RESEARCH REPORT OF NARA NATIONAL CULTURAL PROPER Tl ES RESEARCH INS Tl TUTE. NO. 26

NARA (HEIJO) IMPERIAL PALACE

SITE EXCAVATION REPORT VJ[

SURVEYS lN THE “ DAIRl NORTH EXTERIOR PRECINC T" CARRIED OUT DURING 1962-1975

ENG Ll SH SUMMARY

NARA NATIONAL CULTURAL PROPERTIES RESEARCH lNS Tl TUTE 1976 NARA (HE リ0 ) IMPE RIAL PALACE SIT E EXCAVATION REPORT VII

SUR VEYS IN THE “DA IRI NORTH EXTER IOR PRECINCT" -19 76 ー

CONTEN T S

Chapter Chapter Intr oductio n 1 A. A. Development of the Excavation su [V eys ...... ， 2 B. B. Preservatio n Work and PhysIcal Layout 。fthe Site ...... 4 C. C. Committees Hand 1i ng Resear ch and Facilities ... 5 D. D. Co mpilation of the Present Report ...... 7

Chap 日 r II General Ou tline of Research Work .. . . .・・ 8 1. 1. Areas Su r veyed ...... ，...... 8 2. 2. General Development of Research Work .... •.. 9 A. A. Survey NO . I0 ...... •. . 9

B. B. Su 四 eyNo.l1...... 10 C . Survey No .13 ...... •...... 11 D. D. Survey NO.20 ...... 12 E. E. Surveys NO.82 - 7 and 95 - 6...... 13 3. 3. Calendar of ExcavatIon Work and Major Findings Findings ...... 14 A. A. Survey No.10 ...... 14 B. B. Survey No.ll ...... •• •.....•. .. 15 C. C. Survey NO.13 .' . . . • • .. . . . • . .・ 16 D. D. Survey N o .20 ...... • ••...... 18 E. E. Surveys No.82 - 7 ....••. . .. . •• ...... 20 F. F. Surveys No.95 - 6 .....•...... •.... 20

C ha pt er 111 Sites and Rem ains ...... •••...... 18 1. 1. General Remarks 、。 21 A. A. Typ es of Remains ...... 21 B. B. Numerical Evaluations of Building Si ze ..... 22 C. C. Strati 白cation ...... 23 2. 2. Speci 自c Remains Classified by Geographic Location Location ...... _...... 24 A. A. Remains Oividing Western ， Central and Eastern Eastern Sectors ...... 24

195 B. B. Remains in Western Sector ...... 29 C. C. Remains in Western Half of Central Sector Sector ...... ' 32 D. D. Remains in Eastern Half of Central Sector Sector ...... 38 E. E. Remains in Eastern Sector ...... 46 3. Relative Chronology of Remains ...... •..... 50 4. 4. Ic hiniwa K o fun (Burial Mound ) ...... • . .' 53

Chapter Chapter IV Artifacts ...... • . • . .. 55 1. 1. Wooden T ablets (Mokkan ) .. •• . . . . . •• . . . .. 55 A. A. Mokkan fr om SK820 ...... • . . .. • ...... 55 . B. Mokkan from SK870 ...... 58 C. C. Mokkan from SK2101 ...... ••...... 59 D. D. Mokkan fr om SK2102 ...... 59 E. E. Mokkan from SK210 7 目・ 59 2. 2. Tiles and Brick s ...... 60 A. A. Ro 。ιedge Tile s ...... 60 B. B. D emo n T iI es ，Round and Curved Tiles ， B ri cks ...... 7 1 C. C. Green . Glazed Tiles ， Bricks and Tiles with ChInese ChInese Chara cte rs ...... 74 3. 3. Potte 可 75 A. A. Pottery fr om SK820 ...... • . .. 77 B. B. Pottery from SK2 101 ...... 87

C. C. Pott 町 y from Culcural Layer in Ar ea Q ...... 90 D. D. Pottery fr om SK2113 ...... '. 90 E. E. Pottery from SK 870 ...... • .. . . • . .. 94 F. F. Potte 可 from SK2102 .. . . .' ...... 96 G. G. Potte 可 fr om SE71 5...... • . . .. 96 H. H. Pottery from Other Remains and Cultural Cultural Layers...... 98 1. 1. Lead-Glazed Ceramics ...... 99 J. J. lnkst on es ...... 101 K. K. Pot 日町 with Ink Writings or Orawings . . . .. 103 L. L. Pottery with Incised Writings or Orawings ... 108 M. Pottery Decorated w ith Thin Engraved Lines Lines after Fircd...... 108 N. Earthenware Lamps ...... 109 O. Haniwa ...... • . • ...... 110 4. 4. Wooden Objects ...... •...... 111 A. A. Manuf actu ring Proce sses ... • ...... 111 B. B. Objects from SK820 ...... • ...... 112

1.96 1.96 C. C. Ob jects from SK 210 23 nd Elscwhere ...... 128

5. 5. Fibers and Charco aI R 町 nains ...... 132

Chapter Chapter V Pr oblems and An aI ysis ...... ・・・・ 135 1. 1. Roo f-ィ edge Til es ...... •. . . •. .... 135 A. A. Pairin gs of Roof - edge T ile s ...... 135 B. B. Period s of Manufacture ...... 136 C. C. Uses of Lar ge and Sma ll Typ e Round Roof -ed ge Tilcs ...... 138 2. 2. Pottcry...... 139

