The War Moves West and Se.uth \lmif1Ml~ ...... : : How did fighting in the : West and South affect : the course of the American Diar!1 : Revolutionary War? ...... A brave Mohawk war chief Joseph Brant, Reading Guide blended Native American and British Content Vocabulary blockade (p. 170) ways. Brant however, spoke strongly on privateer (p. 170) behalf ofhis people. On a 1776 visit to guerrilla warfare (p. 172) London, he said the Mohawks have Academic Vocabulary impact (p. 171) sustain (p. 173) "[shown] their zeal and loyalty to the Key People and Events ... King; yet they have been very Joseph Brant (p. 169) badly treated by his people . ... George Rogers Clark (p. 169) John Paul Jones (p. 170) Indeed, it is very hard when we Battle of Moore's Creek (p. 171) have let the King's subjects have so General Charles Cornwallis (p. 171) Francis Marion (p. 172) much ofour lands ... [and] they Nathanael Greene (p. 173) should want to cheat us." Reading Strategy Taking Notes As you read, use a -joseph Brant, speech, March 14, 1776 diagram like the one below to analyze how the Americans responded to the British naval blockade.

Response to British Naval Blockade War in the West Henry Hamilton, British commander at Detroit, was called the "hair buyer." He l ~ mtjlm¥1 The British, along with their Native earned this nickname because he paid Native American allies, led attacks against settlers in the Americans for settlers' scalps. West. Victory at Vincennes History and You Do you have a nickname? If so, how did you get it? Read to learn the nickname of George Rogers Clark, a lieutenant colo­ Henry Hamilton, the British commander at Detroit. nel in the Virginia militia, set out to end the ...... British attacks on western settlers. In July 1778, Clark and 175 soldiers sailed west down T he concerns of Mohawk chief Joseph the Ohio River. After a march of about 120 Brant and other Native Americans about miles (193 krn), the Patriots seized the British their lands became entangled in the events of post at Kaskaskia (ka•SKAS•kee•uh) in the American Revolution. As a result, several present-day Illinois. They then captured the important battles involving Native Americans British town of Vincennes (vihn•SEHNZ) in took place along the western frontier. Some present-day Indiana. Native Americans helped the Patriots, but British troops under Henry Hamilton's more sided with the British. For them, the command recaptured Vincennes that Decem­ British seemed less of a threat than the ber. Clark vowed to get it back. In February Americans. 1779, Clark and his troops led a surprise attack against the British and forced Hamilton The British and Native Americans to surrender. George Rogers Clark's victory West of the Appalachian Mountains, the at Vincennes strengthened the American posi­ British and their Native American allies tion in the West. raided American settlements. Joseph Brant led a number of brutal attacks in southwest­ Reading Check Summarizing Describe events ern New York and northern Pennsylvania. in the Revolutionary War in the west.

l ime Line Native Americans in the Revolution The War on the Frontier At the time of the American Revolution, about 200,000 Native Americans lived along the western frontier. Their loyalties were divided between the British and the Americans.

1776 Loyalist 1782 Americans Cherokee attack North

British; defeated Cherokee lose land to Americans

Hypothesizing Why do you think many Native Americans supported the British war club rather than the Americans? Glory at Sea The Congress authorized approximately 2,000 ships to sail as privateers. These were I~J mtjiG@i The American navy and American privately owned merchant ships with weap­ privateers had some successes against the powerful ons. Finding crews for these ships was not British navy. difficult. Privateering was a profitable trade. History and You Besides George Washington, what Privateers captured more British ships at sea other heroes of the American Revolution do you know? than the American navy. Read to learn about John Paul Jones, who became a naval hero during the Revolutionary War. John Paul Jones ...... A daring American naval officer, John Paul Jones, raided British ports. Near the A s fighting continued on the western fron­ coast of Great Britain in September 1779, tier, other battles raged at sea. Great Britain's Jones's ship, Bonhomme Richard, met the powerful navy kept the ships of the Patriots British warship Serapis escorting a fleet of and of their allies from entering or leaving merchant ships. The Bonhomme Richard and American harbors. This blockade prevented the Serapis fought for hours. The British cap­ supplies and reinforcements from reaching tain asked whether Jones wished to surren­ the Continental Army. der. Jones is said to have answered, "I have not yet begun to fight." Privateers In the end, the Serapis surrendered, but the To break the blockade, the Second Conti­ Bonhomme Richard sank not long after the nental Congress ordered construction of 13 battle. Still, his victory made John Paul Jones American warships. Only two of these ships, a naval hero to the American Patriots. however, sailed to sea. Several were quickly captured by the British. The American navy Reading Check Describing How did privateers was too weak to operate effectively. contribute to the American war effort?

"I wish to have no Connection with any Ship that does not Sail fast,for I intend to go In harm's way." -Captain John Paul Jones, Letter, 1778

Cannons like this one were used on the Bonhomme Richard. ~ 0 0

~ British capture Savannah, 1778 jj: Patriots victorious at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes ~ Patriots victorious at Kings Mountain and Cowpens 0 Washington and Rochambeau A tin lantern rush toward Virginia, Aug. 1781 used by a 0 French Admiral De Grasse keeps British ships away Revolutionary ~ Cornwallis t ra pped; the British War soldier surrender at Yorktown, 1781

Map Skills

Region What can you conclude about the strength of the Patriot army based on the events in the West and the South? "' ~ See StudentWorks™ 75"W Plus or

