History of Fiat and Paper Money Failures | Thoughts About Gold, Silver, and Other Stuff 6/28/16, 11:14 PM
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Bibliography
BIbLIOGRAPHY 2016 AFI Annual Report. (2017). Alliance for Financial Inclusion. Retrieved July 31, 2017, from https://www.afi-global.org/sites/default/files/publica- tions/2017-05/2016%20AFI%20Annual%20Report.pdf. A Law of the Abolition of Currencies in a Small Denomination and Rounding off a Fraction, July 15, 1953, Law No.60 (Shōgakutsūka no seiri oyobi shiharaikin no hasūkeisan ni kansuru hōritsu). Retrieved April 11, 2017, from https:// web.archive.org/web/20020628033108/http://www.shugiin.go.jp/itdb_ housei.nsf/html/houritsu/01619530715060.htm. About PBC. (2018, August 21). The People’s Bank of China. Retrieved August 21, 2018, from http://www.pbc.gov.cn/english/130712/index.html. About Us. Alliance for Financial Inclusion. Retrieved July 31, 2017, from https:// www.afi-global.org/about-us. AFI Official Members. Alliance for Financial Inclusion. Retrieved July 31, 2017, from https://www.afi-global.org/sites/default/files/inlinefiles/AFI%20 Official%20Members_8%20February%202018.pdf. Ahamed, L. (2009). Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World. London: Penguin Books. Alderman, L., Kanter, J., Yardley, J., Ewing, J., Kitsantonis, N., Daley, S., Russell, K., Higgins, A., & Eavis, P. (2016, June 17). Explaining Greece’s Debt Crisis. The New York Times. Retrieved January 28, 2018, from https://www.nytimes. com/interactive/2016/business/international/greece-debt-crisis-euro.html. Alesina, A. (1988). Macroeconomics and Politics (S. Fischer, Ed.). NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 3, 13–62. Alesina, A. (1989). Politics and Business Cycles in Industrial Democracies. Economic Policy, 4(8), 57–98. © The Author(s) 2018 355 R. Ray Chaudhuri, Central Bank Independence, Regulations, and Monetary Policy, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58912-5 356 BIBLIOGRAPHY Alesina, A., & Grilli, V. -
Catalog DD Feb 8 Auction
Sale Location Hampton Inn Springboro OHIO Elite Winter Coin Currency Auction Feb 8 Rolling M Auctions 1 1833 Bust Dime Last 3 High Awesome Choice UNC 39 1946-S BTW Half Dollar NGC MS-65 Good Strike Tone 2 1921-D Mercury Dime Rainbow Color Key Date 40 1824/4 Bust Half Dollar VG 3 1805 Bust Dime Heraldic Eagle Very Good 41 1802/1 Bust Dollar XF45 Original Luster Mintage 41,650 4 1829 Bust Half Dime Choice UNC Toned MS-61/62 LM-1 42 1795 Flowing Hair Dollar 3 Leaves PCGS VF Details Light Cleaning 5 1929 Silver 5 Bolivares Venezuela Scarce Original Tone 43 1898-O Morgan Dollar ICG 67 50129113001 Rainbow Color Rare 6 1623 Silver 1/6 Thaler Poland King Sigismund III Scarce 44 1898-O Morgan Dollar PCGS MS-67 Bright White Spectacular 7 1842 Silver 4RBS NGC MS-63 High Grade Scarce Attractive 45 1896-O Morgan Dollar PGCS MS-61 Bright White 8 1844 Seated Dime VF Rare Mintage 72,500 46 1881-CC Morgan Dollar MS65 9 1831 Bust Half Dime Choice UNC Toned Original 47 1921 Peace Dollar PCGS MS-63 Key Date 10 1890-S Morgan Dollar Redfield Collection MS65 Toning 48 1875-S Trade Dollar AU 11 1891-S Morgan Dollar GEM BU Rainbow Tone Scarce 49 1876-S Trade Dollar AU 12 1892-CC Morgan Dollar NGC AU-50 50 1927 Peace Dollar PCGS MS-64 13 1897-S Morgan Dollar PCGS MS-65 51 1934-D Peace Dollar PCGS MS-64 Bright White 14 1883 Morgan Dollar PCGS MS-66 52 1882-CC Morgan Dollar PCGS MS-64 GSA 15 1877 Trade Dollar AU/UNC with P/L Quality 53 1879-O Morgan Dollar GEM BU 16 1886-S Morgan Dollar MS63 P/L 54 1882-O/S Morgan Dollar Choice UNC VAM 4 17 1909-S VDB Lincoln Cent -
Democratic Republic of Congo Constitution