A . General C 1a ssification into H cijo Il11 perial Palace Palace Stage I- V II ...... 139 B. B. Pottery Clusters ...... 146 C. C. Differ ent iati on and Sta ndardi zation of Bowl and D ishes ...... 147 D. D. C ondusion ...... 149 3. 3. Sites...... 150 A. A. Loca t ion Changes of Gove rnm ent Offices within within the Dairi North Ex ter ior Precinct .... 150 s. s. Absolute C hrono logy for Gove rn ment Offic es in th e D ai ri North Extetiot Pre cin ct ...... 1 56 C. C. Governm ent Offices on thc Periph ery of the the H eian Pal ace D ai ri ...... 159 4. 4. Condusions ...... 164 A . Naturc ofG overnm ent Offices in Dairi No r th Exterior Pr ec in ct ...... 164 B . Terminal Occupati on of Govcrnment Of 白ces in Dairi North Exterior Pr ec in ct .. . 167 Summary ...... 168 Supplcmcntary Table s ...... 172 Engli sh Summary ...... ・・・・・・.. • . • . . • • . . • • •• 193 Plans Plans and Sect io ns lates Plates Index

/97 SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES

1. Rem ains of buildings within areas surveyed 2. 2. Classification of round roof -e dge tiles 3. 3. Classi 白cation of curved roof-edge ti1 es 4. 4. Numbers of 叩。∞。r f-edge ti

5. 5. Changes over ti 町rπme in rela 副tive size of Potcery 6. 6. H eijd Imperial Palace Potte 可 Shape Category

PLANS AND SECTIONS Correlponding Correlponding P!a τu 1. 1. Topographical Map overall of He リo Pala ce Site 2. 2. Area 6AAB-C Western Sector (S) P L. 9， 35.3 3. 3. Area 6AAO-R Western Half ofCentral Sector (SW) 3，5-7 ， 8-1 4. 4. Area 6AAO-M.N.Q Western Half of Central Sector (SE) 4.2.3 ，}4 .1 -3 ，15 5. Area 6AAO-G ・I.K Eastern Ha lf ofCentral Sector (SW) 2，4-4 5，17 ，18 ， 19.1 6. 6. Area 6AAO-G Eastern Half ofCentral Sector (SE) 2-1 7. 7. Area 6AAB -A.B Western Sector (N h叫町 10 ，11.1-3 8. 8. Area 6AAN -Q' R Western Half of Central Secto r 8-3 6AAB.A.B Western Sector (NE) 8 -3 9. 9. Area 6AAO.O ・R Western Half of Central Sector (central (central and west) 6，8-12 ， 14 10. 10. Area 6AAO.F' R Western Half ofCentral Sector (NW) 8.2 ，12 ，13 ， 14.1.2 11. 11. Arca 6AAO-O Western Half ofCentral Sector (SE) 14 ， 16 12. 12. A r ea 6AAO.L. M Western Half of Central Sector (NE) 13.1.2 ， 16

13. 13. Area 6AAO ，P'H'K'( Eastern Half ofCentral Secto r (SW) 18 ，19 ，20 ， 21.3 14. 14. Area6AAO-F'K Eastern Half of Central Sector (NW) 19.1 ，20 .2 .3 ， 23.3 15. 15. Area 6AAO.G.H. I Eastern Half of Cent ral Sector

(ce n町 al and south ) 22 ， 25.1.2 16 16 Area 6AAO-M-Q Western Half of Cent ral Sector (NE) 22 ，24 17. 17. Area 6AAO -C .D Eastern Half of Central Sector (E) 26 ，32 Area 6AAB-U Eastern Sector (WJ 26 ，32 18. 18. Area 6AAB-U Eastern Sector 27-32 1 9. Bace of Rectangular Front Portion of Ic hiniwa Kofun (SE cornerJ 34 20. 20. Location Change over Time of Structures within Oairi North Exterior Precinct Precinct 2 1. Layout of Structures and other Remains in Oairi North Exterior Precinct

198 198 CO L OR PLATES

Frontispiece Frontispiece Present view of Da iri north precinct exterior COLOR PLATE 1 1) Mokka n fro m SK820 treated by frecze - drying method 2) 2) Types of inkstones 2. 1) Two -c olor “dcmon tile" 2) 2) Cover for a three- color ceramic jar and lid for a grey grey pottery (Sueki) bow ls

PL ATES PL 1. Areas 6AAQ .6ABB.6AAB together with "Second Dairi" and chodoin (from (from the north) 2. Areas 6AAO -G" E astern half ofCencral Sector 1) 1) Area G from east 2) Arca [ from east 3. 3. Areas 6AAO-N. R Eastern half ofCenual Sector 1) 1) Total view of Area N ，from southcast 2) 2) D eta iJ of A r ea N ， from cast 3) 3) Part of Area R ，fro m north t: ast 4. 4. Arcas 6AAO -I N' Central Sector 1) N-S ditch 50941 in Area 1，from northwest 2) 2) Roofed co rridor SC060 in Arca N ， sitc of missing support stone stone for post No . 17 from wcst ，vicwed from south 3) 3) Roofed corridor SC060 in Area N ， site of missing support stone stone for post No.16 from west ， vicwed from south 4) 4) Northern gutter along corridor SC060 in Arca 1，from east 5) 5) Northern gutter a¥o ng corr i dor SC060 in Area 1，frolll east 5. 5. Area 6AAO.Q R' Western half of Central Sector 1) Total view ，from west 3) Tota¥ view ，from southeast 2) 2) T otal view ，from northwest 6. 6. Area 6AAO-R Western half of Central Sector 1) 1) Wall SA505 ，and building SB501 and SB502 ，from south- west west 2) 2) Same as above ，from west 7. 7. Area 6AAQ.R Western half ofCe ntra l Sector 1) Wall SA488 ，from southwest 2) 2) Gate SB489 ，from south 3) 3) Gate SB489 ，from east 8. 8. Arca 6AAO-Q' R Western Sector alld western half of Central Sector ]) Building SB507 In Area R ，from south 2) 2) B uilding SB510 ，SB523 ，and SB525 in Area R ，from west 3) 3) Building SB520 and Ss52 1 in Area Q ，from east

