upper Niagara River. phenol in industrial wastes and secondary treatment by the City of Niagara Falls now The quality of the water essentially meets ordered by New York will reduce the all of the other I.J.C. objectives. Thewaste quantity below the accepted limits. All abatement programs in operation on both phenol in the Lower Niagara River, which sides of the border will further upgrade may be affecting the Niagara-on-the-Lake the river water quality in all respects. The water supply, will be effectively controlled. recently expanded enforcement program of New York State should expeditiously Oil in the Niagara River is a serious provide the increased waste treatment need- problem. The current conditions indicate ed on the U.S. side of the border. I obtains water at the junction of Lake* Erie and the Niagara River, treats an additional 125 mgd for a of GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 530,000. More than 300 mgd is p~~d RIVER AREA from the Niagara by U.S. industries. Be- The Niagara River, about 37 miles long, thlehem Steel and the Buffalo River in- connects Lakes Erie and Ontario with the dustries take another 450 mgd from Lake famous Niagara Falls located about midway Erie at the head of the Niagara. between the lakes. The volume of flow averages approximately 200,000 cubic feet per second (cfs) with relatively little seasonal or from year to year variation. The tributaries have very minimal dependable yields.

The comparatively low flow in the Buff a10 River creates conditions which affect the Niagara River. The average annual flow in the Buffalo River is approximately 525 cfs with minimum annual flow in the range of Sailboats at head of Nlngara Rlver. (Photo courtesy 10 to 20 cfs. The original stream bed of Buffalo Chamber of Commerce.) the Buffalo River was undoubtedly that of Hydroelectric power production by both a relatively small stream. Approximately U. S. and Canada and commercial navigation five miles of the lower portion of the river are major uses of the Niagara River. Re- has been deepened and widened to permit creational boating is an extensive activity lake boats to go up the river. This has supporting a major industry in the area. created a large pond of water in which there Fishing, water skiiing, swimming; and is no significant stream movement during waterfowl huntin g are also principal uses extended periods of relatively low river of these waters. A tremendous tourist flow. As a result of this, the Buffalo business is generated for both Canada and River industries, taking water from and the United States by the magnificent Niagara returning wastes to the stream,were es- Falls. sentially reusing and concentrating their waste waters in the Buffalo River. In The River receives municipal wastes addition to creating a very objectionably from the Niagara Region populations on polluted lower river area, sudden high both sides of the border. Most of these flows flush out the concentrated wastes are treated by sedimentation and chlor- in the Buffalo River causing serious tem- ination. The industries responsible for most porary detrimental effects on the Niagara of the industrial wastes entering the river River. Because of this the Buffalo Stream include chemical, steel, abrasives, paper, Improvement project was conceived. In- and oil refining. Dye manufacturing and itiated many years ago, it was finally com- alkali-chlorine production constitutes pleted and placed in operation February a significant portionof the chemical industry 20, 1967. Its purpose is to provide process in the area. water to five Buffalo River industries from Lake Erie, and then discharge the waste water to the river to maintain a minimum stream flow of 160 cfs.

The Niagara River is the source for municipal water supplies serving 96 million gallons per day (rngd) to 330,000 people in the United States and 11 mgd to a Canadian population of 67,000. The City of Buffalo municipal water plant, which Beaver Island Btnte Park on north-& tip &Grand I-- TMS very heavily uoed kach was In the past affected by the effluent from the Buffalo treatment plant. POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN THE In general, adverse conditions are cailsed NIAGARA RIVER by: To adequately evaluate the effects of local (A) Excessive bacterial, physical or waste discharges on the Niagara River chemical contamination. quality, it is necessary to include consideration of the waste sources entering Lake (B) Unnatural deposits in the stream, in- Erie near the source of the Niagara because terfering with navigation, fishana wild- of their effects on the river water quality. life, bathing, recreation, or destruction Therefore, the waste sources entering Lake of aesthetic values. Erie directly from the Buffalo-Lackawanna area, and those going into the Buffalo River (C) Toxic substances and materials im- and their effect on the receiving waters are parting objectionable tastes and odors included in this discussion. to waters used for domestic or industrial purposes. In determining the sectors of the river having identifiable pollution and particularly (D) Floating materials, including oils, for establishing areas of pollution exceeding grease, garbage, sewage solids, or the International Joint Commission ob- other refuse. jectives at least some of the time, analytical data collected by the Ontario Water SPECIFIC OBJECTNES Resources Commission, the I. J.C. Field In more specific terms, adequate con- Unit, and other agencies have been reviewed. trols of pollution will necessitate the fol- Although many of the observations and much lowing objectives for: of the analytical history showing areas of (A) Sanitary Sewage, Storm Water and the river with water quality poorer than Wastes from Water Craft established by the objectives was that obtained by the I.J.C. Field Unit; the only Sufficient treatment for adequate re- Niagara River data presented in this report moval or reduction of solids, bacteria is the coliform and phenol concentrations and chemical constituents which may determined by the Ontario Water Resources interfere unreasonably with the use of Commission in 1966 and 1967. This is pre- these waters for purposes afore- sented graphically in the Appendix in a mentioned. Adequate protection for manner similar to that used in the Com- these waters, except in certain specific mission's 1951 report. The river mileage instances influenced by localconditions, used is the distance in miles above the should be provided if the coliform mouth as shwn in Figure 1. M.P.N. median value does not exceed 2,400 per 100 ml. at any point in the waters following initial dilution. OBJECTIVES FOR BOUNDARY WATERS (B) Industrial Wastes QUALITY CONTROL ( 1)Chemical Wastes - Phenolic Type GENERAL OBJECTNES Industrial waste effluents fromphenolic All wastes, including sanitary sewage, hydro-carbon and other chemical plants storm water, and industrial effluents, shall will cause objectionable tastes or odors be in such condition when discharged into in drinking or industrial water supplies any stream that they will not create con- and may taint the flesh of fish. ditions in the boundary waters which will adversely affect the use of those waters Adequate protection should be provided for the following purposes: source of for these waters if the concentration of domestic water supply or industrial water phenol or phenol equivalents does not supply, navigation, fish and wildlife, bathing, exceed an average of 2 p.p.b. and a recreation, agriculture and other riparian maximum of 5 p.p.b. at any point in activities. these waters following initial dilution.

This quality in the receiving waters iridescence. Some of the industries will probably be attained if plant ef- producing chemical wastes other fluents are limited to 20 p.p.b. of phenol than phenolic are: oil wells and or phenol equivalents. Some of the petroleum refineries, gasoline fil- industries producing phenolic wastes ling stations and bulk stations, are: coke, synthetic resin, oil refining, styrene copolymer, synthetic phar - petroleum craclung, tar, road oil, creo- rnaceutical, synthetic fibre, iron and soting, wood distillation, and dye manu- steel, alkali chemical, rubber fab- facturing plants. ricating, dye manufacturing, and acid manufacturing plants. (2) Chemical Wastes - Other Than Phenolic (3) Highly Toxic Wastes (a) The pH of these waters following Adequate protection should be pro- initial dilution is ' not less than 6.7 vided for these waters if substances

nor more than 8.5. This quality in highly ' toxic to human, fish, the receiving waters will probably aquatic, or wildlife are eliminated be attained if plant effluents are or reduced to safe limits. adjusted to a pH value within the range of 5.5 and 10.6. Some of the industries producing (b) The iron content of these waters highly toxic wastes are: metal plat- following initial dilution does not ex- ing and finishing plants discharging ceed 0.3 p.p.m. This quality in the cyanides, chromium or other toxic receiving waters will probably be wastes; chemical or pharmaceutical attained if plant effluents are limi- plants and coke ovens. Wastes con- ted to 17 p.p.m. of iron in terms of taining toxic concentrations of free Fe. halogens are included in this cate- (c) The odor-producing substances in gory the effluent are reduced to a point that following initial dilution with (4) Deoxygenating Wastes these waters the mixture does not have a threshold odor number in Adequate protection of these waters excess of 8 due to such added ma- should result if sufficient treatment terial. is provided for the substantial re- (d) Unnatural color and turbidity of the moval of solids, bacteria, chemical wastes are reduced to a point that constituents and other substances these waters will not be offensive capable of reducing the dissolved in appearance or otherwise un- oxygen content of these waters unattractive for aforementioned pur- reasonably. Some of theindustries poses. producing these wastes are: tan- (e)Oils and floating solids are reduced neries, glue and gelatin plants, al- to a point such that they will not cohol, including breweries and create fire hazards, coat hulls of distilleries, wool scouring, pulp and water craft, injure fish or wild- paper, food processing plants such life or their habitat, or will ad- as meat packing and dairy plants, versely affect public or private corn products, beet sugar, fishpro- recreational development or other cessing and dehydration plants. legitimate shore line developments or uses. Protection should be provided for these waters if plant effluents or storm water discharges from premises do not contain oils, as determined by extraction, in excess of 15 p.p.m., or.a sufficient amount to create more than a faint Niagara River Sectors with Coliform Con- centrations Above the I.J.C. Objectives

Peace Bridge Range (Ni -35.8)

