U. S. HISTORY Colonization through Reconstruction

KEY PEOPLE – cont. KEY PEOPLE

John Calhoun – Vice President under ; strong supporter of states’ . – early colonist; From ; important spokesman in conflicts before . came to America for religious – Congressional leader prior to Civil War. Senator from Kentucky; proposed ; established compromise efforts. in 1682. – named President of the Confederacy; from . – important – self-educated black abolitionist. Powerful speaker for abolitionist colonial leader; enlightenment cause. thinker and inventor. Signed Ulysses S. Grant – Chosen by to lead Union troops in Civil War. Elected 18th Declaration of Independence and president in 1868. oldest member of Constitutional Robert E. Lee – Commander of Confederate troops. Surrendered at Appomattox Convention Courthouse in to end Civil War. Admired by Northerners and Southerners. – leader and – 1st elected as senator from Illinois. Believed in a strong union; “A organizer of colonial house divided against itself cannot stand.” Elected President in 1861. Assassinated April against British rule 14, 1865, five days after Lee’s surrender. George – commander – Congressional leader for a strong union. From . Famous of in for saying, “ and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.” War; 1st U. S. President – imp. colonial leader; penned Declaration of Independence. 3rd U. S. President SUPREME COURT – colonial leader; wrote pamphlet Marquis de Lafayette – French Judicial Review – principle established in early 1800s. Strengthened federal authority nobleman who became military when the issue threatened rights established in the . leader for colonists in Marbury v. Madison – 1st judgment by Supreme Court to strengthen principle of judicial Revolutionary War against British review, the power of judiciary to declare a law unconstitutional. (1803) rule McCullough v. – ruled power of federal supreme over states. – colonial orator; Supported Constitution as supreme . (1819) famous for saying “…give me Gibbons v. Ogden – gave control of interstate commerce to U.S. Congress; curbed liberty or give me death!” acceptance of a monopoly by the state of . (1824) Antifederalist Dred Scott v. Sandford – denied slaves the right of citizenship. (1857) – delegate to Constitutional Convention. Kept records for future generations – American naval REFORM MOVEMENTS AND REFORMERS hero of Revolutionary War. – early Chief Justice of Supreme Court; under his Movement Time Period Accomplishment the court gained prestige and power ABOLITIONISTS 1830s-1840s Generally an anti- movement – a framer of the Constitution. Anti-Federalist who William Lloyd opposed its adoption. Garrison 1831 white publisher of anti-slavery newspaper

Francis Scott Key – American Frederick Douglass 1847 black orator, abolitionist patriot who wrote “The Star- Spangled Banner,” describing the EDUCATION 1830s ensure education was widely available survival of the American during the British bombardment of TEMPERANCE early 1800s campaign against abuse of alcohol Fort McHenry in the REFORM Andrew Jackson – general in War Dorothea Dix 1840-1860 humane care of mentally ill and prisoners of 1812; U.S. President during Nullification Crisis and “Trail of SUFFRAGISTS Tears’’ Elizabeth Cady 1848 organizer-Seneca Falls Convention, Stanton women’s rights Stanton

LITERATURE INVENTIONS AUTHOR TITLE(S) THEMES GENRE – Ben Franklin James Fenimore Leatherstocking Reflected life in French and Novels Cotton Gin - (1793) Cooper Tales, Last of Indian War and American Steamboat – (1807) the , . Adventure stories Bessemer Steel Process- removing Deer Slayer of trapping, trading, exploring impurities from iron for making steel. Henry Bessemer (1860s) Red Badge of Dealt with reality of war (Civil Novel Courage War setting)

Nathaniel Scarlet Letter Depicted Puritan past, explored Novel Hawthorne concepts of good and evil IMPORTANT DATES

Washington , Used settings; Tales 1607 1st permanent English Irving Legend of Sleepy gave pride of past settlement in North Hollow America, Jamestown

Henry Wadsworth ’s Based poems on nation’s past Poetry 1776 Declaration of Independence Longfellow Ride 1787 U.S. Constitution drafted Harriet Beecher Uncle Tom’s Depicted evils of slavery. Made Novel Stowe Cabin slavery a moral issue, not political 1803 Purchase

Henry David Essay on Civil Emphasized contemplation. Essays 1861-1865 Civil War Thoreau Disobedience Believed each person should decide right and wrong. He once 1863 Emancipation Proclamation refused to pay a .

COLONIAL DOCUMENTS, TREATIES, LAWS, ACTS YEAR DOCUMENT EXPLANATION

1215 Limited the power of the King of England, emphasized that people had rights

1619 House of Burgesses In Virginia; marked beginning of representative government in English colonies

1620 Rules established for self-government by Pilgrims at Plymouth

1639 Fundamental Orders Expanded idea of representative government in colonies of

1689 English Bill of Rights Provided for rights of the individuals; provided right to trial by jury

1776 Declaration of Independence Document notifying Britain that the 13 colonies were free and independent

1777 Articles of Confederation 1st American constitution; limited power of Congress; gave states final authority

1783 Treaty of Ended American ; Britain recognized the U.S. as independent nation

1787 Set up govt. for ; provided way for a state to be admitted to the

U. S. DOCUMENTS, TREATIES, LAWS, ACTS

DATE DOCUMENT EXPLANATION

1787 Constitution drafted Took place in Pennsylvania State House in

1788 Federalists Defined those who supported ratification of the Constitution as Federalists; papers those who opposed ratification, Anti-Federalists