J99 9. 9. Area 6ABB-C W 田町rn Sector 1) Total view ，from sout h east

2) Total v陀 w ，from wesc 3) Building SB497 and drainage ditch S0503 ，from south 10. 10. Area 6ABBλB. C Western Sector 1) Total view ，from northeast 2) Total view ，from south 3) 3) Building SB550 and SB555 ，from south-southwcst 11. 11. Area 6ABB-A'B 、N estern Sector 1) suilding SB555 ，from south 2) 2) Building SB550 ，from west 3) 3) Part ition SA570 ，from north 4) Building SB498 ，from north 1 2. Area 6AAO-P Western half of Central Sector 1) Tocal vicw ，from east 2) Western half of building SB540 ，from east 3) Same as above ，from northwest 13. 13. Area 6AAO -L Western half of Centtal Sector 1) Partition SA630 and building SB540 ，from northeast 2) suilding SB540 ，from eas t 3) Same as above ，from west 4. 14. Area 6AAO-O Westcrn half of Ce ntral Sector

1) To 臼 1view ，from southeast 2) 2) Building SB600 ，from south 3) 3) Building SB590 ，from south 15. 15. Area 6AAO-N Western half ofCentral Scctor 1) 1) Wa lJ SA488 and gate SB575 ，from southcast 2) 2) Same as above ，from east 3) 3) Covered drain SX577 ， from southeast 4) 4) Gutter on north side of gate Ss575 ，from wcst 16. 16. 6AAO-M Western half of Central Sector 1) Total view ，from southeast 2) Same as above ，from no rt h 3) Building S82225 ，from nort h 17. 17. 6AAO -F' H .l. K Eastern half of Central Sector 1) Total view ，from southeast 2) Same ，from northwest 3) Same ，from norrheast 18. 18. 6AAO -K Eastcrn half ofCcntral Scctor 1) Total view ，from northeast 2) 2) suildings SB970 ，SB980 ，SB ]000 ，and SB1015 ，from south 19. 19. 6AAO - F. H. [. K Eastern half of Central Sector 1) 1) Total vicw ，from north 2) 2) Building Ss10QO in Area K ，from sout h east 3) 3) Same ，from east 20. 20. 6AAO-F. j'K Eastern halfofCentral Sector 200 1J Ditch SD890 in Area 1，fr om n ort h east 2) Building SBI0 55 in Arca F，from no rth 3) 3) Building SB10 55 in Arca F alld buildin g5 B ]085 in Area K ， from west 1. 21. 6AAO- F' 1 Eas tcrn h alf ofC cn tral Sector 1) T otal view of Area F，fro m sout h 2) 2) Buildin gs 5B1135 and 5B1140 in Area F，from wCSt 3) 3) Drainage ditch SD890 and particioll 5A 486 in Area 1，from south south 22. 22. 6AAO Eastcrn half of Central Sector Total Total view ，from south 23. 23. 6A AO -F Eastern half of Central Sec tor 1) 1) Wall SA488 and part 山 on SA486 ，from east 2) 2) Building s 5B2140 and SB2131 ，from w est 3) 3) Buildings 5BI135 and SB2170 ，from south 2 4. 6AAO-G Eastern half of Central Sector 1) 1) To ta l view ofwell SE2 128 ，from so uch 2) Frame of we ll SE2128 ，fr om sou th 3) 3) F rame of we l1 SE2128

25. 25. 6AAO-G E 回目rn half of Centra l Secwr 1) C luster of pit s wh ich yielded woo dcnt ablets ，fro m eas t 2) 2) Pit SK2101 ，from east 3) 3) Pit SK2102 ，from east 26. 26. 6AAO-C D Eastern half of Cencral Scctor 1) 1) Total view ，from southwest 2) 2) Bui l ding SB875 in Ar ea D ，from w est 3) 3) Pic SK 870 in Area D ，fr om sout h 4) 4) P its SK869 and SK870 in ar ea D ，from south w es t 27. 27. 6AAB-U Eastern Sector 1) Total view ，from southwest 2) Same ，from northcast 3) Building SB730 ，from south 28. 28. Samc as above 1) Buildi ng SB730 ，from north 2) 2) Corridor SA705. fro m no rth 3) Sa m e. fro m north 29 . Same as abovc 1) Buildin g SB780. fro m easc 2) 2) Buildi ng SB765 ，fro m north 3) 3) Bui l ding S8 717 an d well SE7 15，from north 30. 30. Same as above 1) 1) Pit SK820 dur i ng cx cav at ion，fro m sou th eas t 2) 2) Artifacts unearthed in pit SK820 ，from casc 3) 3) Pit SK820 following excavation ，from so uth east 3 1. (Same as above)

2οl 1) We l1 SE715 ，from west 2) Covered drain SX706 ，from west 3) Same ，from southeast 4) Pit SX801 (showing traces of combustion )， from southeast 5) South edge of the same ，from southwest 32. 32. Samc as above 1) BuiJdings SB760 ，SB805 and SB808 ，from west 2) 2) BuiJdings SB805 and S8808 ，from north 3) 3) BuiJding SB815 ，from south 33 “ Ichiniwa Kofun" (above) and “Simeno Kofun" (below) 34. 34. 6AAO-0.G (Ichini wa Kofun) 1) 1) Southeast corner of rectangular front portion of tumulus ， from southeast 2) Same ，from northea st 3) Outer embankment along east sid c of rectangular fr ont portion portion of tumulus ，from southwest 35. 35. Same as above 1) Area of demolished stone pavement along front side of tumulus ，from southeast 2) Outcr embankment and moat along south side of tumulus ， from southeast 3) Orainage ditch S0503 ，from east 4) Sou 出west corner of outer embankment along front side of tumulus ，from east

