A Turning Point Americans and Why They Were Fought Into the Gun’S KEY QUESTION Why Has Saratoga Been Called a “Turning Point”? Where They Were

CHAPTER 7 • SECTION 1 GEOGRAPHY for the British. Burgoyne realized that N War in the North 1777 Quebec the countryside was rising up against W E e . him. It was a lesson that other British CClicklick herehere yn e R CClicklick herehere to see the interactive map go nc r re S generals would soon learn: they were @ ClassZone.com u w B a . L not simply fighting an enemy army, St American forces GEOGRAPHY Montreal they were fighting an entire people. British forces 050100 miles War in the North 1777 American victory Britain’s Strategy Unravels Burgoyne 0 50 100 kilometers r CLASSZONE.COM ge still looked forward to the rendezvous, e British victory L Lake t. S Champlain or meeting, with St. Leger and Howe Connect Geography History MAINE in Albany. But on August 4, Burgoyne N.H. (Mass.) Ft. Ticonderoga, received a message that Howe would Lake July 6, 1777 ANALYZE Point out that the British, now in Ontario not be coming north; instead, he had Ft. Oswego M Saratoga, control of the strategic port city of New York, o Sept.–Oct., 1777 h a decided to try to capture Philadel- Oriskany, wk R. Bennington, shifted the battlefront to the inland frontier. Aug. 1777 phia—where the Continental Congress A Aug. 16, 1777 rno Ask students to consider what geographical ld Albany met. “Success be ever with you,” wrote NEW YORK Gates . MASS. Boston Howe. Yet Burgoyne needed Howe’s obstacles the troops might encounter in these R

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o soldiers, not his good wishes. regions. (The areas were rough, mountainous, s PENNSYLVANIA d u CONN. R.I. When Washington heard that and forested.) H Howe was heading south, he rushed ANSWERS Connect Geography History to protect Philadelphia. However, in September 1777, Howe defeated 1. Movement Quebec and Montreal 1. Movement From which two cities did British forces begin their advance? Washington at Brandywine. (See map 2. Make Inferences From Albany a force 2. Make Inferences Why was Albany on page 198.) Howe then occupied could control shipping along the Hudson strategically important? Philadelphia. In October, Washington and Mohawk rivers. attacked Howe at Germantown. Again, Washington lost the battle and retreated to winter camp. As Burgoyne received Howe’s message, St. Leger faced his own obsta- cle in reaching Albany. In the summer of 1777, he was trying to defeat Presentation Options a small American force at Fort Stanwix, near Oriskany in the Mohawk River valley of New York. St. Leger’s forces included Iroquois led by Use the Power Presentations Mohawk chief Joseph Brant, also called Thayendanegea (thi•ehn• DVD-ROM or the Animated Center @ DAH•nah•gee•ah). Brant had been promised that the British would protect ClassZone.com to project the map. Iroquois land. • Follow troop movements of American and Powder Horn During August 1777, American general Benedict Arnold led an army up Revolutionary-era the Mohawk River. He wanted to chase the British away from Fort Stanwix. British armies in the Northern states. soldiers used horns like this to carry Arnold sent a captured Loyalist and some Iroquois to spread the rumor • Point out that troop movements took gunpowder. that he had a large army. The trick worked, and the British retreated to Fort place along the region’s rivers. Why was horn Oswego. Now no one was left to rendezvous with Burgoyne. a good material • Ask students to think about why the in which to store MAIN IDEAS & DETAILS Explain Britain’s northern strategy—and why it failed. geography of the region encouraged gunpowder? Answer: The British hoped to seize the Hudson River valley to isolate New Answer: It could England from the other states. battles between the British and the easily pour powder Saratoga: A Turning Point Americans and why they were fought into the gun’s KEY QUESTION Why has Saratoga been called a “turning point”? where they were. muzzle and would not get wet in the Burgoyne’s army was running out of supplies. A raiding party was sent into rain. Vermont where it was defeated by New England militia at the Battle of Bennington on August 16, 1777. Teach 200 Chapter 7 Saratoga: A Turning Point DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: TIERED ACTIVITIES