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, 2005 [1] Table of Contents PREAMBLE TITLE I GENERAL PROVISIONS Chapter 1 The State and Sovereignty Chapter 2 Nationality TITLE II HUMAN RIGHTS, FUNDAMENTAL LIBERTIES AND THE DUTIES OF THE CITIZEN AND THE STATE Chapter 1 Civil and Political Rights Chapter 2 Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Chapter 3 Collective Rights Chapter 4 The Duties of the Citizen TITLE III THE ORGANIZATION AND THE EXERCISE OF POWER Chapter 1 The Institutions of the Republic TITLE IV THE PROVINCES Chapter 1 The Provincial Institutions Chapter 2 The Distribution of Competences Between the Central Authority and the Provinces Chapter 3 Customary Authority TITLE V THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL TITLE VI DEMOCRACY-SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONS Chapter 1 The Independent National Electoral Commission Chapter 2 The High Council for Audiovisual Media and Communication TITLE VII INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS TITLE VIII THE REVISION OF THE CONSTITUTION TITLE IX TRANSITORY AND FINAL PROVISIONS PREAMBLE We, the Congolese People, United by destiny and history around the noble ideas of liberty, fraternity, solidarity, justice, peace and work; Driven by our common will to build in the heart of Africa a State under the rule of law and a powerful and prosperous Nation based on a real political, economic, social and cultural democracy; Considering that injustice and its corollaries, impunity, nepotism, regionalism, tribalism, clan rule and patronage are, due to their manifold vices, at the origin of the general decline -
Alliance Coin & Banknote World Coinage
Alliance Coin & Banknote Summer 2019 Auction World Coinage 1. Afghanistan - Silver 2 1/2 Rupee SH1300 (1921/2) KM.878, VF Est $35 2. Alderney - 5 Pounds 1996 Queen's 70th Birthday (KM.15a), a lovely Silver Proof Est $40 with mixed bouquet of Shamrocks, Roses and Thistle (etc.) on reverse 3. A lovely Algerian Discovery Set - A 9-piece set of Proof 1997 Algerian coinage, each Est $900-1,000 PCGS certified as follows: 1/4 Dinar PR-67 DCAM, 1/2 Dinar PR-69 DCAM, Dinar PR-69 DCAM, 2 Dinar PR-69 DCAM, 5 Dinar PR-69 DCAM, 10 Dinar PR-67 DCAM, 20 Dinar (bimetal Lion) PR-69 DCAM, 50 Dinar (bimetal Gazelle) PR-68 DCAM, completed by a lovely [1994] 100 Dinars bimetal Horse issue, PR-68 DCAM. All unlisted in Proof striking, thus comprising the only single examples ever certified by PCGS, with the Quarter and Half Dinar pieces completely unrecorded even as circulation strikes! Set of 9 choice animal-themed coins, and a unique opportunity for the North African specialist 4. Australia - An original 1966 Proof Set of six coins, Penny to Silver 50 Cents, housed in Est $180-210 blue presentation case of issue with brilliant coinage, the Half Dollar evenly-toned. While the uncirculated sets of the same date are common, the Proof strikings remain very elusive (Krause value: $290) 5. Australia - 1969 Proof Set of 6 coins, Cent to 50 Cents (PS.31), lovely frosted strikings Est $125-140 in original plastic casing, the Five Cent slightly rotated (Cat. US $225) 6. -
GIPE-011123-Contents.Pdf (1.391Mb)
THE PROBLEM OF INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT The .Riiyal I ...tiIIute oj Intemalional Affairs i8 _ ..""jftcial tJnrl """.po!ilicaZ body,Joon.dtd ... 1920 to .....",..,.ag. tJnrl Jat>iZital. Ike 8cientific 8ttu% oj intemalionaZ qu<8t1of18. The 11l81i1ut., ... BUCh, i8 precluded by;u rvlu from upruring an opinion 011 any CUlpect oJ...,.,.• ....eionaZ "ffaVr8; opinionB upru.ed ... 1MB book or.. /hereJor., pur'11I indWiduoZ. THE PROBLEM OF INTERNATIONAL • INVESTMENT . A Report by a Study Group of Members of the Royal Institute of International Mairs OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON NEW YORK TORONTO 1 __ -urIM .....,.;_ ~IM R'¥IlI"- ~I-.. ..... -'~ 1937 ODORD UNIVERSITY PRBSS AMBN ROUBH, B.C. 4 London Bdlnbmgb Glalgow New York 'l'OlOIlto Melbourne Capetown Bomb., Calcutta Madru HUIIPHREY IIILII'ORD PVBLIBBBB W nm VIn'D8lfl' XbSZ;-. \.N3t &7 /1 ( 2.. J FOREWORD TIm Council of the Royal Institute of International Affairs believe that this a.ddition to the series of Study Group Reports will fill an important gap in the literature of international economics. It is an attempt, in the first ple.ce, to e.na.lyse objectively the conditions under which long-term oapital may move between countries and to consider oe.refully the speoie.l fe.otors in the world economy of to-day which tend to limit the extent to which such movements e.re possible or desirable. Secondly, the book contains a careful study of the post war history of international investments which brings together facts and figures whioh e.re ine.ocessible to most students and business men. The Council is indebted to the following group of members of the Institute for the preparation of the Report: Mr. -