36. 36. Wooden 回 blets from SK820 (Mention of palace guards and Dairi) 37. 37. Wooden tablets from SK820 (Mention of offerings of produce from various various provinces) 38. 38. Wooden tablets from SK820 (Mention of products donated to the cour t from var i ous provinces) 39. 39. Wooden tablets from SK820 (Practice calligraphy of passages from Chinese Chinese classics) 40. 40. Wooden tablets from SK820 ，SK2101 ，and SK2102 (Mention of con

struc t! on pr 吋ects during the Ji l1 gi year period ，i.e. ，724 - 729 ) 4 1. Round roof-edge tiles 1- 2) Type 6012B 3) Typ e 6135A 4) Type 6135B 6) Type 6225C 42. 42. R ound roof-edge tiles (continued ) 8) Type 6282 1 12 ) T ype 6308B 14 ) Type 6311B 16) Type 6314C 43. 43. Curved roof-edge tiles 1) 1) Type 6572A 4) Type 6664J 6) 6) Type 6664N 9) Type 6689A

44. 44. "Demon tiles" (0 川 :gawara)

202 1- 2) Three-color demon -faced o l1 Igawara 3) “Oemon-body" onigawara

4) 4) Phoenix -pattern 0 山 'garvara 45. 45. Red poccery (hajiki) from SK820 46. 46. Red pouery (hajiki) from SK820 47. 47. Grey pottery (sue ki ) from SK820 48. 48. Grey pottery (s uek i) from SK820 49. 49. Grey pottery (sueki) from SK 820 50. 50. Pottery from SK820 5 1. Potc ery from SK2 113 52 . Poct ery from SK2113 and SK870

53. 53. Poc 日 ry from SK870 54. 54. Poctery from SE715 and SB960 55. 55. Inkstones 1-7) kensok u. ken ，w ith rectangular or cross-shaped opcn spaces decorating decorating base 11 ー13 ) teikyak u. ken ， with outward-sloping pr 吋eccions (s u邸 esttng

inverted 叩 imal hooves) decorating basc 56. 56. Furcher examp les of inkstones and glazed pottery 15) 15) bird - shaped inkstone 16 ) foliace "jewel inkstone" ( hdjuken) 1 7) two-Iegged inkstone 1 8) bowl -lid uscd for in k stone 57. 57. po 口ery wit h inked characters or drawings 1) drawings of birds and c haracters r文選巻JC 研盟JC j 盟」 2) 2) drawings ofbirds and charactcr r時」 58. 58. Pottery with inked characters

3) 3) char 紅白" C 鳥立人出二口 jrs .l f.----l 4) 4) characters r 悶叫J:~Hjr ~ I 鎗 J 59. 59. Pottery with inked characters (co n tinued) 11 ) characte rs r信事」 12 ) characte r r草」 13 ) charac 日目 「伴 Jり、 JC 主」 15 ) character r且」 60. 60. Pottery with inked characters (continued) 53) 53) characte rs r口附」 55) 55) characte rs r砂例J 58 ) characters r泊jr }Lj 63 ) characters r内出様所」 6 1. P ottery with inked characters (co n tinued) 71) chara cte rs r聞大郎JC 炊 k l/l(イミ得 若取者竿五→」 62. 62. P ottery with incised designs 84) 84) incised drawings of bird and governmcnt official 85 - 86) pattcrn inciscd subsequcnt to firing 63. 63. Wooden manufectures from SK820 (pe rsonal accessories)

203 1) 1) cypress fan 64. 64. Wooclen manufacwres from SK820 (perso nal accessories) 2J 2J cypress fan 3) wooden object in shape of cyp 問 s fan 65. 65. Wood en manufactures from SK820 ( personal accessories) 5~9 ) co mb s 12 ~ 15 ) wooden objects shaped like brooches or hairpins 66. 66. Wooden manufactures from SK820 (too1s and cu1t objects) 26 ~ 28) sword-sha ped objects 29) 29) arrowhead-sha ped object 30) 30) sharp-edged tool shaped ob je ct 31 - 32) anthropomorphic object 33 ~ 34 ) knife handles 35 ) handle for manufacturing too l 67. Wooden manufactures from SK820 (tools for weav ing ) 38 - 43 ) spools 44 ~45 ) spind1es 68. 68. Wooden manufa ctures from SK820 (cooking ancl food utensils) 46 - 56) spoon-shaped objects 57 -71 ) ladle -shapecl objects 69. 69. Wooden manufactures from SK820 (cooking and food utensils ，con - tinued ) 76 ~81 ) lid.shaped objects 96 ~ 1 07) round co ntainer and 1adle -s haped bowl 70. 70. Wooden manufactures from SK820 (co ntai ners) 110~113) sma ll boxes 1 11) fragments of small box used for a measuring scale 114) 114) box 7 1. Wooden manufacwres from SK820 (containers) 74) 74) scooped out ladle 75) 75) chopsticks 116 ) plau er or tray 117 ) lacquered lid 72. 72. Wooden manufaccures from SK820 (parts of artifacts ) 11 8) square piece of wood with tenon 1 21~128J cut pi eces of timber with notches 73. 73. Wooden manufaccures from SK820 (miscellaneous) 156 - 157) hollowed out bowls 160 ) cross-shaped object 161 ) dice -s haped object 74. 74. Wooclen manufactures from SK2101 170 '172 - 17 5) wooden clog s 171 ) sword-shaped objects fo r cult 177) 177) wooden pin 178) 178) fire drill

204 1 88) fragment of a la rg e tub 75. 75. Examples of ma nu facturing processes for woodcn manufactures

10 2，122 ，203 ) pla 川 ng or sm oothing 108 ，120 ) splitt in g 144 ) d，illing 200 ) lathe working 205 ， 206) cutting 76. 76. Fiber manufactures 1-3) rope 5) 5) hc !i x-shaped object 77. 77. Mis ce llan cous manufactures 6- 7) brooms 179 - 1 80) firehook - shaped wooden objects