Data collected in 1965 and 1967 shows that the median coliform concentration exceeded the I. J.C. objective of 2400 organisms/100 ml. at a point one hundred- fifty feet out from the U.S. shore at the Peace Bridge sampling range. The median value of six samples collected in 1967 was 6700 organisms/ 100 ml. and 3600 for 12 samples in 1965. In 1966 it was TheCityoSBuffalds sewage treatment plant on the Niagara below 2400 as has been the case in other River. recent years. It has always been below 1000 at all points sampled from 300 to Reduction of the coliform count to below 1000 feet out from the U.S. shore. the I. J.C. objective at all times should be The principal source of these coliforms accomplished when the Peace Bridge range is the Buffalo River discharge, which re- coliforins are reduced and the Buffalo Sewer ceives septic tank effluents from a limited Authority provides secondary treatment. A area of the City of Buffalo, as well as time schedule for construction of the storm-caused overflows from the Buffalo secondary treatment plant is being Sewer Authority combined system and muni- established. cipal waste treatment plant effluents in the upper reaches. River Mileage (Ni - 23.6) The median coliform concentration of The storm water overflow problem is 6800 organisms/100 ml. at a shoreline being investigated as a part of the Erie sampling point at river mileage 23.6 ex- County Sewerage Study. Consideration is ceeds the I. J.C. objective. This point is im- also being given to installing municipal mediately downstream of the rubbish dump sewers in an industrial area near the of the City of North Tonawanda and somewhat mouth of the Buffalo River which will less than one mile below the North Tona- eliminate the septic tank effluents. A time wanda sewage treatment plant. schedule for correction of these problems has not been established. The principal source of these coliforms is International Railroad Bridge (Ni - 34.3) believed to be the effluent of the City of North Tonawanda primary sewage treatment plant. The median coliform count of 3600 or- Some may also be contributed by dump ganisms/100 ml. obtained from 28 samples operations which are now relatively limited collected in 1967 at a point one hundred as it is gradually being discontinued. feet from the U.S. shore exceeded the I. J.C. objective of 2400. It has approached The coliforms will be reduced below the or exceeded this objective at this location I.J.C. objectives when the City of Sorth in most of the recent years. The coliform Tonawanda provides secondary treatment of concentrations beyond 300 feet from shore the municipal wastes which is scheduled have always been considerably below the for 2/1/71. objective. River Mileage 21.0 to 19.3 The source of the coliforms near the U. S. shore at this range are those coming The coliform concentrations signrficantly from above the Peach Bridge range and exceed the I.J.C. objective along the U.S. from the Buffalo Sewer Authority's primary shore in this stretch of the river. The treatment plant effluent, which is being median M.P.N. of 9 samples collected was disinfected with chlorine. 20,000-organisms/100 ml. -4 significant source of these coliforms The City of Niagara Falls, Sew York is is septic tank effluents and raw sanitary scheduled to provide a more eifective waste sewage entering Cayuga Creek from a treatment plant by June 1, 1972. Niagara limited area of the City of Niagara Falls University has requested permission to and other rural and suburban areas of connect to the Niagara Falls, New York Niagara County. A number of these dis- sewer system. The Niagara County Compre- charges are the result of illegal connections hensive Sewerage Study, now in progress, to the City of Niagara Falls storm sewers. may develop a practical method for reducing Another source is septic tank effluents from the storm water overflows. When accom- Cayuga Island residences. plished, the above improvements will significantly reduce the coliforms in this sector. The City of Niagara Falls is currently A water supply intake and bathing beach are making dye studies of all residential sewers located in this area on the Canadian side. in the problem area and requiring all illegally connected house sewers to connect River Sectors with Phenol Concentrations to the sanitary sewer. A solution to the Cayuga Island and the suburban area Above the I. J.C. Objectives situation will be proposed by the Niagara Range below the mouth of the Buffalo at County Comprehensive Sewerage Study now the head of the Niagara River in line with in progress. the City of Buffalo Municipal Water Plant Intake (Ni-37.7)

In 1966 and 1967 the Ontario Water Re- Range (Ni - 1.0) sources obtained data show that the phenol concentrations exceeded the I. J. C . This range at the mouth of the Niagara objective of an average of 2 and a maximum River was sampled very intensively by the of 5 micrograms per liter (ug/l) at some Ontario Water Resources Commission and portions of this range. In both years the the I.J.C. Field Unit at Buffalo in 1963 objective was exceeded at the point 200 and to a more limited degree in other years. feet from the U.S. shore with a high of The coliform concentrations are generally 50 ug/l in 1967. In 1967 the phenol content below the I. J.C. objective, although in some was above the objective at the points 6500, series of samples the concentration has been 8500 and 10,500 feet from the U.S. shore. slightly above at the point 100 feet from A maximum of 15 ug/l was found in one the Canadian shore. At this location there sample at the 8500 foot point. The high is relatively little downstreammovement of phenol concentrations 200 feet from the U.S. the water near the Canadian shore, and it shore are a normal condition, but the high would be markedly affected by any nearby values at the points nearer the Canadian shore line pollution. The median coliform shore are unusual. In 1966 no phenol was concentration at other points on this sam- present at these locations. The presence pling range is usually 1000 to 1500 of th e high phenol concentrations in 1967 organisms / 100 ml. Although this area was further substantiated by higher than at the mouth is generally below the I.J.C. normal concentrations near the Canadian objective, it is significantly higher than the shore at some downstream samplingpoints. Lake Erie water at the head of the Niagara which is relatively free of coliforms.

The principal sources of coliforms entering the lower Niagara River are the discharges from the Cities of Niagara Falls and Lewiston, New York and Niagara Falls, On- tario Sewage Treatment Plants, Niagara University sanitary wastes and stormwater overflows. I

identified before corrective measures Can be instituted. The I.J.C. Field unit will make further investigation of this condition when and if it reoccurs.

