CHAPTER 7 • SECTION 2 Connecting History Americans Seize the Frontier Determined to retake Fort Sackville, Clark and his men set out for Vincennes from Kaskaskia in February 1779. Ham- Expansion ilton wasn’t expecting an attack because the rivers were flooding the woods. Europeans would continue But Clark’s men slogged through miles of icy swamps and waded through to settle and claim lands in Connecting History the West until they reached chest-deep water. They caught the British at Vincennes by surprise. the Pacific Ocean. You will When Hamilton and his troops tried to remain in the fort, Clark Expansion see this theme emerge pretended to have a larger force than he really had. Clark also executed some when you study westward Native American allies of the British in plain view of the fort. He threatened expansion in later chapters. Were the Europeans ultimately successful to do the same to the British unless they surrendered. Frightened, the British in controlling the lands they settled and gave up. claimed in the West? (Possible Answers: Yes, Clark’s victory gave the Americans a hold on the vast region between the British kept control of the West in the the Great Lakes and the Ohio River (even though Fort Detroit on Lake Erie North; No, Americans eventually controlled remained in the hands of the British). This area was more than half the total all the land to the Pacific.) size of the original 13 states. The expansion of the war into the frontier also had another consequence: it forced the British again to spread their troops over a larger area and further weakened the British war effort. Answer: The Americans CAUSES AND EFFECTS Explain why the war spread to the frontier. wanted to attack British CONNECT to the Essential Question forts on the frontier and force the redcoats to War on the Waves spread their troops and How was it possible that American resources over a large KEY QUESTION How did Americans expand the naval war? area. Patriots gained their independence The war expanded not only west into the frontier but also eastward to the from the powerful British Empire? high seas. By 1777, Britain had over 200 warships off the American coast. This allowed Britain to control the Atlantic trade routes to European markets. Ask students what they have learned so far James Forten, who later that can help them answer this question. became famous for his British Trade Disrupted Because the American navy was small and weak, efforts to end slavery, Congress encouraged American privateers to attack British merchant ships. Students might mention: joined a privateer at the A privateer is a privately owned ship that has been granted • France and Spain entered the war on the f14 on by a wartime government to attack an enemy’s side of the Americans. hant ships. After capturing a ship, the crew of • The Continental Army was transformed privateer sold its cargo and shared the money. after enduring the winter at Valley Forge. America commissioned more than 1,000 privateers to prey on the British. They captured hundreds of • America expanded the war to the frontier ships, causing British merchants to call on their and to the sea. government to end the war. Though outnumbered, the Continental Navy scored several victories. A daring officer named John Paul Jones inspired Americans by sailing across the Atlantic to attack British ships along Teach the coast of Britain itself. War on the Waves “I Have Not Yet Begun to Fight” In 1779, Jones became the commander of a ship named Bonhomme Richard. With four other ships, he Think, Pair, Share atrolled the English coast. In September, Jones’s • What is a privateer? (a privately owned els approached a convoy in which two British ship—or its captain—that has been granted ps were guarding a number of supply ships. permission by a wartime government to attack an enemy’s merchant ships) 210 Chapter 7 • Describe John Paul Jones’s victory in the Bonhomme Richard. (Jones attacked the DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: TIERED ACTIVITIES warship Serapis, which was guarding British supply ships. After a three-and-a-half hour battle at close range, the British captain OBJECTIVE Research how Americans expanded the role of naval warfare in their fight surrendered. The Bonhomme Richard sank against Britain, and present findings in a classroom exhibit. because of heavy damage, so the Americans sailed away in the Serapis.) Basic On Level Challenge • Main Ideas and Details Why did America Have students create a Have students create an oral Have students create a expand the war to the seas? (Britain had over poster presentation on their presentation on their findings. multimedia presentation 200 warships off the American coast, allowing findings. Provide students Provide students with on their findings. Provide them to control the Atlantic trade routes.) with research articles about research articles that relate to students with research privateers and naval battles privateers and naval battles. articles—some directly already highlighted. Have Students should highlight related to privateers and naval pairs present their completed the information for their oral battles and some that are posters to the class. presentation. Encourage not. Have students share their students to include a visual multimedia presentations with aid in their presentation. the class. 210 • Chapter 7 Jones closed in on the Serapis, the CHAPTER 7 • SECTION 2 largerr off the two warships. Att one point, the Bonhomme Richardd rammed the better-armed British vessel. As the two ships locked together, the confi- dentt British captain demanded thatt Jones surrender. In words that 4 have become a famous U.S. Navyy slogan, Jones is said to have replied, Assess & Reteach “I have not yett begun to fight!” Assess Have students complete the Section The two warships were virtuallyy locked together; the muzzles off theirr guns Assessment. almostt touched. Theyy blasted away, each seriouslyy damagingg the other. On the shore, crowds off Britons gathered underr a full moon to watch the fight- Unit 3 Resource Book ing. Afterr a fierce three-and-a-half-hourr battle, the main mastt off the Serapis • Section Quiz, p. 124 cracked and fell. The ship’s captain then surrendered. The Bonhomme Richard was so full off holes thatt it eventuallyy sank, so Jones and his creww had to sail Interactive Review awayy in the Serapis! @ ClassZone.com Jones’s success angered the British and inspired the Americans. Even so, the Americans knew that the war had to be won on land. Power Presentations The nextt section discusses the majorr land battles in the closingg years Test Generator off the war. SUMMARIZE Explain how Americans Reteach Divide the class into four groups and expanded the naval war. assign each group one segment off the section Answer:: The Americans used numerous John Paull Jones, (using the blue headings). Have students reread privateers to attack by N. C. Wyeth their assigned section and collectively write and capture British merchant and supply a main idea statement for each paragraph in ships. the section. Students should then combine the ONLINEONLIN QUIZQ statements into one paragraph and write a main Section Assessment For test practice, go to idea statement for that paragraph. Assist groups 2 Interactive Review @ ClassZone.com in making photocopies off their work to distribute TERMS & NAMES KEY IDEAS to the entire class for use as a study aid. 1. Explain the importance of 3. List reasons why France decided to help America. • Marquis de Lafayette • John Paul Jones Were Spain’s reasons the same or different? Explain. Unit 3 Resource Book • Valley Forge • Wilderness Road 4. How did foreign officers help General Washington? • Reteaching Activity, p. 128 • George Rogers Clark CRITICAL THINKING USING YOUR READING NOTES 5. Connect Economics & History How did the 2. Main Ideas & Details List the ways in which the alliance with France alter America’s financial war expanded from 1776–1779. For each, identify situation? one key event and explain its importance. 6. Analyze Point of View Why do you think so many Native Americans on the frontier supported the British? Otherr nations join the war. 7. Connect to Today Why has Valley Forge remained an important symbol off America’s The Warr Expands heritage? 8. Math Research to find out how many soldiers fought in Washington’s army during each year off the Revolution. Then calculate the average size off the army throughout the war.

