Iranica, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp 316{319 Scientia
c
Sharif University of Technology, August 2007
esearch Note R
tial Oil Comp osition of Rosa Essen
ena Mill Cultivated in Central Iran damasc
1 1
J. Safari O. Sabzi Fini and Loghmani-Khouzani , H.
essential oil of Rosa damascena Mill cultivated in central Iran (Kashan region) from the The
etals and whole ower (p etals and retals), were extracted using a Clevenger apparatus in aqueous p
acidic (10% v/v) solutions. Dep ending on the conditions of the steam distillation, eighteen and
r comp onents of the essential oil extracts were identi ed by GC-MS in a 0.4-1% yield. The majo
comp onents obtained from the retals were compared with the volatile oil from whole volatile
wers (retals and p etals) in aqueous and acidic solutions. The major di erences were, rst, o
of the e ective comp onent in the retals, like -citronellol, which is resp onsible for the higher some
y of the rose oil obtained in a b etter yield, and, secondly, some of the toxic comp onents, qualit
like 2-o ctanamine (0.47% in E sample), which can reduce the quality of the rose oil and which
re completely removed in the acidic solution. According to the GC-MS results, -citronellol a
nonadecane (10.5-40.5%), geraniol (5.5-18%) and henicosane (7-14%), were the (14.5-47.5%),
r comp onents of the oil. majo
ODUCTION INTR and reduction of in ammation, esp ecially tenderness
the neck, were rep orted [1]. Also rose oil is famous, of
fragrance of the rose ower captured by extraction The
only for its wide application in p erfumery and not
one of the most valuable avours and fragrances is
but also, along with its aroma prop erties, cosmetics,
duced. The most common aroma concentrates of pro
is a valuable natural drug agent p ossessing bacte- it
are rose oil and rose water, derived from steam rose
antihystological, gall curative, antispasmodic riostatic,
Rosa damascena Mill (which is known as distillation.
relaxing etc. [1]. Avicenna showed that rose oil and
Mohammadi in Persian) b elongs to the family Gole
uses in aroma-therapy for treatment of cardiac has
Rosaceae, many sp ecies and variety of which are of
[2]. diseases
ated throughout the world as an ornamental cultiv
are di erent kinds of traditional and mo d- There
plant. Rosa damascena needs mo derate temp eratures
devices for the extraction of volatile oil from ern
humid air during owering to achieve a rich and
osa damascene [3-7]. A nu mb e r of rep orts h ave R
content. This ty p e of rose is mainly grown in oil
eared on the chemical evaluation of rose oil [8,9] and app
erate climates, usually at an altitude b etween 300- temp
e reviews have b een published by placeCity- exhaustiv
m. Rosa damascena is well known as medicinal 1800
wrence [10,11]. Rose oil can be contaminated La
In addition to its p erfume, in traditional herbal.
aliphatic amines. Some common toxicological with
several pharmacological e ects of this plant, medicine,
erties for aliphatic amines h ave b een rep orted prop
h as a therap eutic e ect on premenstrual breast suc
[12]. in
ob jective of the present study is fo cused The
the evaluation of neutral and acidic media on on
Corresponding Author, Department of Chemistry, Fac- *.
the steam-distillation of Rosa damascene and also a
of Sciences, University of Isfahan, P.O. Box 81746- ulty
e study of the comp onents in whole owers comparitiv
73441, Isfahan, I.R. Iran.
p etals. To the b est of the authors knowledge, no and
1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Univer-
h studies h ave b een rep orted in the literature on suc
sity of Kashan, P.O. Box 87317-51167, Kashan, I.R.
essential rose oil. Iranian Iran.
tial Oil Comp osition of R osa damascena Mill 317 Essen
TION OF COMPONENTS IDENTIFICA AL/PLANT MATERIAL EXPERIMENT
comp onents of the oil were identi ed by GC The p etals and whole owers (p etals and sepals) of The
tion indices relative to n-alkanes and computer reten osa damascena were collected during its owering R
hed with a Wiley 275 Library, as well as by matc erio d, which b egins in May to mid-June, dep ending p
with the fragmentation pattern of the mass comparison the amount of sunshine and the altitude of the on
ectra with those of authentic samples or with data sp wing region in Kashan (central region of Iran). gro
in the literature [15-17]. The p ercentage published owers are picked in the early morning, when The
ositions of the samples were computed from the comp to blo om. They are taken to the distillatory starting
p eak areas. GC as quickly as p ossible and utilized for distil- apparatus
lation.
TS AND DISCUSSION RESUL
TION OF VOLATILES ISOLA
this study, more than 95 macro- and micro- In
onents were found in the essential oil of Rosa comp the rst analysis, the p etals of the Vidorj regions In
ene from the Kashan regions. The oil yield damasc g) were placed on the clevenger apparatus [13] and (200
v/w) from the avor of Rosa damascena wa s (1% volatile fraction was isolated by steam-distillation the
by a gravimetric metho d and calculated determined 4 h, according to the metho d recommended in the for
p ercentage, with resp ect to the starting mass of in ean pharmacop o eia [14]. The essential oil (0.5 Europ
plant material. Eighteen comp ounds were iden- the was collected from the rose water using a separator mL)
representing more than 95% of the total oil ti ed, Secondly, equally in two sets of clevenger funnel.