Talk About It OBJECTIVE Create a time line of relevant events in the war through the American victory • Why did Burgoyne send troops into Vermont? at Saratoga. (to search for supplies) • What difficulties did Gates, Kosciuszko, and Basic On Level Challenge Arnold cause for Burgoyne? (Gates’s and Arnold’s forces slowed Burgoyne’s progress Have students draw a time Have students draw a time Have students draw a time and caused many casualties; Kosciuszko built line for the battles listed. line with entries for five line with entries for at least fortifications to thwart Burgoyne’s attacks.) Entries should include the major battles leading up to five relevant events that date, event, and outcome. and including the Battles occurred leading up to or • Causes and Effects What were the two of Saratoga. Entries should including the Battles of most important results of the Patriot victories • Battle of Long Island, include the date, the event, Saratoga. Entries should at the Battles of Saratoga? August 1776 (prevented the and the outcome. include the date, the event, • Battle of Bennington, British from isolating New England; helped and a sentence explaining August 1777 convince European nations to come to why that event was relevant America’s aid) • Battles of Saratoga, in history. Sept.–Oct. 1777 200 • Chapter 7 British Advance on Albany Despite these setbacks, Burgoyne’s army con- CHAPTER 7 • SECTION 1 tinued south. But an American force led by General Horatio Gates blocked their way on a ridge called Bemis Heights, near Saratoga, New York. There the Polish engineer Tadeusz Kosciuszko (TAH•deh•oosh KAWSH•choosh•kaw) had helped the Americans create fortifications, or built-up earthen walls. CONNECT to the Essential Question Starting on September 19, Burgoyne attacked the fortifications. While Gates commanded the Americans on the ridge, Benedict Arnold led an attack on nearby Freeman’s Farm. His men repeatedly charged the British, with How was it possible that American Patriots gained their independence Arnold galloping through the battlefield “like a madman.” Despite heavy Connect to the World casualties, the British held their position, but on October 7, Burgoyne was from the powerful British Empire? forced to retreat. In London, after hearing the news of Burgoyne’s Ask students what they have learned so far Burgoyne Surrenders Burgoyne’s army moved slowly through heavy rain surrender, William Pitt that can help them answer this question. to a former army camp at Saratoga. By the time they arrived, the men were (Lord Chatham) warns Parliament: “You cannot Students might mention: exhausted. The Continental Army then surrounded Burgoyne’s army and conquer America.” fired on it day and night until Burgoyne surrendered. The series of conflicts • Washington’s leadership enabled him to that led to this surrender is known as the Battles of Saratoga. build an army and keep it together. The victory at Saratoga was a turning point. It prevented the British from • Women provided essential support. Answer: Because it dividing the States and isolating New England. It also showed Europeans prevented Britain from • The American victory at Saratoga proved that the Americans might win their war for independence. Because of this, isolating New England. that they could win the war. some European nations hostile to Great Britain decided to help. The victory convinced European nations to CAUSES AND EFFECTS Explain why Saratoga has been called “a turning point.” assist America in the war. 4 ONLINE QUIZ Assess & Reteach Section Assessment For test practice, go to 1 Interactive Review @ ClassZone.com Assess Have students complete the Section Assessment. TERMS & NAMES KEY IDEAS 1. Explain the importance of 3. Why did the British want to control the Hudson Unit 3 Resource Book • George Washington • Benedict Arnold River valley? • Section Quiz, p. 123 • John Burgoyne • Horatio Gates 4. Why were the Battles of Saratoga important? Interactive Review • Joseph Brant • Battles of Saratoga CRITICAL THINKING ■ Patriots @ ClassZone.com USING YOUR READING NOTES 5. Analyze Graphs 20% ■ Loyalists 2. Analyze Causes and Effects Complete the The graph shows how 40% ■ Neutral Power Presentations diagram you started at the beginning of this section. colonists were divided 40% Then create a diagram for each of the other main in 1776. Why is it surprising that the Test Generator events in this section. Source: Blackwell Encylopedia of Patriots won? the American Revolution EFFECT Reteach Divide students into six teams and provide markers, paper, and scissors. Assign one 6. Connect to Today Use of mercenaries was CAUSE banned by a United Nations agreement in 1989. Why part of the section to each team and tell them do you think this was? The Revolution EFFECT to compose cause-and-effect statements. Have divides Americans. 7. Writing Letter Write a one-page letter from teams cut their statements apart, separating Some Native Americans Burgoyne to General Howe. Respond to Howe’s causes from effects. Redistribute the effects slips join the British. Others letter in which he says he will head to Pennsylvania. support the Patriots. Describe how this news affects your strategy. to teams. Then read each cause aloud, while students identify the corresponding effect.

Unit 3 Resource Book The American Revolution 201 • Reteaching Activity, p. 127 SECTION 1 ASSESSMENT ANSWERS

Terms & Names Key Ideas 1. George Washington, p. 197; John Burgoyne, 3. They wanted to divide the states and isolate Letter Rubric p. 199; Joseph Brant, p. 200; Benedict Arnold, New England. p. 200; Horatio Gates, p. 201; Battles of 4. They proved that Americans might win the war. Content Accuracy Saratoga, p. 201 Critical Thinking 4 excellent; addresses all no errors Using Your Reading Notes 5. The Patriots did not enjoy the support of the important points 2. Possible Answers: The Revolution divides majority of the population. 3 good; addresses some few/minor errors Americans—Some enslaved African Americans 6. Possible Answer: Mercenaries might be more important points escape to join the British; in the North, many cruel. African Americans join the Patriot army. 7. Letters should show an understanding of the 2 fair; addresses few several errors American win at Trenton—Proved that British strategy in the Hudson River Valley. Use important points Washington was a good general; American the rubric to score students’ letters. 1 poor; addresses no many errors army attracts more recruits. important points

Teacher’s Edition • 201