1 One of Allled Chemical, Buffalo Dye's outfall6 to the Buffalo River. The high phenol concentration at the point 200 feet from the U.S. shore is primarily from the Mobil Oil Refinery, Buffalo Dye ' 2. Vlew of gutlalo River showing discharges of Republlc Plant and the Donner-Hanna Coke Plant, Steel at top of photo and Buffalo Dye at bottom. all of which discharge their waste water to the Buffalo River. The source of the Niagara River at the International Railroad high concentrations nearer the Canadian Bridge Range (Ni-34.3) shore are not definitely known. Since only three samples were collected at each Data collected routinely by the I.J.C. sampling point in 1967 and the highest values Field Unit has shown that prior to 1960 were all obtained on the same day, this may relatively high phenol concentrations were have been a temporary condition. It could present in the water at this range with have been a spill from a ship or an unusual the significantly higher values nearest the phenol loss by Bethlehem Steel. Normally, U.S. shore. Since 1962, the phenol content Bethlehem's wastes tend to remain closer has been below the objectives much of the to the U.S. shore. Furthermore, the usual time and has been somewhat above at other quantity of phenol in Bethlehem's waste does periods. The maximum found during this not persist in significant concentrations this period was 28 ug/l at the 300 foot sampling far distant from their outfalls. point in 1965. Except for a rare sample The Mobil Oil and Donner-Hanna exceeding the maximum permissible value, Corporations have been ordered to provide the concentrations have always been within more adequate treatment of their plant the objective in the remainder of the river wastes by 12/1/69 and Buffalo Dye by extending to the Canadian shore. Although 1/1/71. Mobil Oil plans to discontinue re- they were below the objectives in 1967, finery operations in 1968, which will they were higher nearer the Canadianshore eliminate phenol waste from this source. than in recent prior years which confirms Provision of more effective treatment by the the unusually high phenol determinations other two plants should reduce the phenol obtained at range (Ni-37.7) in 1967. concentrations near the U.S. shore to acceptable limits. When Bethlehem Steel The planned corrective measures at the completes the waste treatment installation above plants previously discussed under which they have been ordered to provide by Range (Ni-37.7) , when completed, will 1/1/70, reduction of waste phenol reaching reduce the phenol content of the water at the Niagara River is expected. The high this location below the I.J.C. objectives at phenol in the water nearer the Canadian all times except for the possibility of shore apparently was a temporary condition unusual conditions such as apparently oc- from an unknown source, which needs to be curred near the Canadian shore in. 1967. 1 Range Across the Niagara River at the ~ikerMileage 24.6 to 18.0 Head of Strawberry Island (Ni-32.5) I I Maximum concentrations of phenol as hlgh The data collected by the Ontario Water as' 200 and average values up to 100 ug/l Resources Commission in 1966 and 1967 have been obtained in recent years at slightly exceeded the objectives at times river mileage 24.6, close to the U.S. along this range. The 1966 data showed shore to mile point 18.0. Some of these the phenol content above the objectives phenols enter the New York Power Author- near the U.S. shore while in 1967 it was ity intake at mile point 18.0 and subsequently highest just beyond the center of the river enter into the lower Niagara River at the towards the Canadian shore. power plant discharge at mile point 9.0 thus bypassing the falls. Although they are The phenol present nearer the U.S. shore usually dissipated by the time they reach is the residuals remaining from the Buffalo this point, they add some phenol to the lower River industrial sources and will be con- Niagara River. siderably below the objectives after these industries place in operation the planned The source of the above phenol is the waste treatment measures. The presence H o o k e r Chemical Corporation's Durez of phenol in the sector towards the Cana- Plastics Division plant wastes entering the dian shore was a temporary condition since river just above mile point 24.6. This the phenol is normally below the objective waste contains more phenol than any other in this sector. slngle source entering the Niagara River. Data collected in 1961 indicated a phenol River Mileage 29.0 to 26.2 loss of 1000 lbs/day. Because there was no indication that it caused a critical The quantity of phenol near the U.S. problem at any municipal plant the Durez shore is consistently above the objective Division has been given more time to at river mileage 29.0. This is immediately develop a solution of their phenol waste downstream of the waste outfall of the Semet problem than some other plants inthe area. Solvay Coke plant. Some additional phenol Recent data however indicates that at times waste enters the river in the Ashland Oil phenol from this source does reach waste discharges at mileage point 28.9 the mouth of the Niagara in the vicinity of These phenols at times persist downstream the municipal water plant intakeof the Town almost to mileage point 26.2 at which point of Niagara-on-the-Lake in Canada. they are below the objectives. The Durez Division has in the past car- The Semet Solvay Coke plant has phenol ried out several experiments, both pilot recovery process, which effectively re- plant and plant scale, in an effort to removes the phenol from the ammonia still cover the waste phenol. The New YorkState wastes, but some small losses occur in other Health Department is currently negotiating process waste steams. The Ashland Oil an abatement schedule with the Company. refinery also practices in-plant phenol The probable solution will be the dis- recovery. The New York State Health De- charge of these wastes to the North Tona- partment has had an initial conference wanda municipal system, which in turn with Semet Solvay and a time schedule is being required to provide secondary for instituting improved waste treatment treatment by 2/1/71. The phenol will be is being negotiated. The Ashland Oil Re- effectively removed by secondary treat- finery has been ordered to have more ment of the mixed industrial and sanitary effective waste treatment in operation by wastes. September 1, 1969. The improved waste treatment by these plants will further reduce the phenol in their wastes and lower the concentration in the river below the objective except possibly for a short distance below each outfall. It is recognized that there has been a marked reduction of phenol in the Niagara River since 1950, at which time it caused considerable taste and odors in municipal water supplies. Since 1960 there has been no taste and odor problems at Kiagara River municipal water plants on the United States side which can be definitely at- tributed to phenol. Analytical data has shown that the intake water of these plants is essentially free of phenol at all times. The phenol concentrations in the intake water of the municipal plant of the Town of Niagara-on-the-Lake on the Canadian side at the mouth of the Niagara exceeds the 1.J.C. objectives at times. This plant routinely must use activated carbon treat- Two discharges International Paper Co. on Tonawanda ment to eliminate taste and odor in the Island. finished water. Range (Ni - 19.4) The source of the phenol concentrations above the objectives obtained at this range Oil Problems in the Niagara River in 1967 by the Ontario Water Resources Commission is unknown. It is improbable Oils probably cause more obvious damage that they are residuals of the phenol found to current uses of the Niagara River than near the Canadian shore at the head of the any other single pollutant. Accidental spills river. Further investigation will be made by of oil which create unusually heavy oil the I. J.C. Field Unit to determine if they are films on the Niagara River do occur, but consistently present, and if so, to identify improved precautionary measures have ten- their source. ded to reduce the incidence of such spills. A serious situation occurred early in Lower Niagara River Ranges (Ni - 1.0) 1967. The loss of a large quantity of oil (Ni - 2.4) and (Ni - 6.8) to the Buffalo River from the Pennsyl- vania Railroad shops occurred simul- The phenol data obtained at (Ni - 1.0) ta~leously with a flush out of previously has shown the concentrations to vary from accumulated oil in the Buffalo River. It below the objectives to slightly above in not only caused a heavy oil film on the recent years. The Ontario Water Resources Niagara River, but some of the oil to- Commission data shows them to be some- gether with oils from a December 1966 what above the objective in 1966 and 1967 flush out accumulated in Black Rock and also at ranges (Ni - 2.4 and 6.8). Channel causing a fire hazard at at least one marina. The sources of this phenol are the effluents of the Niagara Falls municipal In the case of large oil spills to the treatment plant and Durez Division Niagara, the oils frequently enter marinas industrial wastes. in quantity, resulting in significant costs for the cleaning of boats. They have also The additional treatment to be required made a private beach area on the east of the City of Niagara Falls by June 1, shore of Grand Island unuseable for swim- 1972 and the more effective treatment of ming for periods of time, as well ascreating Durez Division plant wastes not as yet disagreeable coatings along the shore of scheduled, but possibly by June 1, 1971, other areas frequented by the public, When will effectively eliminate industrial waste oils which have accumulated in the Buffalo phenol in the lower Niagara River. River are flushed out by a major increase in stream flow, the resultant effect on the It is known that during prevailing westerly Niagara River is the same as a major winds, oils collect in marinas and other spill. Much of the oil discharged from coves on the east U.S. mainland shore Bethlehem Steel into South Ditch during the opposite Grand Island. Similar areas along winter is known to be retained in the area the east shore of Grand Island (west shore by the Lake Erie ice cover. When the ice of the east branch of the river) are usually moves out in the spring of the year, these free of oil except after periods of easterly accumulated oils are suddenly released winds. into the Niagara River. During cold water periods, clumps or pellets of congealed oil or grease varying in size from one-eighth to one-half inch in diameter are sometimes found floating in the water in protected shoreline areas. During March and April of most years, clumps of oil varying in size from a large marble to a volume of one-quarter cubic foot are found along certain sections of the shore. In some sectors the clumps almost completely cover a width of several feet of the shoreline. This has occurred in boat launching areas. but fortunately they are melted by the warm weather and sun, and disappear before seasonal use of these facilities begin.

Smoke Creek discharging Bethlehem's industrial wastes to Lake Erie. In addition to the damages of oil to boating and other recreational uses, evidence indicates that it is regularly Although the spills and sudden discharges killing ducks on the river. The Niagara create the more obviously strlking oil pollu- River 1s a wintering area for certain ducks tion, there is evidence to indicate that including the diving ducks, such as greater the insidious damage to water uses is much scaup and canvasbacks. These ducks usually greater from the continuous industrial and come into this area early in December municipal waste oil and grease losses to and remain in the river except during the the stream. Observable oil films from more mild and quiet weather periods when waste oil discharges to Lake Erie or the they may go out into Lake Ontario. It Niagara River usually persist for a limited appears that many of the ducks-swim into distance below the individual outf alls . They the pellets of congealed 011 or grease. normally disperse to the extent that they The resultant oil or grease spot on their can no longer be readily seen on the whter feathers breaks down their natural water- surface. However, significant oil films do proofing and they die of body exposure to collect at various protected shore areas cold water or drowning. The presence of such as coves and marinas. In many cases oil in the duck inhabited areas and the there is no apparent relationship between lncldence of oiled ducks do not appear to the location of these oil concentrations and be related to unusual oil spllls to the river, either the presence of known oil waste but to the waste oil and fat regularly dis- discharges or observable oil films on the charged to the river. water immediately upstream. An explanation of this phenomena is that even after the waste oils have dispersed sufficiently so that the films are not readily visible, that certain conditions of flow and wind acting as an effective skimmer, re- concentrate these oils at certain locations. There is usually an observable oil film present along the U.S. shore extending several miles downstream from the mouth of the Buffalo River. These oils come from the Buffalo River.

There is also an 011 film present in a limited area out from the Chevrolet Plant at river mileage 32.0. Another observable oil film is present for some distance along the U.S. shore downstream from the Ash- . . .%. land Oil Refinery outfall at mileage point x- 3.-i:. 28.9. '7' %r55 +;:- I At times of major oil spills from U.S. Badly oiled duck climbing onto ice flow. Note oil-soaked sources or flushouts of the Buffalo River, wing dragging. Bird died less than one hour after being there may be an oil film along the entire found. (Photo courtesy Mr. John Long.) U.S. shore line down to the Niagara River Falls. At the falls it is mixed throughout There are water areas with observable the river creating a visible film over the oil films consistently present either in the entire lower Niagara. Niagara River or locations such that the film forming oils would be expected to Although the municipal waste treatment enter the Niagara River. plants do not seem to create observable oil films on the stream below their out- The Buffalo River is always coated with falls, these wastes do contain considerable oil. The principal known sources of these oils, fats or greases which analyze as oils are the Pennsylvania Railroad shops, extractables. Although they may not create Mobil Oil Refinery, Donner-Hanna Coke surface films, there is evidence indicating plant and the Republic Steel Corporation. that these oils or fats contribute to the oil or grease pellets floating in the water which kill ducks and to the grease clumps covering certain areas of the shore in the spring. The quantity of oil or extractables in the effluents of the sewage plants discharging directly to the upper Niagara River is over 32,000 lbs/day. These consist princi- pally of the polar compounds of the so- called vegetable or animal oil, fats and greases. The quantity of extractables in ii~dustrialeifluents discharge in the Lacka- wanna-Buffalo area and direct to the Niagara River for which current data are available, is approximately 38,000 lbs/day . Discharges from some other industrial sources for which quantitative data have not 3. Republic Steel Company's outfall No. 5 on the Buffalo as yet bet made available are estimated to River. ,contribute an additional 5,000 lbs/day. Be- thlehem Steel wastes contain 31,000 of the .Approximately three square miles of Lake 43,000 lbs/day estimated to be inindustrial Erie in the vicinity of the mouth of Smoke wastes. They do remove some of this oil Creek and South Ditch are usually covered by skimming it from Smoke Creek and with a visible film of oil. Bethlehem Steel South Ditch before it reaches Lake Erie. wastes and diesel refueling operations are Some industrial wastes contain polar as the source of this oil. well as non-polar fractions. It should be noted that the r~unicipalwaste treatment now available also have oil concentrations plants contribute: over 40 percent of the below 15 mg/l. The concentrations of total oils entering the river. extractables in the municipal treatment plant effluents range up to 30 mg/l.