1791 Bill of Rights 1st 10 Amendments to Constitution; guarantee individual rights

1803 Marbury v. Madison Strengthened concept of judicial review; Supreme Court could declare a law to be unconstitutional

1819 McCullough v. Ruled power of federal government as supreme over states Maryland

1823 Monroe Doctrine Warned European nations not to interfere with the newly independent nations in

1824 Gibbons v. Ogden Gave control of interstate commerce to U.S. Congress

1848 Seneca Falls Declared women’s rights Convention

1857 Dred Scott Decision Denied slaves right of citizenship

1863 Emancipation Freed slaves in the states that had seceded from the Union; delivered by President Proclamation Lincoln officially on Jan. 1st

1865 13th Amendment Abolished slavery throughout nation

1866 14th Amendment Gave rights of citizenship to all persons born in the U. S.

1869 15th Amendment Forbade states from denying African-American males the right to vote

QUOTES QUOTES – cont.

Colonial Era Early

William Penn Pennsylvania… “a holy experiment” Preamble to the “We, the people of the United States, Constitution in order to form a more Revolutionary Period perfect Union,…” Patrick Henry “Give me liberty or give me death.” Farewell address – “…steer clear of Thomas Paine Common Sense permanent alliances…” Number 1 “These are the times that try men’s Abraham Lincoln Nomination speech “A house souls.” divided against itself cannot stand.” Declaration of Independence “We hold these truths to be self Abraham Lincoln 2nd Inauguration “With malice evident, that all men are toward none; with charity for created equal,…” all;…”

Preamble to the “We, the people of the United States, Abraham Lincoln Gettysburg Address “…government Constitution in order to form a more of the people, by the people, perfect Union,…” and for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”

U. S. HISTORY TO 1877

Date Event Significance

1607 Jamestown 1st permanent English settlement

1619 Virginia House of Beginning of representative government in colonies Burgesses 1624 New Netherland Dutch buy Manhattan Island from the Indians

1620 Mayflower Compact Beginning of self-government by colonists

1730- 1st Great Renewal of faith; affected people of all backgrounds 1740 Awakening

1754- French and Indian Removes French from North America; begins problems 1763 War between England and the colonies

1775 Shot Heard Round Lexington/Concord; beginning of the World

1776 Declaration of Colonies declare intent to separate from England Independence

1781- American War between and its 13 colonies; led to 1783 Revolution founding of United States of America. Imp. battles: Lexington, Concord, Saratoga.

1781 Battle of Fighting ends in American Revolution; British general, Yorktown Cornwallis, surrenders

1783 England recognizes the United States as a nation

1787 Constitutional Meeting to revise the Articles of Confederation; Convention resulted in new form of govt. (Constitutional)

1787 Northwest Law that set up govt. for Northwest Territory; provided Ordinance way for new states to be admitted

1790s Industrial Beginning of mass production, interchangeable parts; Revolution lower costs of goods. Led to urbanization and Poor working conditions

1791 Bill of Rights 1st ten amendments; guarantee individual

1800- 2nd Great Religious movement; led to condemnation of slavery 1804 Awakening

1812 War of 1812 War with England over of . Francis Scott Key – “Star Spangled Banner” Andrew Jackson gained fame at the Battle of New Orleans.

1823 Monroe Doctrine Policy statement by Pres. warning European countries not to interfere with newly independent countries in Latin America

U. S. HISTORY TO 1877 – cont.

Date Event Significance

1835- Trail of Tears Forced relocation of Indians to west of 1838 the Mississippi; Pres. Andrew Jackson

1840s Phrase coined by a newspaper; referred to belief that the U. S. was meant to expand to the Pacific Ocean

1846 War with Mexico U. S. gained states of California, New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, Colorado. Under Pres. James K. Polk

1861- Civil War Union (North) v. Confederacy (South). Imp. battles: 1865 Ft. Sumner, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Appomattox, Saratoga

1863 Emancipation Lincoln freed slaves in states of ; changed character Proclamation of war to include ending slavery as well as preserving the Union

