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Understanding Samurai Disloyalty
New Voices Volume 2 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.21159/nv.02.05 Understanding Samurai Disloyalty Joshua Archer The University of Sydney Abstract Prevailing notions of samurai loyalty remain largely unopposed by Western scholarly literature. This should not be so. Minor efforts in recent scholarship have plainly shown that the stereotypical notion of samurai loyalty is fallacious. However, despite these assertions the myth remains a powerful and popular misconception. Clearly a greater scholarly undertaking is required. Through an in-depth historical analysis of samurai disloyalty, a more realistic conception of samurai behaviour may be achieved. This article seeks to provide a foundation for further research, arguing that disloyalty was favoured among samurai to further their personal ambitions or interests. Disloyalty between medieval samurai was not always considered morally deplorable, nor was it considered divergent to ‘normal’ samurai behaviour. Moreover, it is erroneous to argue that the majority of samurai were ‘loyal,’ when in fact many were often being coerced or manipulated by those in power. Logic suggests that loyalty must be voluntary, thus the use of coercion undermines assertions of samurai loyalty. Further scholarship should not merely seek to establish the frequency of samurai disloyalty, nor should it condemn such occurrences. It must endeavour to understand how and why disloyalty occurred. Keywords Samurai, Loyalty, Betrayal, Bakufu, Zanshin (残 心) Introduction In 1914, Takagi Takeshi, a scholar in Japanese literature, compared ‘Western Chivalry’ to ‘Japanese Bushidō,’ summarising bushidō into twenty rather broad doctrines.1 He wrote that in Western Chivalry, bravery was the highest virtue. Takagi argued that 1 Takagi, A Comparison of Bushi-do and Chivalry, pp. -
Powerful Warriors and Influential Clergy Interaction and Conflict Between the Kamakura Bakufu and Religious Institutions
UNIVERSITY OF HAWAllllBRARI Powerful Warriors and Influential Clergy Interaction and Conflict between the Kamakura Bakufu and Religious Institutions A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY MAY 2003 By Roy Ron Dissertation Committee: H. Paul Varley, Chairperson George J. Tanabe, Jr. Edward Davis Sharon A. Minichiello Robert Huey ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Writing a doctoral dissertation is quite an endeavor. What makes this endeavor possible is advice and support we get from teachers, friends, and family. The five members of my doctoral committee deserve many thanks for their patience and support. Special thanks go to Professor George Tanabe for stimulating discussions on Kamakura Buddhism, and at times, on human nature. But as every doctoral candidate knows, it is the doctoral advisor who is most influential. In that respect, I was truly fortunate to have Professor Paul Varley as my advisor. His sharp scholarly criticism was wonderfully balanced by his kindness and continuous support. I can only wish others have such an advisor. Professors Fred Notehelfer and Will Bodiford at UCLA, and Jeffrey Mass at Stanford, greatly influenced my development as a scholar. Professor Mass, who first introduced me to the complex world of medieval documents and Kamakura institutions, continued to encourage me until shortly before his untimely death. I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to them. In Japan, I would like to extend my appreciation and gratitude to Professors Imai Masaharu and Hayashi Yuzuru for their time, patience, and most valuable guidance. -
The Japanese Samurai Code: Classic Strategies for Success Kindle
THE JAPANESE SAMURAI CODE: CLASSIC STRATEGIES FOR SUCCESS PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Boye Lafayette De Mente | 192 pages | 01 Jun 2005 | Tuttle Publishing | 9780804836524 | English | Boston, United States The Japanese Samurai Code: Classic Strategies for Success PDF Book Patrick Mehr on May 4, pm. The culture and tradition of Japan, so different from that of Europe, never ceases to enchant and intrigue people from the West. Hideyoshi was made daimyo of part of Omi Province now Shiga Prefecture after he helped take the region from the Azai Clan, and in , Nobunaga sent him to Himeji Castle to face the Mori Clan and conquer western Japan. It is an idea taken from Confucianism. Ieyasu was too late to take revenge on Akechi Mitsuhide for his betrayal of Nobunaga—Hideyoshi beat him to it. Son of a common foot soldier in Owari Province now western Aichi Prefecture , he joined the Oda Clan as a foot soldier himself in After Imagawa leader Yoshimoto was killed in a surprise attack by Nobunaga, Ieyasu decided to switch sides and joined the Oda. See our price match guarantee. He built up his capital at Edo now Tokyo in the lands he had won from the Hojo, thus beginning the Edo Period of Japanese history. It emphasised loyalty, modesty, war skills and honour. About this item. Installing Yoshiaki as the new shogun, Nobunaga hoped to use him as a puppet leader. Whether this was out of disrespect for a "beast," as Mitsuhide put it, or cover for an act of mercy remains a matter of debate. While Miyamoto Musashi may be the best-known "samurai" internationally, Oda Nobunaga claims the most respect within Japan. -