Elimination of oil problems in the Niagara River is expected to be difficult to accom- plish. The contributions from the municipal treatment plants will probably be eliminated when all of them provide secondary treatment now being required by New York State. There will be a significant reduction of industrial waste oil entering the river when all of the industries provide the additional waste treatment now being ordered by New York State. It may be that elimination of all oil problems in the river will necessitate complete removal of oil from all industrial waste which is One of Bethlehem Steel's discharges to Smoke Creek. not easily done. Note change of color from clear to dark under bridge. Stream flow is to the left.

The quantity of oils must be markedly Esthetic Impairment of the Niagara River reduced to prevent damage to uses of these Certain waste discharges discolor the waters. It is imperative to recognize that a river below the outfalls and, although gener- high degree of removal from all sources ally limited to areas of relatively little will be needed to adequately protect the mixing with river water, do violate the I. stream. Most of the industries in the area J.C. objectives in that they are offensive which have significant waste oil problems or unattractive to the public. The shore area operate oil removal facilities or reduce the immediately below the mouth of the Buffalo losses in some other manner. The Chevrolet River is normally an unpleasant dark plant in Tonawanda is an example of one color. This is caused by the Buffalo River industry which has made an extremelycon- outflow of water containing various scientious effort to reduce the oils in their municipal and industrial wastes as well effluent. They effectively operate an efflu- as street and surface runoff. At mile point ent waste oil recovery plant, carry out 26.7 the color of the area immediately good housekeeping practices and continually below the Spaulding Fibre effluent discharge strive to eliminate oils in their waste varies from a bright red to a light gray discharge. Although they have reduced the depending on the color of paper pulp fibers extractable concentration in their effluent being produced at the time. Effluents from to below 15 mg/l (1966 plant data averaged the Continental Can plant (mile point 26.0) 6 mg/l) and the effluent was not oily in in the City of Tonawanda and International appearance, an oil film appeared on the Paper plant at North Tonawanda (mile stream as the wastes and receiving water point 25.0) also caused discoloration below mixed. their outfalls. This is primarily due to paper pulp fibers in these wastes although ,411 of the industries for which data is International Paper also has a foaming currently available have reduced the con- problem and add a defoaming agent to centration of- oil in their waste below their effluent. 15 milligrams per liter, which was suggested as possibly being adequate in the Although the planned improved waste 1951 I.J.C. report. It is believed that those treatment of industrial, municipal and industries suspected of having some oil in storm water overflows entering the Buf- their waste effluents for which data is not falo River will reduce the color of Buffalo River water, it will not have the same color The Niagara Falls diversion sewer re- as Lake Erie water until it becomes well ceives coolingwater and the less contamina- diluted in the Niagarawaters. The additional ted wastes from Hooker Chemical, Du- treatment being required of Spaulding Fibre, Pont Electro-chemical, and Olin Mathieson International Paper and Continental Can plants. It carries wastes containing sus- plants will eliminate any noticeable dis- pended silicon carbide solids from the coloration of the river by their effluents. Carborundum Company. It discharges just Current schedules for completion of these downstream of the New York State Ob- facilities are: Continental Can 1/1/69; In- servation Tower at mile point 14.2. The ternational Paper 6/1/69 ; and Spaulding closing of the International Paper plant Fibre 1/1/70. on April 15, 1967 lessened the discoloration but esthetically objectionable conditions Just below the New York State Power immediately below the Niagara Falls are intake in the City of Niagara Falls at mile still apparent to all tourists and others point 18.0, there is usually a streak almost viewing the falls. The discharge from the 100 feet wide of color slightly different from diversion sewer is now a medium gray the river water which usually extends about color due to the solids in Carborundum's one to two miles downstream and normally waste, discoloring the river water which disappears before it reaches the turbulent is carried by eddy currents up to the waters above the falls. It is about 400 feet Maid of the Mist landing dock at the base out from the U.S. shore and can be seen at of the New York State Observation Tower. times from the shore. It is caused by the This recirculating waste and river water calcium, about 5000 pounds per day, in the is an unpleasant visual evidence of pollu- Union Carbide plant effluent, which tion in a location where large numbers of eventually forms an insoluble carbonate people expect to see beautiful waters, but salt in the river. This problem is being it does not cross to the Canadian side due actively studied by the New York State to the rapid current in the center of the Health Department and the Company. A river. definite method or time schedule for its solution has not as yet been developed. The Carborundum Company is under orders to correct this situation by 4/1/70. They expect to remove all their wastes from the diversion sewer. They plan to provide treatment for suspended solids removal and discharge most wastes above the falls.

In addition to the discoloration, disagreeable chemical type odors are at times noticeable from the diversion sewer outfall when the wind carries them to the viewing area below the observation tower. At least some of these odors are hown to come from the Hooker Chemical Com- pany plant wastes. As a part of corrective measures for the Hooker Company, they are being required to eliminate any odor Diversion sever outfall to the Niagara River below Falls contribution to this sewer by 8/1/68. This ind unstrearn from Rainbow Bridge at left. Onternattonal will solve the problem unless there are Paper plant has ceased operation, reducing the degree of some other presently unknown sources of discoloration.) odors entering the sewer. At river mileage 13.2, about one mile below the falls, the effluent from the Nia- gara Falls treatment plant markedly dis- colors' a sigmficant section of the river. Treatment at this plant is limited to grit removal, fine screening, and disinfection, and provides very limited removal of waste constituents. The river discoloration is due to the considerable suspended solids (ap- proximaltly 400 rng/l) in the 71 mgd of effluent. About 75 percent of the plant influent is industrial wastes. The effluent contains considerable total solids, 2,000 to 8,000 mg/l; 12 mg/l of extractables; considerable phenol and substances toxic to fish which are reduced below toxic levels in the river by the available dilution. Surface foam on river below Ningara Falls. Note diversion sewer outfall on right bank In backgormd.

An odor condition also exists at the Maid of the Mist landing dock on the Can- adian shore. A small cove at this point provides an area for the accumulation of foam 'generated by the agitation of the water coming over the falls. This foam apparently entraps organic debris such as algae which decomposes rapidly causing the foam to turn brown and give off a strong manure type odor. Although no specific waste discharge immediately upstream can be incriminated as a major cause, it is probable that the fertilizer materials in the total wastes entering Lake Erie as well as to the Niagara River Discoloratian on left from Niagara Falls (N.Y.) treatment plant. riacoloration on Canadian side (right) from storm Basin contribute to algae growths in the sewer or storm water relief overilow. waters which accentuate the odors. This may not be a readily correctable problem. At present the Maid of the Mist crew burns This discoloration will be eliminated by the gross debris such as wood, weeds, and the more complete treatment of wastes algae which can be manually removed from ordered by the New York State Health De- the water. partment currently scheduled for completion by 6/1/72. There are also frequent reports of disagreeable odors present immediately below These areas of the river in which non- both the American and Canadian Falls. compliance with the I. J.C. objectives occurs Investigations show the water coming over are shown graphically in Figure 2. the falls to be odor free. The source of the The sources of wastes which create these odors in the air below the falls has not problems are shown in Table 1. been definitely established. Conceivably, the downdrafts created by the falls may at times carry atmospheric odors fromeither Niagara Falls, Ontario or Niagara Falls, New York down into the. gorge. Other Problems