1865 Lincoln’s Assassinated by Booth at Ford Theater. Death gained power; military reconstruction followed.

1877 End of Troops removed from the South; Pres. Hayes Reconstruction

TAKS Review Glossary

1. 10% plan: Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction that was very lenient. It stated when 10% of the population of a state took an oath of loyalty to the Union they could adopt a new constitution abolishing slavery and rejoin the Union. 2. 10th Amendment: established the principle of . Power will be divided between the state and the federal government. Any powers not specifically given to the federal government will belong to the states. 3. 13th amendment: abolished slavery. 4. 14th amendment: granted their citizenship. 5. 15th Amendment: gave Blacks the right to vote. Together these 3 amendments are called the Civil War amendments. 6. 17th amendment: allowed for the direct election of the Senators by the people with the popular vote. Prior to 17th the state legislatures chose the Senators. 7. 18th amendment: Prohibition or it outlawed the sale and manufacturing of any alcoholic beverages. 8. 19th amendment: gave women the right to vote. 9. 1st and 2nd Great Awakenings: Religious movements that swept the country. 10. 21st amendment: cancelled the 18th or ended Prohibition. 11. 22nd amendment: limited the president to 2 terms or no more than 10 years in office. 12. 26th amendment: gave 18 years old the right to vote. 13. : former 1st Lady and spoke for women’s rights and abolition of slavery. 14. Abolitionists: those opposed to the existence of slavery. 15. : was the sixth President of the US and the first President whose father was also President. He helped negotiate the Adams Onis Treaty where the US gained . He defeated Andrew Jackson for the Presidency in the House of Representatives through what many called a Corrupt Bargain with Henry Clay. He is the only President to serve in the House of Representatives after his Presidency. 16. Samuel Adams: born in Massachusetts in 1722. He was founder of the and responsible for the party. He organized the Committees of Correspondence to help bring unity to the colonies and spread the news of the British war plans. 17. Adams Onis Treaty: 1819-treaty where US obtained Florida. 18. Of Union: proposal to unite all the colonies under one rule to fight the French in the . Proposed by Ben Franklin and it failed because the states did not want to give up their power. 19. Alexander : leader of the and created the Bank of the US. His political career was cut short due to his death in a with Aaron Burr. 20. Alien Act: allowed the President to deport or kick out any person who he deemed dangerous to our country. 21. Amendment Process: amendments can be proposed by a 2/3 vote in the House and the Senate or if 2/3 of the state legislatures asked for a national convention to propose an amendment. All proposed amendments had to be ratified by 3/4 of the State legislatures. 22. American Party: the political party called the Know Nothings that was against immigration into the US. 23. Susan B. Anthony: worked for women’s rights , the abolitionists movement and the . She started the Daughters of Temperance and has been honored by the US with a $1 coin. She worked alongside Elizabeth Cady Stanton is the women’s rights movement. 24. Anti-Federalists: those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution unless it contained a Bill of Rights. Eventually they became the Democratic Party in 1828. 25. : mountain range in the eastern US. 26. Appomattox Court House: site where the Confederates under Robert E. Lee surrendered to the under US Grant. 27. James Armistead: African American slave who joined George Washington and the continental Army and served as a double agent or spy during the war. He infiltrated the and acquired numerous British secrets that helped turn the tide of the war. Marquis de Lafayette helped him gain his freedom in 1787 and he adopted Lafayette’s surname in gratitude. 28. Articles of Confederation: the first constitution for the Unites States that gave the states all the power and the federal government little power. 29. Astrolabe: allowed early Portuguese sailors to tell their latitude and longitude by the position of the stars. 30. : African American and former slave was the first of 5 unarmed citizens killed at the . He was a former dock worker and a member of the Sons of Liberty. 31. : member of the Hudson River School and was a naturalists who specializes in the painting of the birds of America. The Audubon Society was named in his honor and today protects birds and their habitats.