The American Revolution 211

SECTION 2 ASSESSMENT ANSWERS

Terms & Names and Indian War to the British; they 1. Marquis de Lafayette, p. 207; Valley wanted to weaken the British. Spain Mathematics Rubric Forge, p. 207; George Rogers Clark, wanted to extend its empire. p. 209; John Paul Jones, p. 210; 4. They helped attain foreign aid; fought Research Accuracy Wilderness Road, p. 209 and helped train the army. 4 accurate numbers, set up and calculated Using Your Reading Notes Critical Thinking supported by research correctly 2. Possible Answers: France becomes 5. France sent funds, supplies, and troops 3 mostly accurate numbers, set up and calculated America’s ally and persuades Spain to to America, which helped America’s with evidence off research correctly with some errors join the effort; Britain must fight on land fi nances. 2 some accurate numbers set up correctly; calculated and sea; fighting spreads to the Western 6. Possible Answer: The British restricted with no evidence of incorrectly with several frontier, further weakening British troops settlement in the frontier, but Americans research errors who must cover a larger area; war wanted to push further west. 1 inaccurate numbers with problem set up and expands to the sea, disrupting British 7. symbolizes the suffering and sacrififices no evidence off research calculated incorrectly with trade, while inspiring Americans. Americans endured to win independence major errors Key Ideas 8. Research should be well documented and properly calculated. 3. They were bitter over losing the French 7HDFKHU·V(GLWLRQ• 211