There is no specific evidence that the river water quality currently fails to meet any of the I.J.C. Objectives other than those for coliforms, phenol, oil and esthe tics previously discussed. There have not been fish kills in the Niagara River due to toxic waste discharges since 1951. The oxygen content of the river is essentially at saturation at all points. There have been no verified instances of municipal or industrial wastes interfering with either municipal or industrial water supplies in recent years other than the taste and odor problem at Niagara on the 4. Pumps for Buffah River hdUStttes intake into Lake Erie. Lake. There is no legislation currently avail- There have been statements in the news able to require adequate treatment or media that the pumping operations of the handling of sanitary or other wastes by project contribute to the flushing out of commercial ships. The Province of Ontario oil from the Buffalo River. It was coinci- and New York State passed legislation es- dence that on December 7, 1966, the pro- tablishing requirements for the handling of ject was testing some pumps and discharg- sanitary wastes from pleasure boats. ing a maximum of 62 cfs of water during part of the day. This represented approxi- The Buffalo Stream Improvement Project, mately 1/100 of the river flow on that a corporation formed by five industries on date which had increased to 5,800 cfs from the Buffalo River, began full scale pumping 800 cfs on December 6. The flood flow of Buffalo harbor water to each of the on December 7, flushed out a great quanti- industries on February 20, 1967. The cor- ty of oil accumulated in the Buffalo River porations' stated purpose of this nine mil- into the Niagara. On March 14, 1967, lion dollar project is to introduce large the Buffalo River flow suddenly increased quantities of water after use by the indust- to 1900 cfs which again flushed out the ries into the Buffalo River to provide a accumulated oil plus a large quantity of more active flow and prevent accumulation oil accidently spilled to the river by the of sewage and other wastes in the lower Pennsylvania Railroad shops. At that time, reach of the river. The project was the cooling water pumpage entering the originally suggested and endorsed by of- river was 170 cfs which wacless that ficial water pollution control agencies. The 1/10 of the river flow. industries are committed to introduce 100 mgd of water into the -Buffalo River and It is obvious that the project pumpage currently are pumping 110 mgd. It is re- was not the cuase of these flush outs of oil ported that the industries have found water to the Niagara. The only significant effect quality better than expected and some may of the project will occur during the extrem- use it for processes which currently use ely low flow periods. Althoughinvestigation treated City of Buffalo water. of its effect during low river flow periods has not been completed, some preliminary estimates of the probable effects can be made. The flow from the project is apparently less than needed to counteract the effect of prevailing winds blowing the oil upstream and, therefore, will not prevent accumulation of heavy oil films in the river. The consistent flow from the project is expected to reduce the con- A new joint treatment works mainly for ' centrations of other soluble pollutants below the large upper river industries to dis- the maximums which have occurred during charge an effluent of usecondaryn quality extended periods of negligible flow in the to the upper river is a possibility to avoid . past. It is probable that it will have some individualized industrial treatment efforts nst beneficial effect on the Niagara River before discharge at multiple outlets. as well as on the Buffalo. It will not contribute to the flushing out of oil from the Pre-treatment of industrial wastes be- Buffalo River. fore discharge to the existing diversion sewer is required by New York State. The total solution to the municipal and industrial waste problem of the Niagara Falls, New York, area is grossly compli- Pre-treatment of any remaining in- cated. The present City of Niagara Falls dustrial wastes before discharge to the treatment plant handles, with minimum existing municipal sewer and treatment treatment (screening and chlorination), a accomplishing 70% plus reductions at a waste that is 75% industrial in origin. remodeled plant at the existing site may The plant site is on the wall of the lower be proposed. The biochemical oxygen Niagara gorge. The cost of a conventional demand (B.O.D.)of the present plant in- treatment works of expanded size for sec- fluent and effluent is about 50 mg/l and has ondary treatment capabilities would be as- very high suspended solids. tronomical at the present site. The lack of a suitable alternate site and the existence Through a combination of the foregoing, of deep collecting tunnels requiring an an overall reduction of the total pollutional extreme lift to an alternate site further load presently discharged to the Niagara complicates the picture. River above and below the falls area will be effected in the 75-95% range required by New York State and in all cases consistent with I. J.C. objectives. Studies of Lake Erie have shown that the overall lake water is enriched to the point that the lake is ageing rapidly although the enrichment is much less at the eastern end. Except for this enrichment (one indication is increasing algae problems at swimming beaches) the water from the main body of Lake Erie reaching the head of the Niagara is of excellent quality. Because of the tremendous Row in the Niagara River, individual wastes with few exceptions cause relatively little identi- Clty of Niama Falls, New York sewage treatment plant. fiable analytical change in the concentration This plant only provides screening and disinfection and of chemical constituents after dispersal in contains 75 percent industrial wastes. the water. An example is that the City of Buffalo plant discharges 110,000 lbs/ day of B.O.D. to the river without noticeably Interim conferences with the design con- reducing the dissolved oxygen concentration sultant to the city points to several pos- in the water. Tremendous quantities of sibilities in this instance. chlorides are introduced into the river, but they only increase the concentration 2 A separate new secondary treatment to 3 mg/l from the head of the river to plant located on the upper river for a large its mouth. Large quantities of the above portion of the domestic population of the and many other waste constituents are city and surrounding areas is definitely being introduced into the Niagara without indicated. exceeding specific I.J.C. objectives. 17 Recent information shows that there is a change from clean water bottom dwelling biota at the source to ?ollution-tolerant species at the mouth. It is 'known that the fish population and other flora and fauna in the Niagara River have changed over a period of years. Although it is not known to what extent industrial or municipal wastes, surface runoff or other natural factors contribute to these changes, it is recognized that the municipal and industrial wastes probably play some part in these more subtle changes in the river.

For this and other reasons the water poilution control agencies on both sides of the border are now embarking on programs to reduce or eliminate polluting constituents that can be effectively removed even though the material may not cause a significant recognizable impairment of the river. An example of this is New York State's requirement that all municipalities are to expiditiously proceed to provide secondary treatment. The same general policy applies to industrial wastes. LAKE ER/E

NIAGARA RIVER WATER USES & AREAS OF QUESTIONABLE Figure 2 WATER QUALITY 19 TABLE 1 MUNICIPAL 8 INDUSTRIAL WASTE SOURCES' AFFECTING THE NIAGARA RIVER FROM UNITED STATES SOURCES

Oxygeng* Oil or Flow Name Demand Grease Sol ldsgg Other (mgd) (Ibs/ day) (Ibs/day) (Ibs/ day) (IbS/da~)

MUNlClPALlTl ES Buffalo (C) Phasphates Grand Island SD 1 (T) Phosphates Grand lsland SD 2 (T) Phosphates Lewistan (V) Phosphates Niagara Falls (C) Phasphates N iagara University Phosphates North Tonawanda (C) Phosphates Tonawanda SD 2 (1) Phosphates Tanawanda (C) Phosphates

INDUSTRIES Allied Chemical, Buffalo Chem. 13.0 pH5.7-7.0 Allied Chemical, Buffalo Dye 14.8 Cyanide 12; lron 7,350; Phenols 145; Color; Chlorides 96,000; pH 2.5-40 Allied Chemical, Petrochemical 4.2 Chlorides 225; pH 6.7-8-.1 Allied Chemical, Semet Solvay x Phenols: pH American Malting x Ashland Oil 47.5 Phenols; pH Bethlehem Steel 350 Phenols 680; pH 4.0-7.0; Cyanide 950 C orborundum ( 1) 2.4 Phosphates 3; pH 3.5-8.1

Chevrolet 18.1 Phosphates 282; pH 7.4-7.9; Chlorides 755 Columbus McKinnon 0.1 Toxicity; Color Continental Can. Robert Gair 3.0 Donner Hanna 6.0 Phenols 115 D uPont. Electrochemicals 9.9 Chlorides 2,100; pH 3.4-8.1

DuPont, Electrachemicals 32.4 Phosphates; pH 7.6; Chlorides 11,900

DuPont Film 8.3 Silicate 42,500; pH 2.6-2.9; Chlorides 3,060 H onno Furnace x Hooker Chemical, Durer Plastics x Phenols; pH Hooker Chemical, Electrochem. 23.6 Chlorides 170,000; pH 7.6-10.9

International Paper, No. Ton. 9.4

L ackawanna (C) Phosphates Mobil Oil (1) Phenols 379; 7.4-8.0; Chlorides 2,500 N iagara Mohawk Olin Mathieson Pennsylvania Railroad Shops x pH Republic Steel 26.5 lron 16,300; Color; pH 3.7-9.5 Rablin Steel (2) x pH Spaulding Fibre 4.4 Chlorides 833; pH 6.7-7.7

Stouffer Chemical 2.0 Phosphates 17; Chlorides 131,000; Alkalinity 3,050 Tonawanda lron Phenol 4; pH; Cyanide 8 Union Carbide Colcium4,780; pH 9.1-1 1.5; Sulfate 4,500; Chlorides 11,000; Alkalinity 3,450; Hardness 19,900

' Dpes not include bypassing "Oxygen Demand: B-Biochemical Oxygen Demand, CChemical Oxygen Demand Solids: T-Total Suspen dad and Dissolved, S-Suspended Solids, D-Dissolved Solids ~Sufficiontdata not available for evaluation (1)Sum of discharges direct to Niagara River and to diversion sewer (2)pIant has recently startod operation, no data as available 20 PROGRAMS IN EFFECT TO ABATE POL- '6. A "Pure Waters Authorityn has been LUTION IN THE NIAGARA RIVER formed by the State to study, plan, build New York State and operate municipal waste water facilities where communities cannot perform any or all of these functions and request the The problem of water pollution has been Authority to act in any one or all of these given top priority by the administration and instances. the people of the State ,of New York. 7. A state-wide water quality surveil- The program framed to reflect this is lance network has been initiated. administered by the New York State Health Department for the Water Resources Com- Classifications of Receiving Waters mission of the State and is known as the "Pure Waters Program". All surface waters in the State that were previously classified "E* or "FV The main features of the program are have been upgraded to a minimum of "DW "F" as follows: class and the UE" and classes have been stricken from the classification sys tem. 1. With the aid of a $1,000,000,000 bond issue voted by the people of the state in 1965, New York State finances The Secretary of the Interior has ap- 30% of the cost of new or remodeled sew- proved the "Interstate Water Quality, Clas- e treatment plants and intercepting sifications and Standards and Implemen- sewers. The State also prefinances where tation and Enforcement Plan" of New York necessary 30% of the cost of these facili- State on all basins of interstate waters ties where they are eligible for Federal as submitted. grant's and where such monies are not immediately available. New Legislation

