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Southern Africa
339-370/428-S/80005 FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES 1969–1976 VOLUME XXVIII SOUTHERN AFRICA DEPARTMENT OF STATE Washington 339-370/428-S/80005 Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976 Volume XXVIII Southern Africa Editors Myra F. Burton General Editor Edward C. Keefer United States Government Printing Office Washington 2011 339-370/428-S/80005 DEPARTMENT OF STATE Office of the Historian Bureau of Public Affairs For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-0001 339-370/428-S/80005 Preface The Foreign Relations of the United States series presents the official documentary historical record of major foreign policy decisions and significant diplomatic activity of the United States Government. The Historian of the Department of State is charged with the responsibility for the preparation of the Foreign Relations series. The staff of the Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, under the direction of the General Editor, plans, researches, compiles, and edits the volumes in the series. Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg first promulgated official regulations codifying specific standards for the selection and editing of documents for the series on March 26, 1925. Those regulations, with minor modifications, guided the series through 1991. Public Law 102–138, the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, es- tablished a new statutory charter for the preparation of the series which was signed by President George H.W. Bush on October 28, 1991. -
No More Hills Ahead?
No More Hills Ahead? The Sudan’s Tortuous Ascent to Heights of Peace Emeric Rogier August 2005 NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS CLINGENDAEL CIP-Data Koninklijke bibliotheek, The Hague Rogier, Emeric No More Hills Ahead? The Sudan’s Tortuous Ascent to Heights of Peace / E. Rogier – The Hague, Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. Clingendael Security Paper No. 1 ISBN 90-5031-102-4 Language-editing by Rebecca Solheim Desk top publishing by Birgit Leiteritz Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael Clingendael Security and Conflict Programme Clingendael 7 2597 VH The Hague Phonenumber +31(0)70 - 3245384 Telefax +31(0)70 - 3282002 P.O. Box 93080 2509 AB The Hague E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.clingendael.nl The Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael is an independent institute for research, training and public information on international affairs. It publishes the results of its own research projects and the monthly ‘Internationale Spectator’ and offers a broad range of courses and conferences covering a wide variety of international issues. It also maintains a library and documentation centre. © Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightholders. Clingendael Institute, P.O. Box 93080, 2509 AB The Hague, The Netherlands. Contents Foreword i Glossary of Abbreviations iii Executive Summary v Map of Sudan viii Introduction 1 Chapter 1 The Sudan: A State of War 5 I. -
17Th Annual Report of the Bank for International Settlements
BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 1st APRIL 1946—31st MARCH 1947 BASLE 16th June 1947 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. Introductory Remarks 5 II. Transition from War to Peace Economy 9 Budget situation (p. 9), resources for productive investments (p. 9), subsidies (p. 10), nationalisations (p. 11), financial accounts (p. 11), foreign credits and foreign aid (p. 13)., em- ployment policy (p. 14), shortage of consumption goods (p. 15), wage increases (p. 15), price control (p. 16), wheat situation (p. I"]), meat, fat etc. (p. 18), industrial production (p. 20 ), coal , situation (p. 22), over-employment (p. 25) . III. Price Movements 28 Types of movement (p. 28), prices in Greece (p. 28), Hungary (p. 28), Roumania (p. 29), China (p. 29), Poland (p. 30), Italy (p. 30), France (p. 31), Finland (p. 32), Bulgaria (p. 32), Belgium (p. 32), Czechoslovakia (p. 32), Holland (p. 32), Turkey (p. 32), United States (p. 33), Great Britain (p. 35), Germany (p. 36), Austria (p. 37), wartime shortages (p. 38), general observations (p. 39) IV. Recovery of Foreign Trade .................. 41 Volume of world trade (p. 41), foreign trade in the United States (p. 42), in Canada (p. 45), Great Britain (p. 46), Denmark (p. 49), Norway (p. 49), Sweden (p. 5°), Finland (p. 50), Belgium (p. 51), Holland (p. 51), Switzerland (p. 52), Portugal (p. 52), France (p. 52), Italy (p. 54), Germany (p. 55), Poland (p. 5&), Czechoslovakia (p. 57), Austria (p. 58), Hungary (p. 58), Roumania (p. 59), Yugoslavia (p. 59), Bulgaria (p. 59), Greecç (p. 59); Turkey (p. 60), U.S.S.R. -
World War II: Moments in Our Family
Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University English Honors Theses Department of English 9-11-2006 World War II: Moments in our Family Yvonne Richter Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/english_hontheses Recommended Citation Richter, Yvonne, "World War II: Moments in our Family." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2006. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/english_hontheses/1 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of English at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in English Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WORLD WAR II: MOMENTS IN OUR FAMILY by YVONNE NICOLE RICHTER Under the Direction of Josh Russell ABSTRACT This thesis explores the history of one German family during World War II, using the inspiration and background knowledge gained from historic scholarship and literature to create narratives closely following actual experiences and memories to help understand the peculiarities of war narrative and war memory. The sources are interviews with relatives, existing literature on the subject matter, and the writer’s imagination. INDEX WORDS: World War II, Refugees, Vertreibung, Silesia, Germany, Paderborn, Silesia, Germany, Paderborn, Red Army, Children, Adolescents, Firebombing, Ratibor, Gestapo WORLD WAR II: MOMENTS IN OUR FAMILY by YVONNE NICOLE RICHTER An Honors Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfi llment of the -
The Crisis Manager the Jacobsohn Era, 1914 –1938 INTRODUCTION
CHRONICLE 05 The crisis manager The Jacobsohn era, 1914 –1938 INTRODUCTION From the First World War to National Socialism A world in turmoil “Carpe diem” – seize the day. This Latin motto is carved over their positions. Beyond the factory gates, things on the gravestone of Dr. Willy Jacobsohn in Los Angeles were also far from peaceful: German society took a long and captures the essence of his life admirably. Given time to recover from the war. The period up until the the decades spanned by Jacobsohn’s career, this out- end of 1923 was scourged by unemployment, food and look on everyday life made a lot of sense: after all, housing shortages, and high inflation. The “Golden his career at Beiersdorf took place during what was Twenties” offered a brief respite, but even in the heyday arguably the most turbulent period in European history. of Germany’s first democracy, racist and anti-Semitic In fact, there are quite a few historians who describe feelings were simmering below the surface in society the period between 1914 and 1945 as the “second and politics, erupting in 1933 when the National Socia- Thirty Years War.” lists came to power. Jewish businessman Jacobsohn The First World War broke out shortly after Jacob- was no longer able to remain in Germany and, five years sohn joined the company in 1914. Although the war later, was even forced to leave Europe for America. ended four years later, Beiersdorf continued to suffer However, by then he had succeeded in stabilizing the crisis after crisis. Dr. Oscar Troplowitz and Dr. -
Dissertation Irene Schrotenboer Final
Tilburg University Dynamics of payments, conflict and economic activity Lubberman-Schrotenboer, I.G. Publication date: 2014 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in Tilburg University Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Lubberman-Schrotenboer, I. G. (2014). Dynamics of payments, conflict and economic activity: Case studies of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. CentER, Center for Economic Research. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 28. sep. 2021 Dynamics of payments, conflict and economic activity Case studies of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia Dynamics of payments, conflict and economic activity Case studies of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan Tilburg University op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. Ph. Eijlander, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties aangewezen commissie in de aula van de Universiteit op maandag 1 december 2014 om 10:15 uur door Irene Geessien Lubberman-Schrotenboer geboren op 23 mei 1977 te Sneek. -
42Nd Annual Report of the Bank for International Settlements
BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS FORTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT 1st APRIL 1971 - 31st MARCH 1972 BASLE 12th June 1972 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction i I. The Crisis of the Dollar and the Monetary System 3 The US balance of payments (p. ß) ; US measures to limit the deficit (p. 11) ; the balance of surpluses and deficits (p. iß); the growing disequilibrium of the system (p. 16); prelude to 15 th August 1971 (p. 2ß); floating exchange rates (p. 27); the Smithsonian agreement (p. 29); post-Smithsonian developments (p. ßo) II. Survey of Economic and Monetary Developments and Policies 34 The domestic economic scene (p. ß4); money, credit and capital markets (p. ß8); developments and policies in individual countries: United States (p. 4;), Canada (p. 49), Japan (p. JI), United Kingdom (p. jß), Germany (p. JJ), France (p. 60), Italy (p. 6ß), Belgium (p. 6j), Netherlands (p. 66), Switzerland (p. 68), Austria (p. 69), Denmark (p. 70), Norway (p. 71), Sweden (p. 72), Finland (p. 74), Spain (p. 7j), Portugal (p. 76), Yugo- slavia (p. 77), Australia (p. 78), South Africa (p. 79); eastern Europe: Soviet Union (p. 80), German Democratic Republic (p. 80), Poland (p. 80), Chechoslovakia (p. 81), Hungary (p. 81), Rumania (p. 82), Bulgaria (p. 82) III. World Trade and Payments 83 International trade (p. 8ß); balances of payments (p. 8j): United States (p. 87), Canada (p. 89), Japan (p. 91), United Kingdom (p. 9ß), Germany (p. 94), France (p. 96), Italy (p. 98), Belgium-Luxemburg Economic Union (p. 100), Netherlands (p. ioi), Switzerland (p. 102), Austria (p. -
Services Offered at the Branches of the Deutsche Bundesbank to The
Addresses and contact details The addresses, contact details and opening times of the Deutsche Bundesbank's branches can be found at the following link. www.bundesbank.de/branches Services offered to the general public Exchanging DM for euro It is possible to exchange unlimited amounts of DM for euro indefinitely and free of charge. We reserve the right to accept larger amounts of currency against temporary receipt and pay out the equivalent value established after processing at a later date. There is also the option of sending DM cash by post – at your own risk – to our branch in Mainz. You can find further information at www.bundesbank.de/dm_eur_exchange Exchanging euro banknotes and coins (in reasonable household quantities; not for commercial purposes) Private customers have the option of exchanging euro banknotes and coins for other denominations in reasonable household quantities (unsorted and unrolled coins) free of charge. We reserve the right to accept larger amounts of currency (particularly coins) against temporary receipt and pay out the equivalent value established after processing at a later date. Replacing damaged cash As a general rule, we will replace damaged euro and DM banknotes if more than half of the note is presented. Deliberately damaged euro banknotes will not be replaced. The same applies to euro and DM banknotes that have already been exchanged and devalued by a Bundesbank branch. All other banknotes can be submitted by filing an application for reimbursement. The Bundesbank will also replace damaged coins denominated in DM (pfennig), regular issue coins denominated in euro (cent) and German euro collectors' coins, provided they have not been counterfeited, do not contain holes and have not been altered in any way other than through normal use. -
CY19 January a Collection of Bitcoin Commentary from the Brightest
CY19 January A collection of Bitcoin commentary from the brightest minds in the crypto community. Crypto Words CY19 January Contents Goals and Scope ......................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Support Crypto Words .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Cryptocurrency: The Canary in the Coal Mine.................................................................................................. 4 Tweetstorm: Bitcoin’s 10 Year Anniversary ......................................................................................................... 6 Bitcoin: Two Parts Math, One Part Biology .......................................................................................................... 8 Planting Bitcoin - Season (2/4) .................................................................................................................................... 12 Planting Bitcoin - Gardening (4/4) ............................................................................................................................ 18 Planting Bitcoin — Soil (3/4) .......................................................................................................................................... 25 Planting Bitcoin — Species (1/4) ............................................................................................................................... -
Impact of Exchange Rate on Trade Deficit and Foreign Exchange Reserve in Nepal: an Empirical Analysis