FIGURES AND DIAGRAMS IN TEXT

Page 1. 1. Elevations of arcas surveyed ...... 8 2. 2. Areas excavated in each sεparate su rvey ...... 9 3. 3. Principal remains in areas cxcavatcd in Survey No.10 ...... 10 4. 4. Principal remains in arcas excavated in Survey NO. ll ...... 11 5. 5. Principal remains in areas excavated in Survey No .13 ... • . . . .. 12 6. 6. Principal remains in arcas excavatcd in Survey No.20 . . .目・・・ 13

7. 7. Mapofarease 五cava 回 d in Surveys No.82 - 87 ...... 20 8. 8. Map of arcas excavated in Surveys No.95 - 96 ...... 20

9. 9. Cross-sectio n of anterior p町 tion of Ic hiniwa Kofun and part part of the moat that surrounded it ...... 22 10. 10. Cross-scction of moat surrounding Ichin iwa Kofun and ts its outer embankment ...... 23 1 1. Remains divid ing western ，central ，an d sectors castern ，and walled walled cor rid or on north sid e of dairi ...... 24 12. 12. Rain gutter along north side of wall ed corridor on north sid e of dair i ...... 28 13. 13. Principa l remains in western sector ...... 29

14. 14. Posthol 田 marking examples of rebuilding ...... 30 15. 15. Principal remains in western half of centra l se c tor ...... • . .. 32 16. 16. lnk Orawing on bases of support posts ...... • ...... 35 7. 17. Principal remains from eastern half of centra l sector ...... 38 18. 18. Layer comparisons pits SK2101 and SK21 02 ...... • ...... 43 19. 19. Board fram ework ofwell SE2128 ...... 44 20. 20. Principal remains in eastern sector ...... • . . . . 46 2 1. Pit with burnt wa l1 s .... .目 ...... 目。.. .. 目.• .• .• 48

205 22. 22. Pit SK820 49 23 . Reconst tuction of I chiniwa Kofun ...... 53 24. 24. Round roof -e d ge tiles of typ es 6012 ，60 18，6135 ，6 225 61 25. 25. Round roof.edge tiles of types 6282 ，630 1，6307 ・目 63 2 6. Round roof-edge tiles of types 6308 ，6311 ，6313 ，6314 . ... . •... 65 27 . Curved roof . edge til es of typ es 6572 ，6655 ，6663 ...... •.... 67 28. 28. Center decoration of curved rooιedge tile of type 6664 ...... ， 68 29 Cu rved ro of . edge tile oft y pe 6664 ...... 69 30 Curved roof-edge tiles of types 6685 ，6689 ...... 70 3 1. Corncr tilework showi ng pairin g of round roof- edge tile 6314B with curve d roof-edge tile 66850 ...... ' 71 32 “Demon-faced" onigat ω ra excavated from si te of Daian ji ...... 72 33. 33. "D emon -f aced" onigawara ex cavated from sou thwest corner of of “dairi west exterior precinct" of H eij δlm per ial Pal ace ...... 73 34. 34. ln cisc d writing and engraved sε a1 s on tiles an d bricks ...... 74 35. 35. Correspondence of body and lid of grey pottery B-typ e bowl ..... 82 36. 36. R ed pottery from SK2101 ...... 88 37. 37. Grey pocte 可 fro m SK 21 01 ...... 89 38 . Grey potte 可 un ear thed from Area Q ...... • ...... 91 39. 39. Po口ery from SK2102 ，SD2126 ，SD211 0 .. .••.. . . . • •. . .. 97 40. 40. Pottery from SD487 ...... • .. . • • . . .. 99 4 1. Glazed pottery ...... 目・・ ・ 100

42. 42. Inkstone (Type A of teikyak !l ken sty le) 101 43. 43. Covers for bird-shaped and turtle-shaped inkstones 102 44. 44. H aniwa from Jc hiniwa Kofun I J 0 45. 45. Cross-section of combs ...... •• 113 46 . Rec onst ru ction of swor d shaped object for cu¥t 114 47. 47. Fiber ma nufactures; nets; broom s 133 4 8. Ordinary round roo f- cdge til e and largc -sizc roof- edge tile 137 49. 49. P ottcry from Nagao ka -kyo Pa1 ace Site 14J 50 . Metal containers and example of potte ry which imitate them 142 5 1. Unglazcd and gl azed pottery dishes 145 52. 52. X-rays Fluoscence Ana lysis of grey poccery 147 53. 53. Distributi on of buildings during Peri od I 150 54. 54. Ten -shaku squa re di visi ons during sub -per iods 1 and 2 of Per io d 11 151 55. 55. Distribution of buildings during su b-pe ri od 1 of Peri od 1I ...... 152 56. 56. 0 回 ribution of buil din gs during sub-pe riod 2 of Period II ...... 153 57. 57. Distribution ofbuil din gs duringsub-period 3 ofPe ri od 11 ...... 154 58. 58. Distribution of buildi n gs during Perio d 111 ...... 155 59. 59. Dis tr i bution of governme nt of:自 ces within che Heian I mperial Pal ace ...... 159 60. 60. Th e sectars known as Ranrinbd ，Keihdb δ，an d Kah δbδwithin th e H eian Imperial Palace ...... 162

2師 TABLES

h ll: e 1. 1. Area and time of execution of each survey ...... -9 2. 2. Wooden tablets from SK820 which bear dates ...... ， 57 3. 3. Comparison of numbe rs of roof-edge tiles unearthed from area 。f daizenshiki and from dairi nonh exterior precinct ...... 60 4. 4. Rough c1 assificatIon of pottery from H eijo Imperial Palace ...... 75 5. 5. Composition of pottery from SK820 ...... ，...... 76 6. 6. Techniques of manufacture for red pottery from SK820 ...... 78 7. 7. Composicion of pottery from SK2113 ...... 92 8. 8. Techniques for manufacture of pottery from SK2 1] 3 and groupings groupings of drinking bowls (tsuk ι) ，plates (sara ) ，rice bowls bowls (wan) ...... 92 9. 9. Pottery with incised designs ...... • .. . . • . .. 109 10. 10. Pottery used for lamps ...... 109 1. 11. Relative dimensions of combs ...... 113 12. 12. Relative dimensions ofbrooch . shaped wooden manufactures ..... 114 13. 13. Re lative dimen sions of spoon-shaped wooden m anufactures ...... 119 14. 14. ReJative dimensions ofladle-shaped wooden manufactures ...... 119