2. Industry is encouraged to construct Chapter 897, Laws of New York, 1966, waste water facilities with grants of a provides for regulating the disposal of tax incentive. sewage from water craft and marinas. In administering the law, the New York State 3. Municipalities receive one-third of the Conservation Department will require all cost of the operation and maintenance 1 applicants for boat registration to indicate of waste water treatment plants when op- - any marine toilet facility and pollutioncon- erated consistent with design and when trol device. Such treatment devices must control is exercised actively to control meet the approval of the State Health De- discharges to the sewer system. partment. While the law became effective in August 1966, the provisions re- 4. Vigorous enforcement procedures have quiring the water pollution control device supplemented the previous drawn-out takes effect June 1, 1968. format which would be inconsistent with the need for rapid abatement scheduling. Oil Pollution

All of the dates referred to in the text The oil pollution that has plagued the and tables of this report reflect the ac- Buffalo and Niagara Rivers for many years celerated scheduling as a result of the is receiving the attention of a sustained new enforcement philosophy. coordinating effort by Federal, State and local agencies. In June of this year, the Pennsylvania Railroad, a major source of 5. Comprehensive sewage feasibility oil pollution, agreed to a stipulation to studies for joint municipal planning are fin- bring an end to the pollution from this anced 10m by the State of New York. source. Early in April, the State Health Depart- reflect the timetables for the completion ment called a series of meetings at which of the abatement works in each instance. time the responsibility of various agencies The locations of these municipal sewage was defined. Assignments were made so that treatment plants and the industries are each agency's activities supported those of shown in Figures 3 and 4. other agencies. Included in these dis- cussions were the Federal Water Pollution ~t is to be noted that virtually all muni- Control Administration, U.S. Corps of En- cipalities have taken steps toward pro- gineers, the U.S. Coast Guard, represen- viding usecondary" facilities for waste tatives of local industries and local govern- water treatment as required by state-wide ment, the Niagara Frontier Port Authority, policy, Year-round chlorination is also the Buffalo City Fire Prevention Bureau, required at all municipal plants. the Erie County Health Department, Buf- falo Sewer Authority, the State Conserva- All industries which discharge to the tion Department, and the Federal Depart- river will be required to provide treatment ment of Justice. The Regional Office of of effluents consistent with I. J.C. criteria. the New York State Department of Health In addition such treatment as proposed must acts as the coordinator of all reported oil be equivalent to conventional us::~ondary" problem investigations. An alerting system treatment. This is in the interest of up- has been developed and its listing kept grading existing water quality beyond pre- current for any and all oil and other spills sently assigned standards. which could affect downstream users. New York State has defined secondary The State Joint Legislative Committee treatment for such industrial wastes as on Water Resources conducted a report- "a process or group of processes re- conference with the State Health Depart- moving or capable of removing virtually ment on May 24, 1967, to see if more a11 (ie. greater than 95%) floatable or legislation is needed to speed and improve settleable solids in a raw waste and ac- handling of any future oil pollution. This complish removals of B.O.D. and suspended conference did much to clarify and define solids in the range 75-9510 lines of responsibility for necessary physical clean-up conditions resulting from In addition, industrial plants must im- gross oil pollution. prove practices for the segregation and treatment of wastes to effect maximum Two significant problems associated with reduction of the following: oil pollution were developed at the Joint Health Department and Joint Legislative a. acids and alkalis Committee meeting. These are: h. oil and tarry substances c . phenolic compounds and organic chem- 1. The fact that there is no clear-cut icals that contribute to taste and odor responsibility for clean-up after an oil pol- problems lution incident, and d. ammonia and other nitrogenous compounds 2. The lack of a way to assess a penalty e. phosphorus compounds in proportion to the cost of clean-up. f. toxic and highly colored wastes g. excessive heat The Joint Legislative Committee is study- h. foam producing discharges ing the legislative changes required to fix i. other wastes which detract from re- responsibility and assess proper penalties. creational uses, esthetic enjoyment. or other beneficial uses of the waters.

The "Pure Waters Program" on the Niagara River Tables 2 and 3 listing the municipal and industrial discharges to the Niagara River 1 22 Unfortunately, it is not feasible to establish a specific percentage reduction or other definite limiting value that can be generally applied to the above constituents for the many varied kinds of industrial waste waters and various conditions of discharge. Each individual industrial waste problem must be thoroughly studied and evaluated to develop the appropriate degree of reduction or treatment for the speclfic situation.

The term umaximum reduction" may be interpreted to mean that in all cases technically possible, the constituents will be reduced sufficiently to prevent any identifiable interference with any appropriate use of the receiving water. Furthermore, all constituents present in significant quantities must be reduced to the extent possible by the best available treatment or other means appropriate for the specific waste. TABLE 2 MUNICIPAL WASTE DISCHARGES INTO THE NIACARA RIVER FROM UNITED STATES SOURCES

'ED - Table Explanation (Tables 2 and 3)

Location - municipal sulxlivision location of non-municipal entities. ('I') - Town, (V) - Village, (C) - City

Pop. or Flow - 1960 census population of community if known, residency and employment of institution, or industrial waste flow of corporation.

Abatement Status (as of 6/1/67): A - Under Commissioner's Orders

B - Hearing noticed to establish Commissioner's Order

C - Hearing to be noticed during 1967

D - Unclein Department directive (voluntary compliance)

1 - Identified 2 - Initial conference held 3 - Schedule established 4 - Solution established via preliminary report approval (including special study) 5 - Final plans submitted and approved 6 - Under construction 7 - Completion of construction, installation of facilities or internal modifications 8 - Abatement partially achieved 9 - A1)atement achieved

Ordered construction completion - completion date of needed construction, established by Commissioner's Order Voluntary construction completion - completion date of needed construction, established by Department dil.ective 4/1/72 (expiration date of State grant program) indicates 1;ltest possible date; negotiations underway to establish finite schedule. I VlUa60 of Ierlmtao City Of 11~Palla Sbva or Crmnd Imluid 8.0. #2 City Of llorth Tmmnnda City of Tanammad. T- or -. SIF m T- of 0-d xaimd B.D. n wltruo 8mr *uthmiw City of - ?ore lm. VlU.6 of ChiPwU Iiuum wcw Rd. atmu4 Am.

ADOITONAL TREATYENT REOWWID-m) Fm ORDER ISSUED. SCALE N YlltS nM)ITIONAL TREATMENT REMD- YWOIUTY 1.- - - + PROCEEDW6 WLUNTARYY. 1012343: ADDITIONAL TREATMfNT RE~D-C~Y~ WITH A FORMAL ORD€R. MUNICIPAL WASTE DISCHARGES INTO THE NIAOARA RIVER -

suesTANT1.L CorPuuru 2 6 Figure 3 TABLE 3 INDUSTRIAL - INSTITUTIONAL WASTE DISCHARGES INTO THE NIAGARA RIVER FROM UNITED STATES SOURCES

VOLUNTARYORORDERED ABATEMENT TIME SCHEDULE

VOLUME OF ABATEMENT SUBMIT SUBMIT COMMENTS WASTE SOURCE CHARACTERISTICSDISCHARGE STATUS CODE PRELIM FINAL START COMP. MAP INDEXOF DISCHARGE (~6~1 PLANS PLANS CONST. CONST.

Stouffer Chemical 1 Solids, acids, 2.0 Scheduled for a conference by Stote alkalis Heolth Dept.

Niogoro University 2 Secondary .005 Proposal to install individual treatment unit postponed. University petitioned the City of Niagara Falls to treot sanitary waste as requested by Stote Health Dept.

Carborundum Solids 1/2/68 1/2/69 4/1/69 4/1/70 Preliminary studies of their wastes have been discussed with the Stote Health Dept. Additional industrial wastes are discharged through a diversion sewer (1/65 mgd) and the municipal sanitary sewer system.

Olin Mathieson Solids 'Less than 0.5 mgd is discharged to Gill Creek. Industrial wastes are also discharged to a diversion sewer and. the municipal sanitary sewer system.

DuPont, Electro-Chemical 5 Oil, Solids, COD 43.4' 'Flow volumes include discharge to Gill Creek. Additional industrial wostes are discharged through a diversion sewer and the municipul sanitory sewer system. -Outfolls Hooker Chemical, Acid, solids, COD, 23.6 A-4 Areo 4 6/1/67 111/68 1/1/69 The industrial wastes ore also Electro-Chemical odor Areo 2 1/1/67 1/1/67 6/1/67 discharged through a diversion Area 3 6/1/67 6/1/67 6/1/67 sewer .with following abatement F-28 6/1/67 10/1/67 1/69 schedule - Submit report 8/1/67, Final plans 3/1/68. Complete con. struction 8/1/68. Additional indus- trio1 wastes dlrchor~edto sonitury sewer.