© 2018 Nepal Rastra Bank NRB Working Paper No. 43 March 2018 Impact of Exchange Rate on Trade Deficit and Foreign Exchange Reserve in Nepal: An Empirical Analysis# Deepak Adhikari * ABSTRACT This paper explores the impact of exchange rate on trade deficit and foreign exchange reserve in Nepal. These are essential variables for external sector stability. Ordinary least squares (OLS) method is applied by making data stationary. Empirical results show that one percentage point depreciation of the Nepalese rupee (NPR) with respect to US dollar results in an increase in reserve by 0.82 percentage points and decline in trade deficit by 6.75 percentage point. Considering the volatility and fragility in the Nepalese external sector, the government and central bank could use the exchange rate policy to some extent to correct trade deficit and maintain adequate foreign exchange reserve for strengthening external sector. JEL Classification: E49, F31 Key Words: Exchange Rate, Trade Deficit, Foreign Exchange Reserve. # I owe my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Surendra Sundararajan, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Dr. Prakash Kumar Shrestha, Director, Nepal Rastra Bank and Mr. Suman Neupane, Deputy Director, Nepal Rastra Bank for their valuable comments and suggestions in the preparation of this paper. * Assistant Director, Nepal Rastra Bank. Email: [email protected] Impact of Exchange Rate on Trade Deficit and Foreign Exchange Reserve in Nepal: An Empirical Analysis NRBWP43 I. INTRODUCTION Exchange rate is a key variable in the international trade. It is the price of domestic currency in relation to foreign currency, i.e., it is the price at which domestic currency is converted into foreign currency or vice versa (Gillis, et.al., 1996). -
View Currency List
Currency List business.westernunion.com.au CURRENCY TT OUTGOING DRAFT OUTGOING FOREIGN CHEQUE INCOMING TT INCOMING CURRENCY TT OUTGOING DRAFT OUTGOING FOREIGN CHEQUE INCOMING TT INCOMING CURRENCY TT OUTGOING DRAFT OUTGOING FOREIGN CHEQUE INCOMING TT INCOMING Africa Asia continued Middle East Algerian Dinar – DZD Laos Kip – LAK Bahrain Dinar – BHD Angola Kwanza – AOA Macau Pataca – MOP Israeli Shekel – ILS Botswana Pula – BWP Malaysian Ringgit – MYR Jordanian Dinar – JOD Burundi Franc – BIF Maldives Rufiyaa – MVR Kuwaiti Dinar – KWD Cape Verde Escudo – CVE Nepal Rupee – NPR Lebanese Pound – LBP Central African States – XOF Pakistan Rupee – PKR Omani Rial – OMR Central African States – XAF Philippine Peso – PHP Qatari Rial – QAR Comoros Franc – KMF Singapore Dollar – SGD Saudi Arabian Riyal – SAR Djibouti Franc – DJF Sri Lanka Rupee – LKR Turkish Lira – TRY Egyptian Pound – EGP Taiwanese Dollar – TWD UAE Dirham – AED Eritrea Nakfa – ERN Thai Baht – THB Yemeni Rial – YER Ethiopia Birr – ETB Uzbekistan Sum – UZS North America Gambian Dalasi – GMD Vietnamese Dong – VND Canadian Dollar – CAD Ghanian Cedi – GHS Oceania Mexican Peso – MXN Guinea Republic Franc – GNF Australian Dollar – AUD United States Dollar – USD Kenyan Shilling – KES Fiji Dollar – FJD South and Central America, The Caribbean Lesotho Malati – LSL New Zealand Dollar – NZD Argentine Peso – ARS Madagascar Ariary – MGA Papua New Guinea Kina – PGK Bahamian Dollar – BSD Malawi Kwacha – MWK Samoan Tala – WST Barbados Dollar – BBD Mauritanian Ouguiya – MRO Solomon Islands Dollar – -
Country Codes and Currency Codes in Research Datasets Technical Report 2020-01
Country codes and currency codes in research datasets Technical Report 2020-01 Technical Report: version 1 Deutsche Bundesbank, Research Data and Service Centre Harald Stahl Deutsche Bundesbank Research Data and Service Centre 2 Abstract We describe the country and currency codes provided in research datasets. Keywords: country, currency, iso-3166, iso-4217 Technical Report: version 1 DOI: 10.12757/BBk.CountryCodes.01.01 Citation: Stahl, H. (2020). Country codes and currency codes in research datasets: Technical Report 2020-01 – Deutsche Bundesbank, Research Data and Service Centre. 3 Contents Special cases ......................................... 4 1 Appendix: Alpha code .................................. 6 1.1 Countries sorted by code . 6 1.2 Countries sorted by description . 11 1.3 Currencies sorted by code . 17 1.4 Currencies sorted by descriptio . 23 2 Appendix: previous numeric code ............................ 30 2.1 Countries numeric by code . 30 2.2 Countries by description . 35 Deutsche Bundesbank Research Data and Service Centre 4 Special cases From 2020 on research datasets shall provide ISO-3166 two-letter code. However, there are addi- tional codes beginning with ‘X’ that are requested by the European Commission for some statistics and the breakdown of countries may vary between datasets. For bank related data it is import- ant to have separate data for Guernsey, Jersey and Isle of Man, whereas researchers of the real economy have an interest in small territories like Ceuta and Melilla that are not always covered by ISO-3166. Countries that are treated differently in different statistics are described below. These are – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland – France – Spain – Former Yugoslavia – Serbia United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.