15. 15. Relative dimensions of bottoms of round wooden containe 問。. 120 16. 16. Relat iv e dimensions of lids to round wooden conta iners ...... 120 17. 17. Relative dimensions of wedge-shaped wooden manufactures ...... 125 18. 18. Relative dimensions of spike.shaped wooden manufactures ... .. 128 19. 19. Examples of charco a1 unea rt h ed from He リo Pala ce site ...... 134 20. 20. Bulk and hardness of charcoal examp les ...... 134 1. 21. C hr onology of principal types of ro 。ιedge tiles from HeijδPala ce . 136 22. 22. Chronology of pottery from He リσPalace ...... 140 23. 23. Rise and falJ in popularity of manufacturing techniques "a" ，

“b't “c" > and “ e" for red pottcry b owls of type A and plat 白 of type AI ...... 143 24. 24. Physical character of Grey Pottery (Suek i) • .. • .. .・ .. ... 147 25. 25. Examples of red and grey p ottery with the same relative dimensions dimensions ...... 149 26. 26. Principal buildings during Pe riod I ...... 150

27. 27. Principal b山 ldings during Period 11-1 ...... • ...... •.. ..•.... 152 28. 28. Principal buildings during Period Il -2 ...... ・。 ..... 153 29. 29. Principal buildings during Period 11 ・3 ...... 154 30. 30. Principal buildings during Period III ...... 155 3 1. Comparative chr o nologies for H eリo Palace tiles ，HeijδPa l ace pottery ，aod buildings io the daIrI nort h exterior precinct ...... 158 32. 32. Numbers of wooden tablets from Heij6 Palace which served as shipment lab els for nie (offcrings of produce) ...... 165

20 7 NARA (HEI]O ) IMPERIAL PALACE SITE

EXCAVATION REPORT vn

Nara ，¥ocat ed 40 kilometers south of Kyoto ，was )apan's capital from 7 ]0 回 780 A.D. and was gener a11 y called Heij ふた yo (平械京). The exact pronundation siven at that time time to the characters d四 gnating the capital is ， as in the case of .. lI words in th 凶 penod. un known

Somewhat earlier ， the roling c1 ass ， centering around a m ale or female 拍 vereign ，had made efforts tO establish a lega l1 y regulated ，centralized government and had ， during the seco nd h a1 f of the 7th century ， constructed capital cities at the site of present-day osaka (四 Narziw 叫 yδ) and at a site 20 kilomet ers south of NanJ (viz. Fujiw ara-ky δ). How ever ， in order 岡田tablish a st 由民間ngeT politic a1 sys tem ， the roling c1 ass decided to huild a new capita¥ city at the northern edge of th e Nara plain. This new capicoll was HelI δky δ

Heijo-ky δme asured 4 kilometers from east to west and 4.5 kilometers from north 岡

田 uth. It was a d 句 according to the Chinese pattern ，its east.west “ avenues" and north south “st reeu" forming a grid. The part of the city to the west of the 84-meter-wide " 富山;u町 eet ， or Suzaku -o ji (朱五 大路 )， was called the "right dty" (uky δ，右京 )wh il e

the the part of the dty ly in g 回 the east was called the “left city" (s aky δ，左京) . Attached to to part of the eastern side of the “right city" was an area known as theμ 。uter" or “periphera l city" (g eky ム外京). The presentday city of Nara has developed in such a way t hat its central pa r t lies within the 訓 e of the andent “peripheral dty." At the sout h ern end of the Su:aku -o ji was the principal gate to the city ， the Raj δmon (組組門)， and at the northern end was the H 叫 O Imperial Pa la ce (Heijo-kyu ， 平城宮). The palace precincts m easur ed 1000 meters from east to west and 1000 m eters

from no 巾阻S叫 h，plus 副 adjoining rect a ngular area to the 闘は which measured 250 m ete rs from east to w est and 750 m ete rs from north to south . T he tota l area of the palace palace groun ds 山us m eas ured approximately 1. 19 司uare kil ometers. The palace grounds consisted consisted of the Impe 巾 1 Domicile (d 創刊内在);， the Ha l¥ s of State (ch δdoin ，朝堂院) ; and the various government offices and bureaus (kanga ，官 f奇). lt formed the political

nucleus nucleus of the ]apan e健 na tion-state and provided direct employment for about ten thousand thousand officia ls and public emp l oyees

Th e Nara Nationa l Cuhural Prop 町 tie s Research Institute has since 1959 carried out a continuing series of excavation s回 dies at the site of the H eijo lmp erial Palace ，which Is designated designated a “specia l historic al site." Results of these studies have been pulish ed in Hei j. δkyu hakkutsu chosa hδkoku ， Nos. I- V I. The present report bring s together th e n 叫 lts of Surveys 10 ，11 ，13 ，an d 20 (se e Table 1 日 d Fi g.s

208 number of th e remain s，an d a few tec hnic al terms are discussed. Th e pri ncipal ty p es of r emains are; buildings of hottate -bashira type ，i. e. ， with p osts deeply set in h oles in the grou nd (52); bu ildin gs with foundatio n st ones (6); bui ldi n gs or igin al ly of horta te-bashira co nstru c tion but late rr emodeled wIth th e use of fo undation stone s( 1); ou tside p釘 titions (20); co rrid ors ( 1); dit ch es (25 ); we l1 s (3); an dd isposal pits (22). (Se e Ch. 1JI 11A )