Union Carbide Solids, alkalis Additional treatment facilities were approved on 4/9/65. River outfall plume under octive study for chenri- cal treatment or diffuser. VOLUNTARYORORDERED ABATEMENT TIME SCHEDULE

VOLUME OF ABATEMENT SUBMIT SUBMIT COMMENTS WASTE SOURCE MAP INDEXCHARACTERISTICSOF DISCHARGE DISCHARGE(MGD) STATUS CODE PRELIM FINAL START COMP. PLANS PLANS CONST. CONST.

Tonowonda Iron 8 Solids Scheduled for o conference by Stote Heolth Dept.

Hooker Chemical Initial conference held. An obote- 9 Phenols Durez Plastic ment schedule to be negotiated.

International Poper Co. 10 Solids, 800 An abatement schedule for a diversion sewer to the municipol STP has been submitter as follows: Submittedplons 3/1/67,Construction 7/1/67, Complete construction 1/1/68. Hove soveolls in operation ond woste recovery ond defoom effluent.

Toxics 1/1/70 Preliminor report submitted and reviewed oni resubmitted to the firm's consultants for correction.

Continental Con Company 12 Solids, BOD 3 A-3 6/1/67 1/1/68 3/1/68 1/1/69 requestsPreliminary revision plans tosubmitted. meet specific Stote course of action.

Spoulding Fibre 13 Solids, BOD, color 4 A-3 6/1/67 3/1/68 9/1/68 1/1/70 Hove saveolls in operotion. *Flow to Two Mile Creek. Minor Western Electric 14 Oil& extroctobles 1.2' omount of woste wire droking oils discharged to sanitary sewers. Regionol Office recommended the collection ond disposal of oil by approved methods.

Ashlond Oil 8 Ref. Co. Oils, phenol A-3 12/1/67 6/1/68 9/1/68 9/1/69 01 present, oil separation ot less than acceptable efficiencies.

Roblin Steel Not in production. Has been advised of needs before startup.

lnitiol conference held. Abotemenl Allied Ch emicol Coke plant wostes, 5.5 Semet Solvoy phenol schedule to be negotiated.

Allied Chemical Cooling Woter 4.2 Their industrial discharge hos no adverse affect on the River.

Food Machinery Gorp. Minimal dissolved Scheduled for conference solids Niagoro Mohowk Corp. Possible thermol Scheduled for o conference by the pollution Stote Health Dept. Hove flyash re- movols ond disposal. VOLUNTARY ORORDERED ABATEMENT TIME SCHEDULE

VOLUME OF ABATEMENT SUBMIT SUBMIT COMMENTS WASTE SOURCE CHARACTERISTICSDISCHARGE STATUS CODE PRELIM FINAL START COMP. MAP INDEXOF DISCHARGE (~6~1 PLANS PLANS CONST. CONST.

DuPont - Yerkes Plont 19 Solids 8.3 D-2 Plant runs streom recovery surveys yearly. No abatement s c h e d u l e. Scheduled for conference by Stote Health Department.

Recent inspection indicated satis- Chevrolet Division Slight oil slick 18.1 Abated 9/21/64 5/1/65 factory performance of existing Ge n era1 Motors at outfall facilities. (Avg. oil discharge- 6 PP~).

By 10/69 all industrial and sanitary Pratt 1L Letchworth Oil, caustic woste .03 10/67 10/69 waste will be diverted into the Buffalo Sewer Authority system. Presently constructing in plant reparotion.

Discharge sanitary waste to Buffalo General Mills Sanitary wastes .OS none Ship Canal. Planned interceptor of Buffalo Sewer Authority wil'l eliminate.

Discharge to Union Ship Canal. Pillsbury Sanitary wastes .08 none Planned interceptor of Buffalo Sewer Authority will eliminate.

Ame rican Malting Sanitary and Wastes to be accepted by the Buffalo malting waste Sewer Authority in new plonned interceptor.

Present phenol recovery efficient DOn ner-Ha nna Phenols, oil 10'1/68 3/1/69 12/1/69 needs removal of phenols from miscellaneous waste streams.

Allied Chemical Acids, oil, phenols, 17.0 7/1/66 9/1/66 1/18/68 1/1/71 Complying with schedule. In operation at present - pH adiustment Buffalo Dye COD, color Solids Republic Steel Acids, solids, 71.0 A-3 On schedule - at present have oil 10/1/67 1/1/68 4/1/69 7/1/71 minimal sedimentation - recovery solids and oil.

Mo bil Oil Oil, phenols 25 10./1/67 4/1/68 12/1/69 Fino1 plans presently under pre- paration. Scheduled to obandon processing.

Solids, heated 4 1 Havu scttling and vocuur~ifiltrutio:~. to woste w Bethlehem Steel Corp. Phenol, solids, 330 1/1/67 1/1/68 6/1/68 1/1/70 Industry is complying with order.

Jam STAm 1 Staufier Chemical 2 Miwara Uni=rmitj 3 Cuborundrn 4 Olin Hathieson 5 Wont. Electm-Chericrl 6 Booker Chdcal. Electm-~hcri~rl 7 Union Carbide 8 Iran 9 Booker Chenical. hrPlutie 10 1nternmtion.l Paper Co. ll Col\nbua-(W(i~on L? Continental Can Co. 13 Spaulding Pibre lb Western Electric 15 bhlu~d011 i Refinery Co. 16 Roblin Steel 16 Allied Chcrical, Semet Solw 17 Nlied Chemical, Petm Chacd 18 rood Machinery Corporation 18 Ilirgua Mohawk Corporation 19 Wont Yerkea Plmt 19 Cherrolet Dir. General &tom 20 Pratt i Letehwrth 21 Genernl MUa 22 Pillsbur). Aar1c.n Ualting Inc. knner-0.nna Nlied Chenicrl. Buffalo ~yc Republic Steel .%bil Oil 2 ? !?,a Rvnnce 20 Sethlehea Steel Corporation

CAlIADA A Yarbor Manufacturing 3 buld Rational Batteries -" C.R.R. Depot D C~ramld(Illqua) E Morton Co.

LEGEND

ADDITIONAL TREATMENT REOUIRED-NO FORMAL SCALE !N MILES ORDER ISSUED. 11- - - Oii455 ADDITIONAL TREATMENT REOUIRED - PROCEEDhlG + VOLUNTARILY. ADDITIONAL TREATMENT REOUIRED - COMPLYING INDUSTRIAL -lNSTlTUTlONAL WITH A FORMAL ORDER. WASTE DISCHARGES INTO SIJBSTANTIAL COMPLIANCE THE NIAGARA RIVER

30 Figure 4 . Operation .4nd Maintenance ! In general, waste effluentrequirements will ' be established, taking account of beneficial The use of the aid to operation ahd uses of water and the quality requirements maintenance has already been used con- of these uses. .A broad set of basic ob- structively control adverse discharges. jectives will be established to apply to all waters of the province, however, where Sorth Tonawanda, to insure the grant, required, depending upon use, more excluded a major source of waste oil from stringent objectives may be established its sewer system. for specific drainage basins or drainage areas. These objectives will be examined The City of Buffalo Sewer Authority in- periodically as new information and con- ventories the sources of oil wastes to its ditions develop concerning the effects of collection system to identify potential wastes on the enviornment. It is the Com- sources of oil in the River during storm mission's objective to require the best flows. practicable treatment or control of waste, adequate to protect and upgrade water All municipalities have adopted enfor- quality in the face of population growth ceable, rigid sewer use ordinances. and industrial development.

Comprehensive Studies Waste sources from municipalities and industries along the Niagara River will be Erie County and the Niagara Falls me- examined in the light of this new policy tropolitan area have received State fun- and the future recommendations of the ded comprehensive sewage feasibility study International Joint Commission, and where grants. further improvements are required, the Interim reports have been rendered by the OWRC will take the necessary action to engineering consultants on areas of ensure compliance with the revised ob- most need. jectives.The status of municipal and industrial waste abatement is shown in Table The provincial attitude of each political 4. entity treating its own wastes has been replaced by a drainage basin approach and Assistance to Municipalities centralized treatment plants servingdrain- age basins are assured as a result of these In June , 1967, the Ontario government studies. extended its policy in providing assistance to municipalities in the provision of adequate Water Quality Monitoring water and sewage facilities. The new policy enables a municipality to seek provincial Eight water quality monitoring points on assistance for the entire installation of the Xiagara River have been integrated into water and sewage facilities up to the house the state-wide network. connections. Previously, assistance was only available for the construction and operation of the major facilities, including Province of Ontario water treatment and sewage disposal plants with costs recovered on a usage basis. The plants are operated at cost and are (1) New Policies the property of the province.

Water Quality Objectives (2)Enforcement Programs Recently, the Ontario Water Resources Commission (O.W.R.C.) announced a new In cases where pollution abatement needs policy regarding water quality objectives are demonstrated by the Commission, its for lakes and streams in Ontario. This will requirements, and if necessary, a time require the restoration and maintenance of schedule for compliance is established by water quality for the greatest possible use. the Commission. In the case of the muni- TABLE 4 MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISCHARGES - NIAGARA RIVER PROVINCE OF ONTARIO

WASTE CHARACTERISTICS

Waste Source MOP Degree Choracteristics Volume Total Suspended A batemen t Index of Treatment of Discharge of Discharge 'OD Solids Solids Status (MGD) lbs/dOy Ibs/dov I~S/~OVOther

MUNICIPAL Fort Erie (T) A Primary Sanitary, lndustriol 1.5 1900 - 5500 - No further t r e o t m en t planned ot present.