France À Fric: the CFA Zone in Africa and Neocolonialism
France à fric: the CFA zone in Africa and neocolonialism Ian Taylor Date of deposit 18 04 2019 Document version Author’s accepted manuscript Access rights Copyright © Global South Ltd. This work is made available online in accordance with the publisher’s policies. This is the author created, accepted version manuscript following peer review and may differ slightly from the final published version. Citation for Taylor, I. C. (2019). France à fric: the CFA Zone in Africa and published version neocolonialism. Third World Quarterly, Latest Articles. Link to published https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2019.1585183 version Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ FRANCE À FRIC: THE CFA ZONE IN AFRICA AND NEOCOLONIALISM Over fifty years after 1960’s “Year of Africa,” most of Francophone Africa continues to be embedded in a set of associations that fit very well with Kwame Nkrumah’s description of neocolonialism, where postcolonial states are de jure independent but in reality constrained through their economic systems so that policy is directed from outside. This article scrutinizes the functioning of the CFA, considering the role the currency has in persistent underdevelopment in most of Francophone Africa. In doing so, the article identifies the CFA as the most blatant example of functioning neocolonialism in Africa today and a critical device that promotes dependency in large parts of the continent. Mainstream analyses of the technical aspects of the CFA have generally focused on the exchange rate and other related matters. However, while important, the real importance of the CFA franc should not be seen as purely economic, but also political. -
March 31, 2013 Foreign Currency Country-Currency to $1.00
04/29/15 Page: 1 TREASURY REPORTING RATES OF EXCHANGE As of March 31, 2013 Foreign Currency Country-Currency To $1.00 Afghanistan-Afghani 53.1800 Albania-Lek 109.0700 Algeria-Dinar 78.9000 Angola-Kwanza 95.0000 Antigua & Barbuda-E. Caribbean Dollar 2.7000 Argentina-Peso 5.1200 Armenia-RUBLE 415.0000 Australia-Dollar .9600 Austria-Euro .7800 Austria-Schilling .0000 Azerbaidjan-Ruble .8000 Azerbaijan-New Manat .0000 Bahamas-Dollar 1.0000 Bahrain-Dinar .3800 Bangladesh-Conv. Taka .0000 Bangladesh-Non-Conv. Taka 80.0000 Barbados-Dollar 2.0200 Belarus-Ruble 8,680.0000 Belgium-Euro .7800 Belgium-Franc .0000 Belize-Dollar 2.0000 Benin-CFA Franc 511.6700 Bermuda-Dollar 1.0000 Bolivia-Boliviano 6.9600 Bosnia-Dinar 1.5300 Botswana-Pula 8.2400 Brazil-Cruzados .0000 Brazil-Cruzeiro 2.0200 Brunei-Dollar 1.2400 Bulgaria-Lev 1.5300 Burkina Faso-CFA Franc 511.6700 Burma-Kyat 878.0000 Burundi-Franc 1,650.0000 Cambodia (Khmer)-Riel 4,103.0000 Cameroon-CFA Franc 511.6700 Canada-Dollar 1.0200 Cape Verde-Escudo 84.1800 Cayman Island-Dollar .8200 Central African Rep.-CFA Franc 511.6700 Chad-CFA Franc 511.6700 Chile-Peso 471.5000 China-Renminbi 6.2100 China-Yuan .0000 Colombia-Peso 1,824.0000 Comoros-CFA Franc 361.3500 Congo-CFA Franc 511.6700 Costa Rica-Colon 498.6000 Croatia-KUNA 5.8300 Cuba-Peso 1.0000 Cyprus-Euro .7800 Cyprus-Pound .7890 Czech. Republic-Koruna 19.7000 Czechoslovakia-Tuzex Koruna .0000 CFA Franc-CFA Franc .0000 Dem. Rep. of Congo-Congolese Franc 920.0000 Denmark-Kroner 5.8200 Djibouti-Franc 177.0000 Dominican Republic-Peso 40.8600 East Germany-GDR Mark .0000 Ecuador-Dollar 1.0000 Ecuador-Sucre .0000 Egypt-Pound 6.8000 El Salvador-Colon 1.0000 Equatorial Guinea-CFA Franc 511.6700 Eritrea-Birr 15.0000 Estonia-EURO .7800 Estonia-Kroon 11.6970 04/29/15 Page: 2 TREASURY REPORTING RATES OF EXCHANGE As of March 31, 2013 Foreign Currency Country-Currency To $1.00 Ethiopia-Birr 18.4000 Euro-Euro .7800 European Community-European Comm. -
The Origins and Development of Financial Markets and Institutions: from the Seventeenth Century to the Present
