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Hiraizumi Kiyoshi (1895-1984): 'Spiritual History' in the Service of the Nation In Twentieth Century Japan By Kiyoshi Ueda A Thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Department of History, in the University of Toronto © Copyright by Kiyoshi Ueda, 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-44743-7 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-44743-7 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada Abstract 11 Hiraizumi Kiyoshi (1894-1985): 'Spiritual History' in the Service of the Nation In Twentieth Century Japan Kiyoshi Ueda Doctorate of Philosophy Department of History, University of Toronto, 2008 Abstract Why and how can some Japanese remain "un-repentant" about their wartime history and even reaffirm the righteousness of Japan's military actions during the Second World War? Both Japanese and foreign observers have been puzzled by "outrageous" statements and "unjustifiable" historical interpretations, often concluding that Japan is unable to come to terms with its recent past. While liberal and Marxist historians in Japan have made pioneer studies of the consequences of Japan's military actions and the victims of Japan's wartime ideology, few have tried to identify the source of the logic underlying "Japan's un-repentant" views or to pursue the subject critically and constructively, neither blindly romanticizing nor dogmatically condemning it. This dissertation examines the role of "spiritual history" in the service of the nation in 20th century Japan. More specifically, it identifies a view of medieval history which state authorities actively promoted in the prewar period as the "ethical, moral, historical, and religious" backbone of "Japan's un-repentance" in the postwar period. It locates the source of this view of medieval history in the 19th century, when the Japanese government Kiyoshi Ueda Abstract iii promoted the ethical and moral principles underlying the "southern court" view of history (Nancho seito ron shikan), a 17th and 18th ethical and moral interpretation of 14th century Japan (and a core component of spiritual history), as guiding principles for the moral education of imperial subjects. This set of principles was applied to the relationship between individuals and the state. It set Japan's overseas expansion within the context of Japanese mythology and shaped Japan's perceptions of the war until 1945. Despite American efforts to erase Japan's prewar values, some wartime proponents of the southern court view of history preserved these principles and used them to influence national debates in the postwar period. This set of principles continues to function as a source of the logic behind the illogicality of Japan's "un-repentance" today. The thesis follows the life of "spiritual" historian Hiraizumi Kiyoshi (1895-1984), chief professor of the Nation's History at Tokyo Imperial University from the late 1920s to Japan's defeat in 1945. Hiraizumi played a key role in the inheritance (before 1920s), revitalization (1920s and early 1930s), application (1930s), reinforcement (1940s), and continuation (from 1945 to 1984) of these principles in the service of the imperial nation. The study places him in the centre of the intellectual history of 20th century Japan, using empirical methods to determine a cause of the ongoing postwar historical controversy. The study is intended to serve as a model for the future study of Japanese national history from inside. Kiyoshi Ueda Acknowledgements iv Acknowledgments I was able to complete this work because of the guidance, assistance, and encouragement I received in Canada and Japan. I would like to begin by thanking historians at the Department of History at University of Toronto for their guidance. I am particularly grateful to Professor Ian Radforth for agreeing to become my supervisor and for giving me invaluable comments on the first draft in 2007. I would like to thank Professor Andre Schmid, Professor Tom Keirstead and Professor Ken Kawashima of the Department of East Asian Studies for their evaluation of the dissertation in spring 2008. I would like to thank Professor Peter Nosco of the Centre for Asian Studies at University of British Columbia for reading my dissertation as External Examiner in May-June 2008. 1 should also mention Professor Jane Abray, Head of the Department of History, Professor Eric Jennings, former Graduate Coordinator in the Department of History, Professor Lori Loeb, Graduate Coordinator of the Department of History, and Jennifer Francisco (currently at the Faculty of Medicine) and Davina Joseph, Graduate Administrators of the Department of History, and Celia Sevilla, Programme Administrator of the Department of East Asian Studies who made the administrative arrangements necessary for the defense and completion of my dissertation. Thanks go to Professor Emeritus Sylvia Van Kirk and Professor Emeritus Robert Accinelli who were helpful when I began my graduate studies. Professor Timothy Brook (currently at University College, University of Oxford) and Professor Michael Szoyni (currently at Harvard University) gave me comments when I presented papers at the Faculty/Graduate Student Colloquium. I would also like to thank the members of my former thesis committee: Professor Emeritus John S Brownlee of the Department of History, Professor Emeritus Michael Kiyoshi Ueda Acknowledgements v Donnelly, and Professor Emeritus Victor Falkenheim of the Department of Political Science. Professor Brownlee educated me in the study of modern Japanese history with tremendous patience, and he wrote numerous letters of introduction each time I visited Japan for field research. Thanks go to Professor Emeritus Shuzo Uyenaka, Professor Emeritus David Waterhouse and Professor Rick Guisso of the Department of East Asian Studies, Dr. Yasko Nishimura, Associated Scholar in the Department of History & Philosophy of Science & Medicine, Jen Hoff, Editor at Pontifical Institute in St Michael's College, Frank Hoff, Professor Emeritus of Japanese Literature and Performing Arts at the Department of East Asian Studies, and to the staff of the Cheng Yu Tung East Asian Library in Robarts Library, where I began my study on modern Japanese history. I have done most of my research in Japan and have received a great deal of support there. I was a research fellow at Institute of Social Sciences at University of Tokyo for two years, researching under the mentorship of Hiraishi Naoaki, Professor Emeritus of Japanese Intellectual History and former Head of the Institute. Professor Hiraishi allowed me to attend his seminar on the reading of historical materials from the early modern period and always welcomed me in his office to discuss my research. I benefited from discussions with Sekiguchi Sumie, formerly a doctoral student in the Faculty of Law and now Assistant Professor of Japanese Intellectual History at Hosei University. I was also helped by Karube Tadashi, Professor of Japanese Intellectual History in the Faculty of Law. My research topic was shaped by the wealth of materials available through the University's library system, the main library, as well as the following; the libraries of the Institute of Social Sciences, the Historiographical Institute, the Institute of Social Information Research, and the Institute of Oriental Culture; the libraries of the Faculties of Kiyoshi Ueda Acknowledgements vi Literature, Economics, Law, Agriculture, and Education; and the Library for Magazines and Newspapers of the Meiji Period. In particular, I would like to thank the Division of Primary Sources on Early Modern and Modern History in the Faculty of Law for allowing me to use Takeshita Masahiko Diary. Accomplished students of various schools of history mentored
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