Ghenko, the Mongol Invasion of Japan
1 GHENKO THE MONGOL INVASION OF JAPAN HOJO TOKIMUNE. GHENKO THE MONGOL INVASION OF JAPAN BY NAKABA YAMADA, B.A. (Cantab.) WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY LORD ARMSTRONG WITH ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS LONDON SMITH, ELDER & CO., 15 WATERLOO PLACE 1916 [All rights reserved] *L\ 3 Y PREFACE evening in the summer before last, I ONEwas sitting in the reading-room of my College in Cambridge, when a small " " book entitled Westward Ho ! caught my eye. I was greatly attracted by its contents. In the mellowing light of the sun, I perused the book page after page, until my attention was diverted by the dining-bell from the hall. Ending my perusal, however, I stood a while with the pleasant memory of what I had read. One of my friends told me at table that that book was one of the great works of Charles Kingsley, and well worth reading. Having ob- tained a new copy, I finished the reading before long. It was from this reading that I acquired the idea of writing this book. My first intention was " to describe the historical event of the Mongol " " Invasion of Japan in such a novel as Westward " Ho ! But I have found it better to write an authentic, straightforward history rather than to use the medium of fiction. For the facts, which v 348467 PREFACE would be used as the basis of an historical novel, are not known to our Western friends as a whole, as the Chino-Japanese war or the Russo- war has been this is Japanese ; probably owing both to the remoteness of the events and the difficulties of research work, in a field so far removed in time and place. -
Japanese Didactic Gunsho Commentaries in the Edo Period: a Study of the 17Th C
WRITTEN MONUMENTS OF THE ORIENT. Vol. 6, No. 2 (12), 2020, p. 93–113 93 Alexey Lushchenko Japanese Didactic Gunsho Commentaries in the Edo Period: A Study of the 17th c. Commentary on the Heike Monogatari DOI 10.17816/wmo56802 Abstract: The Heike monogatari hyōban hidenshō is an anonymous 17th c. commentary on the medieval Heike monogatari. As a military studies text (gunsho) written for Edo-pe- riod warriors, the commentary differs substantially from the Heike monogatari in content and purpose. It consists of didactic essays that critically evaluate passages from the Heike monogatari and also includes fi ctional stories that expand and reinterpret the content of the Heike monogatari. The commentary’s content focuses on topics of governance, strategy, and ethics. In the 17th c., such gunsho commentaries functioned as educational texts with advice and admonition addressed to daimyo lords and warriors in general. As a didactic military studies text, the Heike monogatari hyōban hidenshō reveals a new facet of recep- tion of the Heike monogatari in the Edo period. Key words: Japan, Edo period, gunsho, didactic commentaries, gunki monogatari, Heike monogatari hyōban hidenshō, intellectual history, education Introduction The Tale of the Heike (Heike monogatari 平家物語, 13th c. CE), a well- known medieval Japanese “war tale” (gunki monogatari 軍記物語), narrates events of the late 12th c. with a focus on the Genpei 源平 confl ict (1180– 1185 CE) and the rise and fall of the Heike 平家 clan. For many centuries this major historical and literary text has infl uenced Japanese arts and culture. Studies of reception history of this text tend to examine visual arts, theatrical performances, and literary texts intended for entertainment. -
Bandits, Pirates, Merchants and Financiers
BANDITS, PIRATES, MERCHANTS AND FINANCIERS Bandits and Pirates Tosa Harbor was the base of the powerful Andô uji on the Tsugaru peninsula. As I discussed briefly in my “maritime” survey of Japanese history, the city reached the height of its prosperity in the fourteenth century, rivalling the prosperity of Hakata in northern Kyûshû. Tosa Harbor’s once lively downtown district has yielded to archaeologists large numbers of Chinese coins and porcelain as well as Koguryo (Korean) celadon. Indeed, from the fourteenth to the fifteenth centuries, Tosa Harbor may well have been the international hub of the north. To the far south, the city of Bônotsu on southern-most tip of Kyûshû welcomed many ships from the Asian continent from the twelfth century, and excavations in Kanzaki on the Ariake Bay have also uncovered large numbers of Chinese porcelains. But coastal towns are not the only places where Chinese porcelains have turned up. They have also been found in Niimi, up in the mountains of Okayama, demonstrating its close links to East Asia. But lurking beneath all these traces of trade lies a major problem for historians: what kind of political power guaranteed the flow of goods and bills of exchange? When “checks bounced,” or exchanges were deemed invalid, or when there was a dispute over bills, who could offer the guarantees that would resolve the disputes? The government at this time did not fulfill this function. The Imperial government in Kyôto, the military government in Kamakura, the managers of shôen and government lands focused their attention on the resolution of land disputes, 128 establishing procedures to handle such problems. -
Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction Du Branch Patrimoine De I'edition
Hiraizumi Kiyoshi (1895-1984): 'Spiritual History' in the Service of the Nation In Twentieth Century Japan By Kiyoshi Ueda A Thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Department of History, in the University of Toronto © Copyright by Kiyoshi Ueda, 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-44743-7 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-44743-7 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. -
Creating Heresy: (Mis)Representation, Fabrication, and the Tachikawa-Ryū
Creating Heresy: (Mis)representation, Fabrication, and the Tachikawa-ryū Takuya Hino Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 Takuya Hino All rights reserved ABSTRACT Creating Heresy: (Mis)representation, Fabrication, and the Tachikawa-ryū Takuya Hino In this dissertation I provide a detailed analysis of the role played by the Tachikawa-ryū in the development of Japanese esoteric Buddhist doctrine during the medieval period (900-1200). In doing so, I seek to challenge currently held, inaccurate views of the role played by this tradition in the history of Japanese esoteric Buddhism and Japanese religion more generally. The Tachikawa-ryū, which has yet to receive sustained attention in English-language scholarship, began in the twelfth century and later came to be denounced as heretical by mainstream Buddhist institutions. The project will be divided into four sections: three of these will each focus on a different chronological stage in the development of the Tachikawa-ryū, while the introduction will address the portrayal of this tradition in twentieth-century scholarship. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………………...ii Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………iii Dedication……………………………………………………………………………….………..vi Preface…………………………………………………………………………………………...vii Introduction………………………………………………………………………….…………….1 Chapter 1: Genealogy of a Divination Transmission……………………………………….……40 Chapter -
Volume 18 (2011), Article 1
Volume 18 (2011), Article 1 http://chinajapan.org/articles/18/1 Ng, Wai-ming “Redefining Legitimacy in Tokugawa Historiography” Sino-Japanese Studies 18 (2011), article 1. Abstract: Due to the different historical developments and political traditions of China and Japan, Chinese concepts of legitimacy could not be applied to Japan without major modifications. Tokugawa historians demonstrated a high level of flexibility and creativity in their discussion of political legitimacy. Some Chinese concepts were reinterpreted to fit into the Tokugawa system. For instance, the mandate of heaven was used primarily to discuss the right to govern and denied a Chinese-style “revolution” and dynastic change. Using major Tokugawa historical writings as the main references and highlighting the legitimacy of the Southern or Northern Courts as well as the legitimacy of the Edo bakufu, this study examines the making of Japanized concepts of legitimacy in Tokugawa historiography. It sheds light on understanding how Tokugawa historians creatively modified and appropriated Chinese historical ideas and terms to accommodate Japanese tradition and the Tokugawa political system. Sino-Japanese Studies http://chinajapan.org/articles/18/1 Redefining Legitimacy in Tokugawa Historiography Wai-ming Ng Chinese University of Hong Kong Introduction Both the Chinese and the Japanese have a tradition of compiling and using history. Chinese historical writings, in particular, Sima Guang’s 司馬光 (1019-1086) Zizhi tongjian 資治通鑑 (Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government, 1084) and Zhu Xi’s 朱熹 (1130-1200) Tongjian gangmu 通鑑綱目 (Summary of the Comprehensive Mirror, 1172), were also influential in shaping historical critique and terminology in Japanese historiography. Legitimizing the current regime was a hidden political agenda in many historical writings in China and Japan in which the discussion of political “legitimacy” (正統 zhengtong in Chinese, seitō in Japanese) was passionately engaged. -
英文要旨 Abstracts of Papers