This page intentionally left blank The Origins and Development of Financial Markets and Institutions Collectively, mankind has never had it so good despite periodic economic crises of which the current sub-prime crisis is merely the latest example. Much of this success is attributable to the increasing efficiency of the world’s financial institutions as finance has proved to be one of the most important causal factors in economic performance. In a series of original essays, leading financial and economic historians examine how financial innovations from the seventeenth century to the present have continually challenged established institutional arr- angements forcing change and adaptation by governments, financial intermediaries, and financial markets. Where these have been success- ful, wealth creation and growth have followed. When they failed, growth slowed and sometimes economic decline has followed. These essays illustrate the difficulties of coordinating financial innovations in order to sustain their benefits for the wider economy, a theme that will be of interest to policy makers as well as economic historians. JEREMY ATACK is Professor of Economics and Professor of History at Vanderbilt University. He is also a research associate with the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and has served as co-editor of the Journal of Economic History. He is co-author of A New Economic View of American History (1994). LARRY NEAL is Emeritus Professor of Economics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he was founding director of the European Union Center. He is a visiting professor at the London School of Economics and a research associate with the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). -
THE ISLANDS of TAHITI the Big Influencers in the South Pacific Ocean: French Polynesia
Special Report This supplement is printed and This report was produced distributed by the Los Angeles Times in partnership with Media Group. It does not involve the editorial staff of Los Angeles Times. One World Media. 2019 TAHITI COME DISCOVER THE TREASURES: Tahiti is one of the most coveted leisure destinations in the world! Find the Mana: in search of the Polynesian Soul also for business THE ISLANDS OF TAHITI The big influencers in the South Pacific Ocean: French Polynesia ocated in the center of the “Another very real asset is our people”, Southern Pacific Ocean, Tahiti adds President Fritch, “The liveliness of our is the largest island of the people and our deep cultural roots make Windward group of French this country one of a kind, with men and Polynesia. Featuring world women eager to be producers, or partners, renowned black sand beaches or workers”. and clear blue seas, it has long been the One of the most difficult challenges Lcultural, economic and political center of the the country faces today has to do with country, as well as a hotspot for international modernization. In a global economy where tourism. technology plays an important role, many Having previously been a French colony, developing countries are struggling to keep today French Polynesia is considered France’s up with the pace. “Digital networks have only Country Abroad, entitling the territory become as important to countries as are to have more independence, with their own roads, ports and airports”, says President President and complete control over their Fritch, “This is why we are improving our economy and currency, the CPF Franc. -
Merchants' Magazine: August 1840, Vol. III, No. II
HUNT’S MERCHANTS’ MAGAZINE. A UGUST, 1 840. Art. I.—THE SOUTH SEA BUBBLE. In presenting the remarkable history of this enormous bubble, which in 1720 burst in the British metropolis, overwhelming thousands with the gloom of utter bankruptcy, and crushing their fondest hopes and brightest prospects in the relentless grasp of sudden poverty, we do not claim for it the slightest affinity to the causes that have conspired to produce the com mercial and monetary embarrassments, which have existed in this country for the last few years. Nor do we think it bears the least resemblance to that vast chain of individual credit and personal confidence which, through out the United States, have called into existence a large proportion of