Struggles in the South support of the Loyalists to win decisive victo­ ries in the Southern states. Initially the strat­ l¢rmtl0[$1 Great Britain hoped that a strong egy worked. campaign in the South would help the war. British Victories History and You Has a strategy ever helped your In late 1778, General Henry Clinton sent team score a victory or helped you to do better on a 3,500 British troops from New York to take test? Read to find out about American and British strategies in the South. Savannah, Georgia. The British occupied the ...... coastal city and overran most of the state . In early 1780, Clinton himself headed south I n the war's early years, the Americans won with a large army to attack the port of Charles several battles in the South. In 1776 they Town, South Carolina. Charles Town sur­ crushed Loyalists at the Battle of Moore's rendered in May, and the British took thou­ Creek, near Wilmington, North Carolina. sands of prisoners. It marked the worst They also saved Charles Town, South Caro­ American defeat of the war. lina, from the British. Although a small battle, Clinton returned to New York, leaving its impact, or effect, was great. General Charles Cornwallis in command By 1778 the British realized that bringing of British forces in the South. The Continental the American colonies back into the empire Congress sent forces under General Horatio would not be easy. As a result, they changed Gates to face Cornwallis. The two armies met their strategy and planned a hard-hitting at Camden, South Carolina, in August 1780. offensive to finish the war. Although the British won, Cornwallis soon The British concentrated their efforts in the found that he could not control the area he South, where there were many Loyalists. had conquered. He and his troops faced a They hoped to use British sea power and the new kind of warfare.

The American Revolution Chapter 6 171 This British cartoon was drawn in 1779, before the American Revolution ended. It shows a rider being thrown off of a horse.

1. Analyzing What evidence in the cartoon suggests that Britain was harsh toward the colonies? 2. Drawing Conclusions What outcome of the war does the cartoonist predict?

A. America B. Great Britain C. Revolutionary War soldier

Guerrilla Warfare Mississippi River to American troops in the The British received less help than they Northwest Territory. With this help, George had expected from Loyalists in Southern Rogers Clark captured the key posts of Kas­ states. Instead, as British troops moved kaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes. through the countryside, small forces of In the summer of 1779, Spain declared Patriots attacked them. These bands of war on Britain. Galvez raised an army of soldiers appeared suddenly, struck their Spanish soldiers along with Creoles, Native blows, and then disappeared. This hit-and­ Americans,and African Americans and run technique of guerrilla warfare caught marched on British posts along the lower the British off guard. Mississippi. He captured Baton Rouge, One successful guerrilla leader, Francis Natchez, Mobile, and Pensacola. Galvez's Marion, operated out of the swamps of east­ victories opened supply lines for military ern South Carolina. Known as the Swamp Fox, goods from Spain, France, Cuba, and Mexico. Marion was quick and smart. One British According to historian Buchanan Parker colonel grumbled that "the devil himself" Thomson, Galvez had given: could not catch Marion. PRIMARY SouRcE Help From Spain " ... the most vital aid contributed by any one man to When Bernardo de Galvez became gover­ the struggling American colonies. In winning this nor of Louisiana, Spain was neutral. That did triumphant victory over the last great British outpost, not stop Galvez from helping the colonists. he had not only served his King to the limit of his He loaned thousands of dollars to the strength, but had made to the United States the most Americans and opened the port of New important gift an ally could offer: the security of their Orleans to free trade. Galvez also had tons southeastern and western frontiers:· of supplies and ammunition shipped up the -from Spain: Forgotten Ally of the American Revolution

172 Chapter 6 The American Revolution Patriot Victories Hlstor After their victory at Camden, South Student Web Activity Visit glencoe.COilJ and complete the Carolina, the British moved northward Chapter 6 Web Activity about the Revolutionary War in the through the Carolinas in September 1780. At South. Kings Mountain, a British officer and more than 1,000 Loyalists defended an outpost British Retreat against Patriot attack. The Patriots forced the Cornwallis realized that the British had to British to retreat. The victory brought new act quickly to win the war. More French support for independence from Southerners. troops were on their way to America, and the They wanted to see an end to the war that Patriots still held Virginia. Troops and sup­ was destroying their homes and farms. plies were still moving south. In April 1781, In October 1780, Nathanael Greene Cornwallis marched north to Virginia. His replaced Gates as commander of the Con­ troops carried out raids throughout the state. tinental forces in the South. Rather than lead They nearly captured Governor Thomas an all-out attack on Cornwallis's forces, Jefferson and the Virginia legislature in June. Greene split his army in two. In January 1781 Jefferson fled on horseback, just ahead of the one section of the army, led by General Daniel advancing British troops. Morgan, defeated the British at Cowpens, General Washington sent Lafayette and South Carolina. Another section joined General Anthony Wayne south to fight Marion's guerrilla raids. Cornwallis. Meanwhile, Cornwallis set up Greene reunited his forces in March to camp at Yorktown, which was located on the meet Cornwallis's army at Guilford Court­ Virginia coast. There he awaited further house, in present-day Greensboro, North orders from Clinton in New York. The battle Carolina. Greene's army was forced to retreat, for the South was entering its final phase. but the British sustained, or suffered, great losses in the process. General Cornwallis Reading Check Evaluating What effect did the abandoned the Carolina campaign. Patriot victory at Kings Mountain produce?

Vocabulary 4. Explaining How did Spain help 6. Determining Cause and 1. Define each of the following to undermine Great Britain's Effect Use a diagram like the terms, and use it in a sentence: Southern strategy? one below to show why the British lost control in the South. Critical Thinking 5. Creative Writing Write a short ~ British Main Ideas play based on John Paul Jones ~ Defeatsin 2. Stating Which side did more and the battle between the ~ ~.--t_h_e _so_u_th___. Native Americans take in the Bonhomme Richard and the war for independence and why? Serapis. 3. Discussing Why did the Amer­ 7. ~~~~u~~~~~~ icans need to break the British How did fighting in the West and naval blockade? South affect the course of the Revolutionary War?

The American Revolution Chapter 6 173