Brief Brief outlin es are giv en of th e sc a1 e of th e buildin gs an d th e methods of as 白"創 ning th e dist an ces bet w ee n posts {Ch 山川町 ， and of stra tUI cation charac teri sr ics ( Ch. III /I C) The area of the present study can ，hy means of the north -so uth earth walls SA 505 and and SA 838 ， be roughly div id ed into aW es te rn Sector (F ig. 13 )，a Centra l Sector ，and an Eastern Eastern Sector (Fig. 20). The Central Se ctor ca n，by mea ns of the north -so uth partition SA 630 ，be .furcher divided into an eastern (Fig. 17 )a nd a w es te rn half (F ig. 15 ). Th e policy policy is adopted of d白 cribing the remains in e ach secto r and sub-sector in such a way as as to combine the res ults of th e various sur 'l eys ，rather than to desc ribe the r目 ults of e ach surv ey sepa rat ely. First of all ，th ere is a dis cussion of SA 505 and the other walls and part lt1 0ns 刊 bdividin g th e surveyed area ， together with a dis cu路 ion of the eart h. walled co rridor SC 060 at the southe rn ed ge of th e surv ey ed area (fo rming the north e rn edg e of th e dairi) and of the 回 st -we st partition SA 486 (Ch. 111 /2A). Thi s is fo llowed by a discu 鎚ぬ" ofπ m 即時 in the West e rn Sector (C h. 111 12 B)， the west e rn half of the Central Sector Sector (C h. 1II /2 C)， t he eastern ha1 f of t he Centra l Secto r (C h. 11 112 0 )，and th e East er n

Secto r (C h. 111 12 E ). foll owed in 四 rn by thea tt empt to 誕 t fort h a rel ative chrono l ogy for the the various remains ， oilS el ucidat ed for exa mple ， through the rel 山。 nships amOsg ov e rlap pin g el eme n u. (C h. 1II 12F. )

Be fo re th e co nstruc 川 on of the H eij δ Imperial Palace ， there ex iste d on the s ite of th e pre se nt 釦 W 町 area the 四 terior part of a 250.meter. long keyho le-s hap ed tumu lus with

叫 rrou ndin g moat (viz. th e “l chiniwa K Qj 山市躍古繍" d 山 ng fro m t he 5山 cen tury) The posterior p art of this tumulus remains today as t he so -e allecl “He izei Tenn δ'Yδ 平械 天皇陵" (S ee P L. 33). At the tim e of th e const ru ction of th e pala ce ，th e ant erIor part of th e tumulus was leveled the corresponding porti on of the sur rounding m oat w 鋪 fuled in in and various pala ce struqures w ere built In tb eir pl ace (S 田 PL . 33; Figs.9-10 )

Ouring Ouring the pr es 沼田叫rv eys ， the area in question was part ial1 y excavated ，and studi es w ere made of th e ba se of th e tumulus alon g its eastern ed ge and southeastern c町 ner， of a port ion of what appears to have been worthy of notc that thc abovc- mcntioncd pattcrns of tilc pairing arc also typical for thc so -c allcd “ sccond d t1. iri" ( Ch. IV/2A ). In addition ， thcrc arc cxamplcs of thrcc -c olor "de mon - faced dcmon tiles " ( kimen onig t1. w t1. ra 鬼面鬼瓦 ). "de mon-body dcmon tiles"

(kish in otligawara 鬼身鬼瓦 )， and "ph 田 nix pattcrn dcmon tilcs" (陥δmon otllga 脚凶 瓜il.Jt鬼瓦) ( PL. 44 )， as well as a f~εw examples of gr 田 n glazcd 世 田 and bricks bearing Chincse Chincse ch aractcu. (Sce Ch.lV/2C; Fig. 34. ) Thc earthcnwarc is for thc most part rcd pottery (h aj 山土師器) and grcy pottery (rne ki 須車部). At thc prcsent timc ， sevcn H cij る Palac e pottcry “stagcs" can bc distinguishcd distinguishcd on thc basis of manufacturing rcchniquc ，form ，size ， ctc. And ， with the help help of accompanying wooden tabl ets and comparisons with carthenwarc from the Fujiwara Fujiwara (694 ー710 A.D.) and Nagaoka (7 84 - 794 A.D.) Palaces ，日目 possiblc to esnmate an an absolutc date at lcast one point in each stage. (Tab. 23). Among.the earthenware discussed discussed in this report ，th 。詑 unearthed from pit SK 320 in the Eastern Sector (PL 45 - 50) arc reprωentative of Stage III; those from pits SK 2113 and SK 870 in the eastcrn eastcrn half of the Centr a1 Sector (P L. 51-53) belong to Stage Vj and those from well SE 715 in the Eastern Sector belong to Stage VII (See Ch. IV/ 3A.) Glazed Glazed pottery wares arc few in number ， but some examplcs of three-color ware (PL 56/1) 56/1) and green glaled ware (P L. 56/4-7 ) do exist (See Ch. IV /3B.). Th ere are various 'Y P目。 f inkstones: somc are round and flat-surfaced (resting on a cricu lar stand a ring of many 白紙 support5 or projecting supports of triangular section); some bird -sha ped ，and

拍 me are of the foliate type (P L. 55-56 )，( See Ch. IV J3C.). Th ere is a rich variety of