32. Bacon’s Rebellion: led by Nathaniel Bacon as a against the Virginia government when it refused to protect western farmers against the Indians. He attacked Indian villages as well as Jamestown (he set fire to Jamestown). The rebellion ended when Bacon got sick and died suddenly. 33. : Civil War battle that Lincoln claimed as an Union victory and led to the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation. 34. Battle of Vicksburg: Civil War battle that gave the North control of the . 35. Phillip Bazaar: a Chilean immigrant and resident of Massachusetts . He was a member of the US navy during the Civil War and was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor in 1865 for his bravery. He participated in an assault on Fort Fisher, a Confederate fort, and carried dispatches. 36. : The first American traitor who switched sides during the Revolutionary war. 37. Bering Strait: narrow waterway separating Asia and North America. The land under the Bering Strait was called Beringia and for future migration into North America. 38. Bessemer Steel Process: the purification of iron by heating it to high temperatures and pouring off the impurities that rise to the top. 39. Betsy Ross: sewed for Washington army during the Revolutionary war. 40. Bicameral: 2 houses in the legislature which makes the laws. 41. Bill of Rights: the first 10 amendments to the Constitution that guarantee individual . 42. Black Codes: laws passed after the Civil War to discriminate against the free blacks. 43. William Blackstone: A British jurist or attorney. He wrote Commentaries on the Laws of England and his work influenced the Founding Fathers of the US such as Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. 44. Blackwell, Elizabeth: first woman in America to earn a medical degree. She graduated first in her class from Geneva College. 45. Blanche K. Bruce: first Black Senator from Mississippi. 46. Border States: Kentucky, Maryland, and . These were states that allowed slavery but were not ready to secede from the Union. 47. Boston Massacre: March 5, 1770: 5 citizens were killed while harassing British soldiers including Crispus Attucks. 48. : 1773: a group of the Sons of Liberty dressed as Mohawk Indians and dumped 342 chests of tea into . 49. : the refusal to buy products. 50. Bull Run: site of the first official battle of the Civil war won by the Confederates. 51. Burgoyne, John: commander of the British army during the Revolutionary War that bet he could defeat the Americans in less than one year. He was defeated and surrendered his army at The Battle of Saratoga. 52. Burr, Aaron: American politician that challenged and killed in a duel. 53. John C. Calhoun: was born in south Carolina and became spokeman for the South against the tariff. He served as vice president for both Johjn Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. He believed in states’ rights and nullification. 54. Capital intensive: requires a large amount of capital or money such as industry and their machines. 55. : an economic system based on and free enterprise. 56. Caravel: Portuguese ship that could sail into the wind with the use of triangular sails and the stern rudder. 57. William Carney: a slave from Virginia who escaped and joined the 54th Massachusetts (an all black regiment during the Civil War). Carney fought at the Battle of Fort Wagner and was shot 4 times and survived and continued to fight. He is the first African American to receive the Congressional Medal of Honor. 58. Cartographers: mapmakers 59. Cash crop: crops grown in large quantities to sale on the open market. 60. Caucus: meeting of political party leaders to choose their candidate for the Presidency. Replaced by the nominating Convention. 61. Census: the official count of the population of the US done every 10 years. 62. Checks and balances: the method used to make sure each of the 3 branches of government remain equal. Examples include the veto, overriding the veto, presidential appointments etc. 63. Wentworth Cheswell: a founding father of the US and grandson to the first African American land owner in . Cheswell’s life revolved around freedom, justice and the betterment of American citizens. He fought in the American Revolution including the Battle of Saratoga. He was very involved in the of New Hampshire. 64. : duties expected of all citizens such as voting and jury duty. 65. : essay written by on why some laws are unjust and citizens should not obey. He refused to pay a $1 tax to support a war he did not believe in. 66. : founded the American Red Cross. 67. Henry Clay: a War Hawk, US senator, US representative, and Speaker of the House. He was called the Great Compromiser for his work in settling conflicts between the North and the South. Made a “corrupt bargain” with John Quincy Adams to become Secretary of State and defeat Jackson for the Presidency. He ran for president 3 times and was never elected. 68. Columbian exchange: exchange of trade and anything else between the and Europe. EX- diseases, chocolate etc. 69. Committee of Correspondence: system of communication throughout the colonies to spread information about British activities. 70. : political system where the means of production is owned by the government. 71. : 5 part plan that allowed California into the Union as a free state and enacted a tough Fugitive slave law that required all citizens to capture and return runaway slaves to the South. 72. Compromise: two or more sides agree to a proposal. 73. : powers shared by the states and federal government. 74. Conquistador: Spanish explorer in the Americas. 75. Continental Divide: geographical formation in the which divides river flow. East of the divide the rivers flow to the Gulf of Mexico and west the rivers flow to the Pacific. 76. Cotton Gin: a machine invented by Eli Whitney that separated the cotton seed from the cotton fiber. It could do the work of 50 men. 77. Copperheads: Democrats that wanted the North to negotiate with the South to end the Civil War. 78. Coureur de Bois: French fur trapper. 79. Cultural borrowing: things accepted from other cultures. 80. Cultural diversity: a wide variety or different ways of life. 81. Custom duties: on foreign imported goods. 82. : women of the colonists who led protest against the British. They were famous for brewing tea from raspberry leaves. 83. Jefferson Davis: served in the US Senate from Mississippi and when the Confederacy was formed became the President for the Confederate States of America. After the war he was charged with but never tried in a court of law. He was stripped of his eligibility to run for public office. 84. Democratic Republicans: see Anti-Federalists 85. Baron de Charles de : famous French nobleman who wrote the Spirit of Laws which proposed separating the government into separate branches so any individual could not gain absolute power. He is responsible for the Checks and balances system and in our government today. 86. Marquis de Lafayette: French who fought with the Americans during the Revolutionary War. He joined Washington at Brandywine and became like a son to him. His influence was instrumenbtal in getting the French to join the war. 87. Depression: a period of slow economic activity and widespread . 88. Dolley Madison: famous first lady who saved an oil painting of Washington before the British burned Washington DC during the War of 1812. 89. Benjamin Franklin: an inventor, writer, printer, diplomat, scientist, humorist, and statesman. He published Poor Richard’s Almanac He was author of the Albany Plan of Union during the French and Indian War and was responsible for negotiating with the French to persuade them to enter the Revolutionary War. 90. Frederick Douglass: African American who escaped from slavery in Maryland and later returned and purchased his freedom. He founded a an anti-slavery newspaper called the North Star and served as an advisor to president Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War. 91. Dred Scot vs. Sandford: SC case that said slaves were property, not citizens, and as such they could be taken anywhere making slavery legal everywhere. 92. Due Process of Law: idea that government must follow procedures established by law and guaranteed by the Constitution. 93. Elastic Clause: Article 1, Section 8 Clause 18 of the constitution that stretches the power of Congress. Allows Congress to pass any laws necessary to better run the country. 94. Electoral College: a special group of voters selected by their states voters to vote for the president and vice-president. If a person does not receive a majority in the Electoral College, the House of Representatives chooses the President. 95. Eli Whitney: invented the cotton gin and the concept of interchangeable parts.(led to Mass Production) 96. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and Susan B. Anthony: fought for women’s rights and organized the Seneca Falls Convention for women. 97. Emancipation Proclamation: Lincoln’s declaration freeing all slaves in areas of rebellion. No slaves were actually freed because the South sill controlled the area. 98. Embargo: to prohibit or not allow trade with a country. 99. Emigrants: people who move within the boundaries of a country. EX Gold Rush 100. Empresario: a person who arranged for the settlement of land in Texas (Stephen F. Austin). 101. English Bill of Rights: signed in 1689 when William and Mary became the new King and Queen during the . This gave more power to the Parliament and limited the power of the monarch. 102. Enlightenment: Movement stressing the importance of science and reasoning and the importance of education. 103. Era Good Feelings: time period when there was only one political party (Dem. Rep.). This was during the term of James Monroe. 104. Erie Canal: artificial waterway connecting Lake Erie with the Hudson River in Albany, New York. 385 miles long. 105. Ethnic groups: other races of people. 106. Executive Branch: a branch of government headed by the President that enforces the laws. 107. Export: Goods sent out of the country for sale. 108. Farewell Address: Washington’s farewell to the nation where he warned the US to stay out of foreign alliances and avoid political parties. 109. Federalism: the division of power between the federal and state government. 110. Federalists Papers: 85 essays written in favor of the ratification of the Constitution. Written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and . 111. Federalists: the first political party in favor of the ratification of the Constitution. 112. Fort Sumter: Union fort in Charleston Harbor S C. and site of the first military engagement of the Civil War. 113. Francis Marion: known as the Swamp Fox during the Revolutionary War and was skilled in hit and run fighting called Guerilla Warfare. 114. Frederick Douglas: African American who purchased his freedom and became an outspoken abolitionists and trusted aid to Lincoln. 115. Free enterprise: the economy of the US where everyone has the right to own their business. 116. Robert Fulton: built the first steamboat in America (Clermont). The steamboat was prone to accidents but made the shipping of goods faster and cheaper. 117. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: the first written constitution in America 118. : 1853-narrow strip of land below New Mexico and Arizona purchases for $10 million for the purpose of the transcontinental RR. It completed the land area for the US 48 continental states. 119. Bernardo De Galvez: the acting of the Louisiana Territory during the Revolutionary War. He sided with Americans during the war and sent Texas Longhorns to to feed Washington’s army. He also bought , weapons, clothing, and many other vital supplies for the Colonial army. Galveston, Texas is named in his honor. 120. George III: King of England prior to and during the Revolutionary War. 121. : colony originally organized by James Oglethorpe in 1733 as a haven for debtors. 122. Gettysburg: 3 day battle that essentially crippled the Confederate army and is known as the turning point of the Civil War. 123. Grandfather Clause: a clause that allowed individuals who did not pass the literacy test to vote if their fathers or grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction. 124. Ulysses S. Grant: graduate of West Point military . He became famous by leading the North to a victory in the Civil War. He later became the 18th President of the US and his presidency was plagued by corruption. 125. Glorious Revolution: The time period in English History when King James was overthrown by Parliament and William and Mary of the Netherlands were put in power. They were forced to sign the English Bill of Rights. 126. Great Compromise: plan of government that established the house base upon population and the Senate with equal representation. 127. Grievances: Complaints- most famous is the Declaration of Independence. 128. Guerilla Warfare: a hit and run technique used in fighting a war where you ambush the enemy and then escape. 129. Habeas Corpus: legal order meaning you must be charged with a crime within 72 hours or released. 130. Alexander Hamilton: was a proponent of a strong central government. He served with Washington in the Revolutionary War and later became his Secretary of the Treasury. He was the founder of the Bank of the United States and became a lifelong enemy of Thomas Jefferson. He was killed in a duel with Aaron Burr in 1804. 131. Harpers Ferry: site of an attempted slave uprising led by John in Virginia. He was captured and hanged. 132. : the most famous conductor of the Underground RR that helped slaves escape from the South. 133. Patrick Henry: became a symbol of America’s struggle for independence and self-government. He was a lawyer, patriot, orator, and his most famous words were “Give me liberty or give me death”. 134. Hessians: German soldiers hired by the British during the Revolutionary War. 135. Thomas Hooker: a preacher who originally settled in Massachusetts but could not agree with puritan ways and moved and established the colony of Connecticut. He adopted the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut which was the first written constitution in the America. 136. : known as the Father of Education and President of the Massachusetts School Board. Believed in free public education. 137. House of Burgesses: the first democratic elected assembly in the colonies in 1619. 138. House of Representatives: the part of the legislative branch that makes the laws and membership is based upon the population of the state. 139. Immigrants: people who move across international boundaries to settle in a new country. The Irish(potato ) had the largest number of immigrants to the US in the 1800’s and the Germans were the second largest. 140. Impeach: bring charges against a government official. 141. Imports: goods brought into the country for sale. 142. : forcing Americans to serve in the British Navy. 143. Indentured Servant: laborer who agreed to work for a person for 4-7 years in exchange for passage to the New World. 144. Act: passed in 1832 ordered the Indians of the Southeast to move to the Indian territory of Oklahoma. 145. : the change from making things by hand to making things by machine. Involved use of resources, improved transportation, and technological breakthroughs. 146. Interchangeable Parts: (1798) idea created by Eli Whitney to make parts of machines or other items uniform in order to produce them in mass quantities.

