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Img/About/Nihon Isan Gaiyo.Pdf> (12 Gennaio 2020) POLITECNICO DI TORINO CORSO DI LAUREA MAGISTRALE IN ARCHITETTURA COSTRUZIONE CITTÀ I castelli e la modernizzazione del paesaggio urbano in Giappone dall'era Tokugawa a oggi Relatore Candidata Prof. Mauro Volpiano Alessia Bertacco A.A. 2019/2020 The image that we all associate with the idea of a castle is certainly very different from the typical appearance of a Japanese castle. As you can easily guess, their history, and the use which is made of them, is also different from European castles; the first types of fortifications in Japan precede the written sources, and for this reason, the information about them is uncertain, but it is from the feudal period that castles begin to assume a relevant role, first as small strongholds located on top of mountains, in places easily defendable, then as luxurious residences on hills or plains with the rising of Oda Nobunaga, to finally become a simple symbol of the power of influence of the individual feudal lord during the period of peace brought by the Tokugawa. The castle towns that formed around them from the end of the 16th century onwards are unlike all the other towns that arose in the same period for their peculiar spatial organization: this in some cases is still visible today within the urban fabric of some of the country's major cities, which developed from the corresponding castle towns. The relationship between the castle and the city profoundly changes in the course of history, as does the perception of the castle itself; periods of extreme rejection, in which II ENGLISH ABSTRACT damnatio memoriae leads to the destruction them and how do they relate to each other? of numerous structures, alternate with In order to find an adequate answer to these the first acknowledgements of their value. questions it is necessary to refer to the traces The protection of cultural heritage, with that can be read inside the city territory, all its facets, comes into the picture, not and above all to take into consideration the only recognizing and preserving individual dynamics linked to the reconstruction of a castles, but also protecting entire portions castle today, the motivations that guide the of the urban fabric, such as ancient samurai proposal of new projects related to them quarters, where the typical atmosphere of and the new trend, supported by the Agency the Tokugawa era has been maintained. for Cultural Affairs, that encourages the use The revaluation also resulted in a renewed of traditional materials and techniques, to desire to rebuild the structures lost over the create castles entirely made of wood that centuries, which in the years following the come as close as possible to the ancient lost Second World War led to the construction image. of numerous castles, all strictly in reinforced concrete: this type of intervention is closely linked to the revitalization of regional territories, for which the castle becomes a landmark, a symbol of distinction but above all a tourist attraction capable of relaunching the economy of areas located outside the Pacific Belt. So what are castles today? What role do they play within the city that hosts III L’immagine che tutti quanti colleghiamo all’idea di castello è sicuramente molto diversa dal tipico aspetto di un castello giapponese. Com’è facilmente intuibile anche la loro storia, e l’utilizzo che ne viene fatto risultano diversi dai castelli europei; le prime tipologie di fortificazione in Giappone precedono le fonti scritte, e per questo motivo le informazioni che le riguardano risultano incerte, ma è a partire dal periodo feudale che i castelli iniziano ad assumere un ruolo rilevante, prima come roccaforti di piccole dimensioni posizionate sulla cima delle montagne, in luoghi facilmente difendibili, poi come residenze sfarzose su colline o pianure con l’ascesa di Oda Nobunaga, per diventare infine un semplice simbolo del potere d’influenza del singolo signore feudale durante il periodo di pace portato dai Tokugawa. Le città castello che intorno ad essi si sono formate a partire dalla fine del XVI secolo si distinguono da tutte le altre città sorte nel medesimo periodo per la peculiare organizzazione spaziale: questa in alcuni casi risulta ancora oggi leggibile all’interno del tessuto urbano di alcune delle maggiori città del Paese, sviluppatesi dalle corrispettive città castello. La relazione che intercorre tra il castello e la città muta profondamente nel corso della storia, così IV ABSTRACT come muta la percezione del castello stesso; l’economia delle aree posizionate al di fuori si alternano infatti periodi di estremo rifiuto, della Cintura del Pacifico. Cosa sono oggi in cui la damnatio memoriae porta alla quindi i castelli? Quale ruolo ricoprono distruzione di numerosissime strutture, ai