Ghenko, the Mongol Invasion of Japan

1 GHENKO THE MONGOL INVASION OF JAPAN HOJO TOKIMUNE. GHENKO THE MONGOL INVASION OF JAPAN BY NAKABA YAMADA, B.A. (Cantab.) WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY LORD ARMSTRONG WITH ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS LONDON SMITH, ELDER & CO., 15 WATERLOO PLACE 1916 [All rights reserved] *L\ 3 Y PREFACE evening in the summer before last, I ONEwas sitting in the reading-room of my College in Cambridge, when a small " " book entitled Westward Ho ! caught my eye. I was greatly attracted by its contents. In the mellowing light of the sun, I perused the book page after page, until my attention was diverted by the dining-bell from the hall. Ending my perusal, however, I stood a while with the pleasant memory of what I had read. One of my friends told me at table that that book was one of the great works of Charles Kingsley, and well worth reading. Having obtained a new copy, I finished the reading before long. It was from this reading that I acquired the idea of writing this book. My first intention was " to describe the historical event of the Mongol " " Invasion of Japan in such a novel as Westward " Ho ! But I have found it better to write an authentic, straightforward history rather than to use the medium of fiction. For the facts, which v 348467 PREFACE would be used as the basis of an historical novel, are not known to our Western friends as a whole, as the Chino-Japanese war or the Russo- war has been this is Japanese ; probably owing both to the remoteness of the events and the difficulties of research work, in a field so far removed in time and place. " " Ghenko," as the Japanese call the Mongol " Invasion —a momentous national event which occurred in the last two decades of the thirteenth — century is, in my opinion, one of the most important facts which should be known by our friends who take an interest in the evolution of the Japanese power. For Japan is not a nation which became a world power simply because of the victories won in the Chino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese wars, but because of the superior spirit that has existed in the heart of the nation from earliest times. Every historian knows what a powerful empire the Mongols founded in the thirteenth century, and with what pomp they ruled the world they conquered. Almost all the kings of Asia, and even the sovereigns of Europe, trembled on their thrones when the blood-red flag of the Mongols appeared, and were compelled to do homage to vi PREFACE the great khans of the Mongol empire, whose dominion extended over the vast territory from the Yellow Sea to the banks of the Danube. Although assailed by the victorious armies of the world-conquerors, Japan, singularly, was the only country which even the might of Kublai failed to subdue. A small nation which was twice attacked by an ambitious neighbour, a thousand times stronger in every way, repulsed its formidable foe for ever. Is it not natural that a Japanese who reads the story of the Spanish Armada recalls that of the Mongol armada against which his ancestors fought, saving his fatherland from a tyrant's hand ? Is it not a curious fact that, while the Spanish and Mongol empires have fallen for ever, England and Japan are still treading the path of national prosperity, both as the sovereigns of the sea and as the closest allies in the world ? However, in these two glorious victories which similarly became the source of the rise of the two nations, we see the difference that the one occurred in the sixteenth century and the other in the thirteenth. There may be some others of minor importance. But the similarities will, as vii PREFACE the reader goes on from chapter to chapter, probably very greatly overweigh the differences, and he will realise when he comes to the last stage how similar were the fates that England and Japan, one in the West and the other in the East, might have shared with each other. One of the most striking similarities is that as the might of Spain had been scattered by the winds God blew for the English, who were given the chance of rising as the greatest maritime power, so, when the Divine tempest had shattered the Mongol power, the Japanese were afforded the opportunity of expanding as the sovereigns of the sea. But Japan could not actually avail herself of this great opportunity, and remained, for a as nation for long time, an insignificant ; owing to the civil wars the government prevented to the rising spirit of the nation from expanding the four seas. But the vitality of a rising race could not absolutely be stopped by the government policy. Like a stream against the rocks, it ran to seek its way. Therefore, in carrying our thought back to that age, we are stirred to see how many of the brave Japanese took part in