147. : passed because of the Boston Tea Party. The port of Boston was closed until the tea was paid for, no town meetings; citizens were required to house and feed British soldiers (Quartering Act). Also called the Coercive Acts. 148. Isabella Baumfree: or Sojourner Truth was an African American woman who was a leading abolitionist and women’s rights supporter that spoke with wit and wisdom. 149. Andrew Jackson: was a war hero and Indian fighter during the War of 1812. He became the first official Democratic president in 1828 and his nickname was “Old Hickory”. As President he promoted the spoils system and started mudslinging in his presidential campaigns. He is also famous for the removal of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia. 150. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson: one of the most figures in the Civil War. He was a confederate leader and was famous for his ability to face his opponents like a stonewall without backing down. He was killed by friendly fire in the Battle of Chancellorsville when he had complications from his wounds and pneumonia. 151. Jamestown (Virginia): site of first permanent English colony in America in 1607. 152. James Oglethorpe: founder of Georgia in 1733. 153. Thomas Jefferson: was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses and the 1st and 2nd . He wrote the Declaration of Independence and served as Secretary of State under Washington. He was leader of the Democratic-Republican Party and in 1801 became the third President of the US. He was responsible for the in 1803 and the Embargo Act in 1807. He died on the same day as on July 4th, 1826. 154. : laws creating segregation and allowing for separate but equal facilities. 155. John Brown: violent abolitionist in Kansas and at Harper’s Ferry. 156. John Cabot: English explorer who sailed along the coast of America in 1497 and landed in Newfoundland. 157. John Jay: the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. 158. John Paul Jones: American naval hero during the Revolutionary. In 1776 with his ship the Bonhomme Richard, he defeated the British battleship the Serapis. Jones famous quote: “I have not yet begun to fight” . 159. John Marshall: the most famous Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He served for 34 years and his most important ruling created Judicial Review. His most famous cases were Marbury vs. Madison , McCullough vs. Maryland and gibbons vs. Ogden. 160. Judicial Branch: the branch of government that interprets the law and consists of the court system and the Supreme Court. 161. Judicial Review: established by Marbury vs. Madison in 1803 and gives courts the right to rule on the constitutionality of law. 162. Kansas Nebraska Act: decides slavery in Kansas and Nebraska. 163. King George III: King of England during the Revolutionary war. 164. Know Nothing Party: see American Party 165. Labor intensive- means something that requires a large amount of laborers such as the production of cotton. 166. Laissez Faire: French term meaning to let alone and let the economy develop without government interference. 167. Landmark Case: Supreme Court case that greatly changes law. 168. Legislative Branch: the branch of government that makes the laws. 169. Latitude: measurement of location north or south of the equator. 170. Robert E. Lee: Commander of the Confederate forces during the Civil War. He turned the same job for the Union army. He was from Virginia. He surrendered to US Grant at Appomattox Court House to end the Civil War. 171. Abraham Lincoln: the first Republican President elected to the office in 1860. He became famous for his debates against Stephen Douglas while running for the Illinois Senate. He issued the Emancipation Proclamation which declared freedom for the slaves within the Confederacy. He delivered his famous Gettysburg Address and on April 14, 1865 he was assassinated by . 172. Lewis and Clark: explorers hired by Jefferson to map and keep records all about the Louisiana Territory. Along the way, Sacagawea served as their Indian guide on their route to the Pacific. 173. Limited Government: the government is not all powerful. 174. Line of Demarcation: line created by the Pope that divided the world between Spain and Portugal. Spain could colonize west of the line and Portugal to the east. This was part of the Treaty of Tordesillas. 175. Literacy: the ability to read or write. 176. : English philosopher that believed in the protection of individual rights such as life, liberty, and property. He believed people created government. He wrote The First and Second Treatises on Civil Government. 177. Longitude: Parallel measurements of location east and west of the Prime Meridian. 178. Louisiana Purchase: area of land west of the Mississippi River bought from France and Napoleon that doubled the size of the US in 1803. 179. Loyalists: American colonists who sided with the British and King George during the Revolutionary War. 180. James Madison: known as the Father of the Constitution because he wrote the large state plan known as the . He believed in Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances. He supported ratification of the Constitution and wrote over a third of the Federalists Papers. He was the 4th President of the US and involved the US in the War of 1812. 181. Majority: more than half the votes—50% + 1. 182. Manifest Destiny: The right for the US to expand it boundaries from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans. 183. Martin Luther: posted the 95 Thesis or complaints against the Catholic Church on a church door in Whittenburg, Germany and started the Protestant Reformation. 184. Maryland: original colony founded by Cecil Calvert or Lord as a haven or safe area for Catholics.