all’interno della città che li ospita e come si primi riconoscimenti del loro valore. Entra in rapportano con essa? Per trovare una risposta gioco quindi la tutela dei beni culturali, con adeguata a queste questioni bisogna fare tutte le sue sfaccettature, che non si limita rifermento alle tracce leggibili all’interno del a riconoscere e preservare i singoli castelli, territorio cittadino, e soprattutto tenere in ma protegge anche intere porzioni di tessuto considerazione quelle che sono le dinamiche urbano, come ad esempio antichi quartieri di legate alla ricostruzione di un castello oggi, le samurai, in cui è stata mantenuta l’atmosfera motivazioni che guidano la proposta di nuovi tipica dell’era Tokugawa. La rivalutazione progetti legati ad essi e la nuova tendenza, ha portato anche un rinnovato desiderio di appoggiata dall’Agenzia per gli affari culturali, ricostruire le strutture andate perdute nel che spinge ad utilizzare materiali e tecniche corso dei secoli, che negli anni successivi tradizionali, per creare castelli interamente alla Seconda guerra mondiale porterà alla in legno che si avvicinino il più possibile realizzazione di numerosissimi castelli, tutti all’antica immagine andata perduta. rigorosamente in cemento armato: questa tipologia di intervento è strettamente legato alla rivitalizzazione dei territori regionali, per i quali il castello diventa un landmark, un simbolo di riferimento ma soprattutto un’attrazione turistica in grado di far ripartire V 目 次 INDICE DEI CONTENUTI INTRODUZIONE XV 01 COSTRUIRE I CASTELLI IN EPOCA TOKUGAWA 3 1.1 Dalle prime fortificazioni all’ascesa dei Tokugawa 4 La periodizzazione storica giapponese Il feudalesimo decentralizzato: il Giappone diviso dalle guerre civili Fortificazioni: dagli esempi più antichi ai maestosi castelli del periodoAzuchi-Momoyama L’inizio di un’era: l’ascesa dei Tokugawa e l’editto Ikkoku ichijō no rei 1.2 Componenti del castello e tecniche costruttive 20 Una scelta importante: il sito Nawabari 縄張 Ishigaki 石垣 Hori 堀 e Odoi 土居 Hei 塀 e Kabe 壁 Jōmon 城門 Yagura 櫓 Tenshu 天守 Tetti, yane 屋根 VII 1.3 Fortezze inespugnabili: le strategie difensive 86 Sama 狭間 Ishi-otoshi 石落 Yokoya 横矢 Ulteriori strategie difensive Gestione del fuoco,kasai kanri 火災管理 Gestione dell’acqua,mizu kanri 水管理 1.4 Professioni del costruire: l’esempio del carpentiere 104 Shakkanhō 尺貫法 e SI Attrezzi del carpentiere,daiku no dōgu 大工の道具 02 LE CITTÀ CASTELLO NEL PERIODO EDO 115 Gli spazi abitativi del periodo Edo: le residenze dei 2.1 daimyō tra castelli e città 116 Abitare il castello: dalle prime soluzioni temporanee ai grandi palazzi dei daimyō Goten 御殿: la vita dei daimyō all’interno del territorio del castello Shoin 書院: lo stile architettonico dei palazzi deidaimyō Edo yashiki 江戸屋敷: la vita dei daimyō nella “prigionia” di Edo Oltre le città castello: gli insediamenti abitativi 2.2 del periodo Edo 130 Shukubamachi 宿場町 Minatomachi 港町 Ichibamachi 市場町 Monzenmachi 門前町 Jinyamachi 陣屋町 VIII La composizione della città castello: una realtà 2.3 urbana basata su gerarchie definite 150 Il fenomeno della città castello e la diffusione su scala nazionale Organizzare la città castello: la disposizione dei quartieri si trasforma in strategia militare La struttura gerarchica come sistema di controllo: un modello efficace diffuso ancora oggi? L’EVOLUZIONE DEI CASTELLI E DELLE CITTÀ CASTELLO 03 DOPO LA RESTAURAZIONE MEIJI 173 I 150 anni che hanno fatto la differenza: la rapida transizione da sistema feudale 3.1 a superpotenza mondiale 174 La fine di un’era: la caduta deiTokugawa I profondi cambiamenti sociali e istituzionali innescati dalla Restaurazione Gli anni a cavallo del XX secolo: nazionalismo e colonialismo dalla prospettiva giapponese Il ruolo del Giappone nella Seconda guerra mondiale Le conseguenze della Seconda guerra mondiale e la rinascita del Paese Le conseguenze immediate della restaurazione Meiji: 3.2 spazio all’occidentalizzazione 194 Il destino incerto dei castelli, scomodi fantasmi del passato feudale Il ruolo e la trasformazione della città castello nella delicata fase di transizione innescata dalla Restaurazione Meiji Chōnaikai 町内会: la vita di quartiere tra controllo governativo e organizzazione spontanea Dopo la Seconda guerra mondiale: il processo di ricostruzione di castelli e città e la nuova fase di 3.3 pianificazione urbana 210 IX Ricostruire le città e rallentare la crescita urbana incontrollata nel periodo del boom economico Come ricucire il legame con l’epoca premoderna: la ricostruzione dei castelli La pianificazione urbana degli ultimi decenni: verso la città contemporanea LA TUTELA DEI BENI CULTURALI E DEI CASTELLI 04 IN GIAPPONE 239 Primi passi verso la tutela: il rafforzamento 4.1 di un’identità nazionale 240 La Legge sulla tutela dei beni culturali, 4.2 Bunkazaihogohō 文化財保護法 248 Gli anni
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