帥 rthenware be aring ink ed Chinese characters. While the meaning of so mc of the notations notations is ob 即時， a fcw examp les are giv 四 as follows 内要援助努“'dairi pantry (?) " (PL.60163); 割曲鳥珂“dish for feeding parrots "( PL. 58/4 )白鳥食入総二o (P L. 5813) di sh for feeding birds; (.f~珂口) (P L. 58 /3}.A dish for fceding birds; and. (薗太郎 拡女 J~ 不博着取者苔五十)， whose humorous int c nt might perhaps be tran slatab le as “Reit t1. ro ，Our Most Prodigious Master Sake - Not tO be Taken by Kit chcn Maid - 50 Cane Swats ifShe Dare" (PL. 61 /7 1) ，(S ee Ch. IV/3K. ). Among wood en manufactures ， therc are a lar ge varicty of cypress fans ，combs ，and spoo ls (P L. 63 - 75). Aftcr classifying and arranψng these various manufactures according

to to type of proce 路 ing (Ch. IV/4A) ， those items uneaτthed from pit SK 820 (Ch. IV/4B) and and those unearthed from pit SK 2101 and elsewhere (Ch. IV/4 C) are discussed scparately. scparately. Various fiber manufactures such as rope (P L. 76) are mentioned (Ch . IV /4 D )， and the results of research by Yoshibumi Hirata on charcoal remain refer refer to subper i ods 11-1 ，11 -2 ，and 11-3 ，respectively.) In the course of Period 11 ， part of the the build i ngs were take n down and rebu ilt ，and some bui ldi ngsw ere part ial1 y remodele d ，

but but there is no evidence of any large.scal 巴 rebu il ding in Pe riod 1I th at w ou ld cause us to thi nk that th ere was w ithin the pe riod any physic al trans fer of gove rn ment o f/i ces or

major changes in their compos ition. In the first sub-p 町 io d ，a reas marked for construc tion were di vided into square sectIons 10 sllaku (尺) on a side ，and the bui ldings we re

then erected in a ve ry orderly way in accordance with 5uch a 誕 heme (Fig. 54 ) In the Western Sector ，buildi n gs remained few ，a nd it wo ul d ap pea r that th is sc: ctor did did not form any independently co nstituted office compound. On the other hand ， in the

E astern Sector ，a large num b er of bu il dings st 田 d d o提 toget her in a small area ，an d there there is evidence that build i ngs were on repeated occasions rebuilt or remodeled. One

m ay hypothesize the ex istence there of an office compound d 国 inct from that existi ng in the Ce ntr al Sector The situation ch~nges on entering Period 11 1. The ea rt h walls w h ich El anke d th e

C entral Sector are removed ，and there e別 5t within the area of the “da iri nofth exte rior p recinct" [hree gt" oups of buildings ，consist i ng of two or thr ee buildings eac h. T he principal principal structure In each group i.s a large building with ais les. The th r ee groups are located ，respectively ， in the wes tern ，ce ntral ，and eastern parts of the preci nct ，and each group was provided with a well and a Ii beral 酬。unt of open space (C h. V/3A). The so- called called “ second dairi" was formerly thought to date from after the end of the Tempy δ 天王ド Penod (7 94 A.D.); however ， recently it has come to he th ought th at Its CO nstrue- tion began around 721 A .D . pr epa ra ti on for the ascens ion to the th ro ne of Empe ror Shomu ，型式大品 According ly ，om: may hypothesize that P eriod 1 for the area of the present present survey begins around 708; that Period 11 -1 begins arou nd 72 1; that Per iod 11 -2 beg i ns around 745; and tha t Period II-3 beg i ns around 76 1. Per iod 111 may well cor- respond respond to the years of ret Ir ed Empero r Heizei ，viz. 809-824 . (See ch. VJ3B.) At the H eian Imperi aJ Palace in Kyoto ， there existed w ithin the area cor respo n ding to to the “dairi nort h ex 町 ior preci n ct" of the He ijδImperial Pa l ace th ree adjacen t sectors

(b ム胡) known 尚 the Ranri l1 -bo (i揃林幼)， Keill ふbδ( 桂芳朗)， and Ktl l!o -b δ{ 事芳出} f rom a study of 10th ce n tury and later written materials whic h mention these three bι it it is evi dent th at they served as r目 erve or supplem 凹 tary faoliti 白 of the dtll'r i itse lf . It do es not appear ， however. that the nature of the "da i

211 may have been l ocated nearhy. Some of the discarded tahlets refer expl icitly to 山ε 町田nshi (内牌司)， and on others ther e app ea r the names of offices such as the encliishi

.nd 凶 eme '10 tsuk a.s a， the latter heing functio nally in dose associatio 伯 with it . Thu s，we m 町 5uggest the naize 回 hi as the most prohahle establishment to have occupied the Central Central Sector ， further hypothes izing that it exis ted there together with one or more 。the r bu r eaus whi ch had related functions ( Ch. V /4A ) In In Period III it is possibl e that th e three groups of buildings within t he area of this study study were n ot gove~nment offices but rather residences for in .law5 and/o r retainers of the the retired Emperiod H eizei TAe area of the so -c alled "second dairj" had during Per iod 111 and afterward as many as as 40 buildings ，and as is evident from ove r! apping elements among their remains ， these buildings buildings were moved or rehuilt several times during the H e ian Period. In contrast to the fact fact that th is area has produced abundant remains of relatively new earthenware ， there has has not been found in the a rea of the present study any ean henware later than “ Stage VIIωand neither are there to be see n remains of any buildings postdating Period III

This This suggests that the area 回 question was abandoned not long after the death of the retired retired Emperor H eizei ， reverting to farmland (Ch. V/4B ) (t ranslated hy Willi a rn R. Carte r)

Chronological Table

Era Era Name Year Emperor or Empress 's Nam e

Wado 利 鋼 1 708 Gemmei .n:時 l Reiki Reiki iI III 1 715 Gensei 広正

Yoro i!; 1 717 今 Sinki Sinki "神 III 1 724 Shomu 聖武 Tempyo *- 勾' 1 729 。 Tempy 白.K ampo ヲ日平感宝 1 749 Koken 車 線

T empyo.Shoho ヲE平開宝 1 749 今 Tempyo ・ Hoji '"平宝字 I 757 • 4砂 2 758 Junnin 淳仁 ， 8 764 Shotoku 称 1卓 Tcmpyo -Jing o 天平神謹 1 765 • Jingo ・ Keiun 神謹最雲 1 767 4・ Hoki 主 亀 1 770 Ko n in 此 1: Ten 'る 天 1 781 Kammu tH 武 E nr yaku 援 回'" 1 782 .

212