our national wealth and internal prosperity. We give it because it mirrors forth the events of an era, more remarkable for the production of imaginary and spectral schemes, by designing and visionary men, than were ever breathed into life and form by the wildest speculations of any other age or period of the world. The universal mania, which then raged, not in England alone, but in France also, conjuring up a thousand dreamy and unsubstantial shapes, which, after assuming the name of some delusive stock, and absorbing the capital and entire fortunes of the credulous multitude, vanished in a single night, and expired with the hopes of its miserable votaries, while the vil- lanous and unprincipled inventors amassed from their fraudulent schemes the wealth of princes, furnishes no lesson which is in the slightest degree -
Financial Panics and Scandals
Wintonbury Risk Management Investment Strategy Discussions www.wintonbury.com Financial Panics, Scandals and Failures And Major Events 1. 1343: the Peruzzi Bank of Florence fails after Edward III of England defaults. 2. 1621-1622: Ferdinand II of the Holy Roman Empire debases coinage during the Thirty Years War 3. 1634-1637: Tulip bulb bubble and crash in Holland 4. 1711-1720: South Sea Bubble 5. 1716-1720: Mississippi Bubble, John Law 6. 1754-1763: French & Indian War (European Seven Years War) 7. 1763: North Europe Panic after the Seven Years War 8. 1764: British Currency Act of 1764 9. 1765-1769: Post war depression, with farm and business foreclosures in the colonies 10. 1775-1783: Revolutionary War 11. 1785-1787: Post Revolutionary War Depression, Shays Rebellion over farm foreclosures. 12. Bank of the United States, 1791-1811, Alexander Hamilton 13. 1792: William Duer Panic in New York 14. 1794: Whiskey Rebellion in Western Pennsylvania (Gallatin mediates) 15. British currency crisis of 1797, suspension of gold payments 16. 1808: Napoleon Overthrows Spanish Monarchy; Shipping Marques 17. 1813: Danish State Default 18. 1813: Suffolk Banking System established in Boston and eventually all of New England to clear bank notes for members at par. 19. Second Bank of the United States, 1816-1836, Nicholas Biddle 20. Panic of 1819, Agricultural Prices, Bank Currency, and Western Lands 21. 1821: British restoration of gold payments 22. Republic of Poyais fraud, London & Paris, 1820-1826, Gregor MacGregor. 23. British Banking Crisis, 1825-1826, failed Latin American investments, etc., six London banks including Henry Thornton’s Bank and sixty country banks failed. -
Countries Codes and Currencies 2020.Xlsx
World Bank Country Code Country Name WHO Region Currency Name Currency Code Income Group (2018) AFG Afghanistan EMR Low Afghanistan Afghani AFN ALB Albania EUR Upper‐middle Albanian Lek ALL DZA Algeria AFR Upper‐middle Algerian Dinar DZD AND Andorra EUR High Euro EUR AGO Angola AFR Lower‐middle Angolan Kwanza AON ATG Antigua and Barbuda AMR High Eastern Caribbean Dollar XCD ARG Argentina AMR Upper‐middle Argentine Peso ARS ARM Armenia EUR Upper‐middle Dram AMD AUS Australia WPR High Australian Dollar AUD AUT Austria EUR High Euro EUR AZE Azerbaijan EUR Upper‐middle Manat AZN BHS Bahamas AMR High Bahamian Dollar BSD BHR Bahrain EMR High Baharaini Dinar BHD BGD Bangladesh SEAR Lower‐middle Taka BDT BRB Barbados AMR High Barbados Dollar BBD BLR Belarus EUR Upper‐middle Belarusian Ruble BYN BEL Belgium EUR High Euro EUR BLZ Belize AMR Upper‐middle Belize Dollar BZD BEN Benin AFR Low CFA Franc XOF BTN Bhutan SEAR Lower‐middle Ngultrum BTN BOL Bolivia Plurinational States of AMR Lower‐middle Boliviano BOB BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina EUR Upper‐middle Convertible Mark BAM BWA Botswana AFR Upper‐middle Botswana Pula BWP BRA Brazil AMR Upper‐middle Brazilian Real BRL BRN Brunei Darussalam WPR High Brunei Dollar BND BGR Bulgaria EUR Upper‐middle Bulgarian Lev BGL BFA Burkina Faso AFR Low CFA Franc XOF BDI Burundi AFR Low Burundi Franc BIF CPV Cabo Verde Republic of AFR Lower‐middle Cape Verde Escudo CVE KHM Cambodia WPR Lower‐middle Riel KHR CMR Cameroon AFR Lower‐middle CFA Franc XAF CAN Canada AMR High Canadian Dollar CAD CAF Central African Republic