Chippawo (V) B Secondary Sonitary, lndustriol 0.3 90 - 220 - Secondary treatment instolled 1957.

Niogora Folls (C) C Primary Sanitary, Industrial 3.6 2600 - 1400 - No further t r e a t m en t planned at present.

McLeod Rd. C Settling Sanitary Planned interception and connection Settling Tank 1 with city sewerage system.

Stanley Ave. C Settling Sanitary - - - - - Settling Tank 2 Some as above.

INDUSTRIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DISCHARGE

Harber Manufacturing A Wostss adequately handled 0.006 - - - - Substontiol compliance (Plating. Finishing)

Gould Notional Battery B Solids, Lead, Acid 0.016 - 93 39- Leod Plons for neutrolization and settling (Battery Products) 5-SO#/D to remove lead approved COD 48#/D Conodion National C Oil (Oil seporator) 0.00 1 - - - Oil Substontiol compliance Railways (Rolling stock Service 6 Repair

Cyonamid of Canada D Cooling Water Substantial compliance (Heavy Chemical)

Norton Company E Coaling Water Substantial compliance (Abrosives) * cipalities and industries along the Niagara industries are in substantial compliance River, with very few exceptions the OWRC 's with the Objectives for Boundary Water current objectives are being met. These Quality Control. objectives coincide with the I.J.C. Ob- jectives for Boundary Water Quality Con- Two temporary settling tanks operated trol. by the City of Niagara Falls discharge settled sewage to the Chippawa power can- (3) Surveillance on the River al diversion, however, the City has indicated its intention to intercept and treat In addition to its regular inventory and these wastes at its main plant. The water use evaluation programs, the Com- scheduling of this work is under review. mission maintains regular surveillance pa- trols on the upper and lower Niagara River. The Welland River (540 cfs) carries signi- During 1967, this work will entail four f icant quantities of iron, phenol and nitrates sampling runs on the upper river and at its point of confluence with the Chip- seven runs in the lower river. Sampling pawa power canal. These materials, which is carried out at the following Niagara are rapidly attenuated in the power canal River Ranges: Ni 37.7, Ni 34.3, Ni 32.5, (16,000 cfs) are contributed by the City Ni 26.7, Ni 20.0, Ni 19.4, Ni 19.3, Ni 6.8, of Welland and neighboring industries up- Ni 2.4, and Ni 1.0. stream. Improvement in the situation is expected by January, 1968 when the City (4) Boating Regulations will complete construction of a 6.0 mgd primary sewage treatment plant. A regulation approved under the OWRC Act provides that any pleasure boat with (6) Overall Abatement Program and Ob- jectives Ontario sleeping accommodations and owned by an - Ontario resident must be equipped with a marine toilet and an approved device for Need for Higher Objectives the storage and disposal of human waste. It is Commission policy to re-examine The regulations, to take effect June lst, its water quality objectives from time to 1968, allow for temporary permits valid time as new information and conditions only to June lst, 1971, obtainable from the develop. Objectives are,therefore, not con- Commission. Holding tanks which store sidered final or absolute as increases in wastes are the only type of devices pre- scientific knowledge of the effects of waste sently approved by the Commission. Mac- on the environment will inevitably require erator chlorinator units or other units which their improvement. With the increasing - may be developed to meet the objectives use of water, improved and advanced waste of the regulations may be acceptable, and treatment measures will be rquired to only by permit between June 1st. 1968 protect the water quality requirements of and June lst, 1971. Out of the province beneficial uses. Meaningful long term plans craft in Ontario waters must be equipped for pollution control will require the ap- with holding or treatment devices approved plication of systematic methods of analysis by home jurisdiction, The discharge of un- to develop designs and alternatives for treated sewage is prohibited. the best use of water.

(5) Pollution Problems of the Xiagara Federal Water Pollutio~lControl River Administration Current Status of Compliance with The Federal Government of the United States through the Federal Water Pollu- I.J.C. Objectives tion Control Administration ( FWPCA) is With the exception of a plating and fin- actively engaged in abating water pollu- ishing plant in Fort Erie, the sources of tion in the Niagara River. The duties of wastewater discharged directly to the Nia- the F.W.P.C.A. in these activities and gara River fromontario, municipalities and programs follows: (1) Administers grants for basin planning, training, research demonstration projects, construction of sewage plants, and for state and interstate water poilution control programs.

(2) Through Executive Order 11288, enforces control of pollution from all Fed- eral installations and in projects where Federal monies are expended.

(3) Enforces compliance with interstate stream standards.

(4) Establishes comprehensive programs for water pollution control.

(5) Works through the Lake Erie En- forcement Conference to abate pollution flowing into the Niagara River from upstream sources, although the Niagara River is not covered under the Lake Erie Enforcement Conference or other Federal enforcement action at this time.

(6) Assists the U.S. Corps of Engineers in carrying out the 1899 Refuse Act in relation to oil spills and other de- leterious materials.

(7) Works with the U.S. Corps of Engin- eers to abate any pollution which may be caused through harbor and channel dredging operations.

(8) Assists the U.S. Coast Guard in en- forcing sanitary and oil pollution control. MEDIAN 0 MAXIMUM

m 1!8, 4000 MEDIAN and MAXIMUM COLIFORM DENSITIB

NIAGARA RIVER - 1966 SG;LES: HORIZONTAL - IN FEET FROM ALYRICW %ORE AS INDICATED VERTICAL - COLIFORY, M F PER 100 MI, AS INDICATED DATA UNACCEPTABLE.

MEDIAN 0 WXInM

0 leOO 0 loo0 1800 MEDIAN and MAXIMUM COLIFORM DENSITIES NIAGARA RIVER - 1966 SCALES: HORIZONTAL - IN FEET FROM AMERICAN SHORE AS INDICATED VERTICAL - COLI FORM, M F PER 100 MI, AS INDICATED. MEDIAN and MAXIMUM COLIFORM DENSITIES , NIAGARA RIVER - 1967 *

SCALES: HORIZONTAL - IN FEET FROM AMERICAN %ORE AS INDICATED

VERTICAL COLIFORM, M F PER 100 MI, AS INDICATED - *DATA AVAl LABLE F'R lOR TO AUGUST 38 (3 SAMPLE SERIES) MEDIAN 0MAXIMlM

0 1 .B. lm 0 lax3 1800 MEDIAN and MAXIMUM COLIFO RM DENSITIES

NIAGARA RIVER - 1967* SCALES: HORIZONTAL - IN FEET FROM AMERICAN SORE A$ INDICATED VERTICAL - COLIFORM, M F PER 100 MI, AS INDICATED. * DATA AVAILABLE PRIOR TO AUGUST (3 SMPU SERIES) 39 I 0 1.0. loo0 1800 0 IOOO 2000 3300 3600

15 . RANGE NI 32.5 -

AVERAGE 0 MAXlWUM

10 ,

r 5 n .-

n n 1 I 0 2000 1.0. 4000 Sal AVERAGE and MAXIMUM PHENOL CONCENTRATIONS.

NIAGARA RIVER - 1966

SCALES: HORIZONTAL - IN FEET FRcu AMERICAN SHORE AS INDICATED VERTICAL - h+ENOL, PARTS PER BILLION, AS INDICATED. IAVERAGE 0 MAXIUW

0 10. lm 0 loo0 I800 AVERAGE and MAXIMUM PHENOL CONCENTRATIONS

NIAGARA RIVER - (966

SCALES: HORIZONTAL - IN FEET FROM bwlclwr SORE AS INDICATED VERTICAL - PHENOL, PARTS P€R BILLION, AS INDICATED I 0 1.8. 12000

RANGF NI 19-3

r ,-

10 10 .

5 5 5 5 - 7 2 2 ------.----.-----,,-..., 2

I T 1 0 1.0, lo00 1800 0 2000 3800

RANGE NI 32.5

AVERAGE 0MAXIWM

---- AVERAGE and MAXIMUM PHENOL CONCENTRATIONS

S~LES: HORIZONTAL - IN FEET FRCU AMERICAN SHORE AS INDICATED VERTICAL - hENOL, PARTS PER BILLION, AS INDICATED. 4 ., cr. 15 RANGE N1 - 26-7

I loo0 2400 o 1.8. 1000 2 loo 0 15 BANG&- 15 RANGE - NI - 6.8

I0 . 10 -

5. 5 t

1900

AVERAGE MAXIMUM

0 leOO AVERAGE and MAXIMUM PHENOL CONCENTRATIONS

N IAGARA RIVER - 1967* 8 DATA AVA l UBLE PR lOR TO AUGUST SCC\LES: HORIZONTAL IN FEET FRW ~RICAN%Oft€ As INDICATED - (3 SAMPLE SERIES) VERTICAL - PHENOL, PARTS PER BILLION, AS INDICATED. 43