185. George Mason: a Virginian who influenced Thomas Jefferson when he wrote the Declaration of Independence and James Madison when he wrote US Bill of Rights. He was an Anti-Federalist and was at the constitutional convention but refused to sign the constitution and worked against its ratification. 186. Mayflower Compact: agreement signed in 1620 that allowed for self government in the Plymouth colony. 41 Pilgrims signed the document and agreed to work together to help the colony succeed. 187. : the theory that a nation’s power depended upon its wealth. Britain believed you had to build up gold reserves and expand trade as part of mercantilism. 188. Mexican Cession: the area that consists of New Mexico, Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah and Colorado that the US obtained from Mexico after the war in 1848. 189. Middle Colonies: central Atlantic colonies whose economy was bases on the production of grains and the mining of iron ore. 190. : 1820- Missouri admitted as a slave state and admitted as a free state. 191. : rule by a King or Queen. 192. James Monroe: the 5th President of the US during a time period called the . He was an Anti-Federalist and was opposed to the ratification of the Constitution. He is best known for the Monroe Doctrine. 193. Monroe Doctrine: warned European nations to stay out of the affairs of the Americas and no longer try to colonize the Americas. 194. Montezuma: leader of the Aztecs who was conquered by Cortes. 195. Mormons: religious group that escaped by moving to Utah. Led by Joseph Smith and Brigham Young. 196. Mount Holyoke: the first college for women. 197. Mudslinging: name calling in political elections. 198. : love for one’s own country 199. Nativist: a person who favor those born in a country. They are against immigration. 200. Nat Turner: led a slave revolt in the south and killed 55 whites before he was killed. 201. Naturalized Citizen: an immigrant who becomes a citizen. 202. : restrictions of colonial trade such as all ships had to be built in England or the colonies, enumerated articles (cotton, tobacco and sugar) could only be sold to England. 203. New Amsterdam: Dutch controlled area of Manhattan Island that became . 204. New England Colonies: Northeastern colonies along the Atlantic seaboard whose economy was based on shipbuilding, trade, forestry, and fishing. 205. Plan: small state plan that called for equal representation in government. 206. North Star: anti slavery newspaper published by Frederich Douglas. 207. Northwest Passage: an all water route to Asia through North America. 208. Northwest Territory: area of land around the Great lakes that became 5 states. This was the major accomplishment of the Articles of Confederation which was our first government in the US. The Ordinance of 1785 organized the land into sections and the Northwest Ordinance created territorial in the area. 209. Nullification Crisis: In 1832, when South Carolina nullified or cancelled the and threatened to secede or withdraw from the Union. 210. Nullify: to cancel a federal law. 211. Oligarchy: political system where the country is ruled by a few or a group of individuals. 212. : last ditch effort by the colonists to avoid war with England. King George III refused the petition. 213. Oregon Country: area of Washington, Oregon, and parts of Montana that was shared through joint occupation between the U.S. and Britain. 214. Pacifists: those opposed to war. 215. Thomas Paine: Born in England in 1737 and traveled to the US and became important in ’ cause. He was a soldier in the Continental Army. He wrote two famous pamphlets-Common Sense and the American Crisis. 216. Parliament: legislative body of England that consisted of the House of Lords and House of Commons. 217. Patriot: those who favored independence. 218. Patroon: a Dutch land owner. 219. William Penn: born in and his father was the of the English Navy. He turned his father and country against him when he joined the . He established the colony of Pennsylvania and his government was called the Frame of government. He insisted women should have the same equal rights as men. 220. Pickett’s Charge: famous charge during the which devastated the Confederate Army. 221. Pilgrims: Separatists who journeyed to the colonies in 1620 to create their own religious group. 222. Plantation System: large farms of the south that used slave labor. 223. Plurality: the person with the most votes. 224. Popular sovereignty: allowing the vote of the people to decide an issue. 225. Preamble: the introduction to the Constitution. 226. Precedent: a tradition established early by George Washington. Most famous precedent was the no third term precedent. 227. Presidio: a Spanish fort. 228. Primary sources: first hand accounts of actual events. (auto-biographies etc.) 229. Proclamation of 1763: an imaginary line along the crest of the Appalachian Mountains that no one was allowed past into the River Valley. 230. Prohibition: outlawed the sale and manufacturing of alcoholic beverages through the 18th amendment. It was later repealed by the 21st amendment. 231. : ideas or information used to sway public opinion. 232. Puritans: Protestants who came to Massachusetts to purify the . 233. Reconstruction: the rebuilding of the South after the Civil War 234. Rural: in the country- most Americans lived in Rural areas prior to the Industrial Revolution. 235. Quakers: people of Pennsylvania and the very first abolitionists. 236. Quartering Act: part of the Intolerable or Coercive Acts that allowed British Soldiers to be housed in the homes of American citizens. 237. racism: hatred for other races.(Prejudice) 238. ratification: to approve 239. Reconstruction: the rebuilding of the South after the Civil War. 240. Rendezvous: French term meaning a get together. The yearly meeting of mountain men to sale their furs from trapping season. 241. Republic: Representative government that uses elected officials to make the laws. 242. Reserved Powers: powers that belong only to the states and not the federal government. 243. Revels, Hiram: Black Senator from the state of Mississippi. 244. Richmond, Virginia: capitol of the Confederacy in the Civil War. 245. Roanoke Island: first attempted English settlement in the new world that failed. 246. Robert Fulton: built the first steam boat in America called the Clermont which were prone to accidents but made shipping faster and cheaper. 247. Rocky Mountains: mountain range in the western US. 248. : no one, not even the highest government official is above the law. 249. Rural: means in the country—prior to the Industrial Revolution most Americans lived in rural areas. 250. : Polish born Jewish immigrant who played an important role in the financing the American Revolution. He joined the Patriots and was a member of the sons of Liberty. He spent all his money helping the Americans win the war and died penniless in 1785. 251. : British policy of ignoring the colonies between 1690- 1760 which allowed the colonies to develop their own self government. 252. Saratoga: site of the battle which was the turning point of the Revolutionary War because it persuaded the French to join the war on our side.