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE 英文要旨 Abstracts of Papers The Autograph Manuscript of “Takekurabe”: Higuchi Ichiyoˉ, the Field of Writing TOMATSU Izumi A celebratory exhibition and performance were both held at Ichiyoˉ’s memorial museum in the Taitoˉ Ward this year as it is the year of the 140th anniversary of Ichiyoˉ’s birth. It may safely be said that the exhibition of the autograph manuscript of “Takekurabe” at the National Institute of Japanese Literature is swimming with the stream. Far from being a distant existence, it seems that we feel Ichiyoˉ increasingly familiar to us. It is not only because her portrait is printed on the 5,000-yen note but also her autograph manuscripts have started appearing in full view and their value as sources has been reconsidered. Ichiyoˉ, who started writing as a novelist in the Meiji period, namely in the beginning of the type-printing era, left not only manuscripts but also a large quantity of drafts (miteikoˉ) that looked like waste paper. It is said that they numbered in the thousands. It is said that Ichiyoˉ’s sister Kuniko, who knew Ichiyoˉ’s struggle with writing, carefully preserved even her jottings. In the present day when modern publishing technology has changed dramatically, the manuscripts have drawn scholars’ attention as valuable sources for new research on literature. This manuscript is currently displayed at the National Institute of Japanese Literature and is the only final version of the text which is in nearly perfect condition. “Takekurabe” appeared intermittently in seven parts in the literary coterie magazine “Bungakukai” for one year and then appeared collectively in the commercial literary magazine “Bungeikurabu” published by Hakubunkan. -
The Atsuhara Affair: the Lotus Sutra, Persecution, and Religious Identity
Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 41/1: 153–189 © 2014 Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture Jacqueline I. Stone The Atsuhara Affair TheLotus Sutra, Persecution, and Religious Identity in the Early Nichiren Tradition In 1279, twenty peasants who were lay followers of the Buddhist teacher Nichiren were summarily arrested at Atsuhara in the Fuji district of Suruga province and were sent for trial to Kamakura, where three of them were beheaded. This incident is known in the history of Nichiren Buddhism as the Atsuhara persecution. The first part of this article outlines the circumstances of the persecution and the political and religious tensions that fueled it and considers how Nichiren was able to persuade his followers to remain steadfast in the face of a grave threat. The second part examines links between Nichiren’s interpretation of the persecution and larger themes in his teaching of exclusive devotion to the Lotus Sutra, especially that offering one’s life for the sutra’s sake guarantees one’s attainment of buddhahood. Lastly, the article touches on how later accounts of the Atsuhara persecution shaped a normative ideal within the Nichiren tradition of how Lotus devotees should meet opposition from those in power. keywords: Lotus Sutra—Atsuhara—Nichiren—Nikkō—persecution—martyrdom Jacqueline I. Stone is a professor of Japanese Religions in the Department of Religion at Princeton University. 153 o precious are its teachings, the Lotus Sutra suggests, that one should uphold them even at the cost of one’s life. In the “Fortitude” chapter, a host of bodhisattvas declares in the Buddha’s presence, “We do not cher- ishS bodily life. -
Learning from SHOGUN
Learning from Shǀgun Japanese History and Western Fantasy Edited by Henry Smith Program in Asian Studies University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, California 93106 Contents Designed by Marc Treib Contributors vi Copyright © 1980 by Henry D. Smith II Maps viii for the authors Preface xi Distributed by the Japan Society, 333 East 47th Street, New York, Part I: The Fantasy N.Y. 10017 1 James Clavell and the Legend of the British Samurai 1 Henry Smith 2 Japan, Jawpen, and the Attractions of an Opposite 20 Illustrations of samurai armor are David Plath from Murai Masahiro, Tanki yǀryaku 3 Shǀgun as an Introduction to Cross-Cultural Learning 27 (A compendium for the mounted Elgin Heinz warrior), rev. ed., 1837, woodblock edition in the Metropolitan Museum Part II: The History of Art, New York 4 Blackthorne’s England 35 Sandra Piercy 5 Trade and Diplomacy in the Era of Shǀgun 43 Ronald Toby 6 The Struggle for the Shogunate 52 Henry Smith 7 Hosokawa Gracia: A Model for Mariko 62 Chieko Mulhern This publication has been supported by Part III: The Meeting of Cultures grants from: 8 Death and Karma in the World of Shǀgun 71 Consulate General of Japan, Los William LaFleur Angeles 9 Learning Japanese with Blackthorne 79 Japan-United States Susan Matisoff Friendship Commission 10 The Paradoxes of the Japanese Samurai 86 Northeast Asia Council, Henry Smith Association for Asian Studies 11 Consorts and Courtesans: The Women of Shǀgun 99 USC-UCLA Joint East Asia Henry Smith Studies Center 12 Raw Fish and a Hot Bath: Dilemmas of Daily Life 113 Southern California Conference on Henry Smith International Studies Who’s Who in Shǀgun 127 Glossary 135 For Further Reading 150 Postscript: The TV Transformation 161 vi Contributors vii Sandra Piercy is a graduate student in English history of the Tudor- Stuart period at the University of California, Santa Barbara.