enterprises abroad with all the daring of Drake and Hawkins. viii PREFACE Divine tempest ! It was indeed an awful power of the Unseen, which came just in time to co-operate with the armies of justice and valour, among which England ranked in the West and Japan in the East. Queen Elizabeth struck a " medal bearing the inscription Afflavit Deus et dissipati sunt." Clear it is that England was thankful for the Heavenly Grace. The Japanese have the idea that their land is the country of the Gods because they have been led to believe that Japan is under the special protection of the heavenly Being, by the events which have occurred during her long career. No theoretical certainty attaches to this belief. But will the knowledge of science bring the Gods' power to an end ? I will leave this question to my readers. The first two chapters may be rather dry and insipid, yet so far as these historical events are concerned with the Mongols, Koreans and Japanese, it seemed to me of vital importance to examine the state of the old relations existing among them, so as to judge accurately the Mongol invasion, and the Japanese attitude towards it. In order to show the Japanese spirit from the thirteenth century down to the sixteenth, I have added the twelfth chapter, in which the ix PREFACE readers are told how the Japanese Drakes and Hawkinses were taking an active part in the Eastern seas while the English seamen were their fame in Western waters and the founding ; " thirteenth chapter, under the heading The Collision of Barbarism and Civilization." The song inserted with a musical note is one which has been translated from a Japanese war " " song, Ghenko-no-Uta (" Song of the Mongol Invasion ") as they call it, or more popularly " " known as Shihyaku-Yoshu (" Four Hundred States "), for the first stanza begins with those words. The song is so renowned and never- fading in Japan that generation after generation sing it in praise of the country's honour, and it is so instructive that even one who has no other knowledge of the national event is instinctively made aware by it of his ancestors' exploit and of " " Tenyu," the Grace of Heaven. Though Kimi- " gayo is universally recognised as the national " " anthem, the Shihyaku-Yoshu is in high favour in a different sense : it may be best com- " " " pared with Rule, Britannia or La Marseil- laise." The Japanese find in the song something of a very impressive character—a conception of and pride, justice self-sacrifice, and so on ; but PREFACE I fear that the English version cannot convey the spirit of the original poem to the same extent as we feel it. I express hereby my sincere thanks to the authors of the various books whose names are mentioned on the last page of this book, and from which I have obtained much useful in- formation and many quotations. I am also very grateful to Prof. K. Hamada, of Kioto University, for his advice on my research work, and to Rear-Admiral K. Oguri, who kindly allowed me to use his authentic map. N. YAMADA. January ij/, 191 6. Xt INTRODUCTION been asked by my friend Mr. Yamada 1HAVEto write a few lines of introduction to his entrancing story of the defeat of the Mongol Invasion of Japan in the thirteenth century, now for the first time presented to English readers in a concise and attractive form, and it is with great pleasure that I comply with his honourable request. Mr. Yamada has modestly attributed the conception of his task to the stirring story of " " ! but his Westward Ho ; throughout work one can see that in reality he is fired by the inbred chivalry of the knightly family of which he is the present representative, and he unconsciously pays a loving tribute to the brave deeds of his ancestors. He tells us of his first intention to write an historical romance but he ; fortunately decided to confine himself to history, as the scenes he so picturesquely unfolds are worthy of comparison with those of Prescott's romantic histories of the conquests of Mexico and Peru, with this advantage, that in the battles of the xiii INTRODUCTION Ghenko all was fairly done by the victors, and no stigma of dishonourable or treacherous conduct besmirched their laurels. Throughout his book, while laying before his readers in a spirited and dramatic manner the con- dition of the Far East in the thirteenth century and the events that led up to the war of the Ghenko, he brings out in high relief the similarity of the chivalrous patriotism that marked the rise to greatness of the island Powers of the East and of the West, and clearly shows that, notwith- standing the centuries that have since intervened, the same spirit and the same methods still mark the course of Powers seeking aggrandise- ment and of free people striving to maintain their honour and freedom.

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