253. Secondary sources: descriptions or interpretations prepared by people who were not involved in the event described. 254. : the love for your area of the country. 255. Sedition Act: forbade anyone from criticizing the government or any of its officials. 256. Segregation: the separation of blacks and whites in all areas of activities. 257. Senate: part of the legislative branch that makes the laws and all states have equal representation or 2 senators per state. 258. Seneca Falls Convention: organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton and was the first women’s rights convention. 259. Separation of powers: the division of government into the 3 branches. Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. 260. Separatists: Pilgrims who wanted to start their own church and sparate from the Church of England. 261. Sharecropping: a system of farming where the farmer rents the land and has to share a portion of the crop with the landowner. 262. Shay’s Rebellion: led by Daniel Shays in Massachusetts as a protest against the government failure to protect farmers land from repossession by the courts. It showed the need for a strong central government to protect the rights of citizens. 263. Slave codes: restrictions against slaves such not learning to read or write etc. (Black codes after the war.) 264. : illegally trading with other countries. 265. Sons of Liberty: led by Samuel Adams and were resistance fighter against British rule. They were responsible for the Boston Tea Party. 266. : southern Atlantic states whose economy was bases on the production of cotton, tobacco, and rice. 267. Spoils system: to the victor belong the spoils, reward workers in your campaign with government jobs. Started by Andrew Jackson. 268. : British tax imposed on the colonists on all legal documents. 269. Elizabeth Cady Stanton: leader in the women’s rights movement. She helped plan the Seneca Falls convention and wrote the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions.

270. States Rights: the right of any state to nullify or cancel any federal law. Created by the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. 271. Strikes: the refusal of workers to work and therefore shutting down the business. 272. Subsistence Farming: the type of farming practiced in the New England colonies. Families produced, in small gardens, enough food only for their families. 273. : the right to vote. 274. Tariff: tax on imported goods. 275. Temperance: drinking little or no alcohol. 276. Henry David Thoreau: Transcendentalist author of Walden and Civil Disobedience. He spent time in jail for his refusal to pay $1 in taxes to support the Mexican War. He believed a person should follow their own conscience and not be influenced by outside foes. 277. Three-fifths compromise: how slaves would be counted for representation purposes in the House of Representatives. 5 slaves would count as 3 or 60% of the slaves would count toward the states population. 278. or Loyalists: those on the side of the British or King George. 279. Total War: type of warfare during the Civil War where the union destroyed everything that could be used by the south in the war effort. Waged by and George Sheridan. 280. Trail of Tears: the forced march of the Cherokee Indians in 1830 to Oklahoma. 281. Transcendentalists: stressed the relationship between the human spirit and nature and the importance of the individual conscience. Leaders were Emerson and Thoreau. 282. Treaty of Ghent: ended the War of 1812 and returned everything to the way it was before the war. 283. Treaty of Greenville: treaty that gave the state of Ohio to the Americans at a cost of one-eighth of a cent per acre. 284. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: the treaty that ended the Mexican War and gave the Mexican Cession to the US. 285. Treaty of Paris (1763) ended the French and Indian war and Britain gained and all land from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River. 286. Treaty of Paris(1781) ended the American Revolution and made the US an independent nation. 287. Triangular trade: New England trade that consisted of 3 legs from NE to Africa to trade for slaves, to sell the slaves in the (this part is called the Middle Passage) and finally back to NE to start over again. 288. Unalienable Rights: rights that cannot be taken away. 289. Uncle Tom’s Cabin: famous book about the evils of slavery written by . 290. : a system that helped enslaved African Americans escape from the South to the North. 291. Urban: means in the city—after the Industrial Revolution many Americans moved to urban areas or the suburbs to work in factories. 292. Utopia: community based on the vision of a perfect society. 293. Veto: to reject an act of Congress by the President or executive branch. 294. Vicksburg: battle site along the Mississippi River during the Civil War. The Union Victory gave the North control of the Mississippi River. 295. Vigilantes: private citizens in California that took the law in to their own hands. 296. Vikings: the first Europeans to land in the New World. Leif Erickson actually landed in Newfoundland. 297. Virginia Dare: first English born child in the new world (at Roanoke). 298. Virginia Plan: large state plan of government. Key point was membership in congress would be based on Population. 299. War Hawks: Congressmen who wanted war with England in 1812. 300. : an American Patriot. She authored plays, poems, and essays supporting the idea of independence. She was an Anti-Federalist after the war and was opposed to the newly written constitution.

301. George Washington: Virginian born in 1732 and a delegate to the House of Burgesses. He fought during the French and Indian War and was chosen Commander in chief of the continental Army during the Revolutionary War. He was President of the Constitutional convention and the First President of the US. He is referred to as “the Father of our country”. He warned the country the dangers of political parties and the importance of avoiding foreign alliances in his Farewell Address.

302. Daniel Webster: born in New Hampshire and served as a member of the House of Representatives and a US Senator from Massachusetts. He was known as the “Great Orator” of his time. He was the leader of the Federalist Party and was opposed to the War of 1812. 303. Whig Party: political party of the 1840’s led by Clay and the two Whig Presidents were William Henry Harrison and . 304. : Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay a tax on whiskey and the rebellion was ended when the army was sent to collect the taxes. 305. : an agreement that failed to pass in the Congress that would have outlawed slavery in any new territories won from Mexico after the war. 306. : legal document that allows officers to search homes and warehouses- a search warrant. 307. XYZ Affair: problem with the French when Talleyrand asked for a 10 million loan for France and $250,000 for himself and then the French would stop attacking American ships. 308. : the largest group of whites in the south that did not own slaves. 309. Yorktown: final battle of the Revolutionary War. Charles Cornwallis surrendered his army to Washington and the and navy.