able 1). (T the sepals and p etals (200 g) of the owers apparatus,
ma jor constituents are listed in order of The the Vidorj and Dorrin regions were extracted, from
elution from a HP-5Ms column. The con- their steam-distillation in distilled water and 0.8 and using
t of the oil wa s -citronellol (15-47.5%), non- stituen mL of essential oil was collected, resp ectively. The 0.2
(24-40.5%), geraniol (0-18%) and henicosane adecan exp eriment was carried out on 200 g of sepals and third
(7-14.5%). etals of the Khonb and Ghemsar regions with 10% v/v p
advantage of using sulfuric acid wa s in the The acid in water. 0.4 mL and 0.6 mL of essential sulfuric
val of trace aliphatic amines, which were present remo wa s obtained, resp ectively. The oils which were oil
some cases and the disadvantage wa s in removing in t yellow in color were dried over anhydrous calcium ligh
linalo ol, geraniol acetate, cis fransol and geraniol, hloride and stored in vials at a low temp erature (2 c C)
Also, the p ercentage of -citronellol was reduced nerol. til analysis. un
half in this solution. to
rose oil wa s rep orted, which wa s as Bulgarian
AND GC-MS ANALYSES GC
ws: -citronellol (30.31%), geraniol (16.96%), follo
yl ethyl alcohol (12.60%), nerol (8.46%), hexa- phen
extracted oil was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. GC The
(3.70%), nonadecane (2.7%), linalo ol (2.15%), cosane
was carried out on a Hewlett-Packard-6890 gas analysis
-Ionone (1.00%), ecosane (1.65%), do cacosane
hromatograph equipp ed with a Free-Induction Decay c
farnesol (1.36%), neryal acetate (1.41%), (1.27%),
detector and an HP-5MS fused silica column (30 (FID)
propionate (1.38%), geranial (1.35%), - citronellyl
0.25 mm i.d., lm thickness, 0.25 m). Oven m
pinene (0.60%), myrceen (0.46%), cis rose oxide
erature wa s held at 60 for 3 min and then temp C
decanal (0.51%), terpine-4-ol (0.55%), - (0.55%),
to 220 at a rate of 6 The programmed C C/min.
ophyllene+citronellyl act (0.81%), iso b orneol cary
and detector (FID) temp eratures were 290 injector C
heptadecane (0.92%) [18]. (0.57%),
the carrier gas was helium with a ow of 1 mL/min. and
comparison of the results with the literature The
volume injected was 0.1 l of the oil and the split The
we d signi cant di erences for oils, which can be sho
was 1:20. ratio
to ecological factors, genetic di erences attributed
analysis wa s p erformed on a HP-6890 GC/MS
the development stages of the plant parts ana- or
selective detector coupled with a HP-6890 gas mass
lyzed.
hromatograph, equipp ed with a cross-linked 5% pH c
siloxane HP-5MS capillary column (30 m 0.25 ME
mm i.d., lm thickness, 0.25 m) and op erating under
CKNOWLEDGMENTS A
the same conditions as describ ed ab ove. The MS op er-
auhors are grateful to the Research Council of The ating parameters were as follows: Ionization p otential,
University and Kashan University for their Isfahan 70 eV; ionization current, 2A; ion source temp erature,
ort of this work. supp 200 C; resolution, 1000.
H. Loghmani-Khouzani, O. Sabzi Fini and J. Safari 318
able 1. The p ercentage comp osition of the essential oil of Rosa damascena identi ed with GC/MS T
ound No Comp A% B% C% D% E% RI/S RI/R
-Citronellol 1 47.43 32.49 23.55 26.05 14.88 1212 1228
2 Nonadecane - 23.99 39.70 40.68 10.39 1921 1900
3 Geraniol - 18.12 5.65 - - 1232 1255
yl Ethyl Alcohol 4 Phen 0.26 0.39 - 0.22 0.41 1075 1110
5 Henicosane 17.45 9.64 - 13.89 7.3 2114 2100
6 9-Nonadecen 2.63 4.89 4.26 4.95 3.34 1860 1893
7 Eicosane 0.66 1.29 1.87 1.71 20.5 2007 2000
ol 8 Linalo - 0.29 - - - 1095 1100
acetate 9 Citronellyl - 0.13 - - - 1326 1354
yl eugenol 10 Meth - 0.55 0.87 2.55 1.78 1364 1401
11 Cis-farnesol - 1.57 - - - 1686 1697
12 Heptadecane 1.10 1.37 1.59 - 1.55 1703 1700
entadecane 13 P 0.16 0.13 1.32 2.65 0.96
cosane 14 Do - - 19.50 0.44 7.03 2202 2200
15 Nerol 1.15 - - - - 1212 1228
xane 16 Disilo 17.58 - - - -
17 Octadecane 6.13 - - - - 1799 1800
entacosane 18 P - - - - 2.42 2505 2500
otal T 94.55 94.98 98.31 93.14 94.55
Petals of Vidorj regions extracted in distilled water; A:
Whole ower (p etals and sepals) of Vido j regions extracted in distilled water; B:
Whole ower (p etals and sepals) of Dorrin regions extracted in distilled water; C:
Whole ower (p etals and sepals) of Ghamsar regions extracted in 10% sulfuric acid; D:
Whole ower (p etals and sepals) of Khonab regions extracted in 10% sulfuric acid; E:
The RI of the comp onent was according to an authentic standard; GC-MS:
Relative p ercentage obtained from p eak area; %:
Retention index, S: Sample and R: Ref. [14]. RI:
Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 12(1), pp concrete", REFERENCES
(1997). 37-41
Basim, E. and Basim, H. \Antibacterial activity 1.
Eikani, M.H., Golmohammad, F., Rowshanzamir, S. 7.
Rosa damascena essential oil", FITOTERAPIA, of
Mirza, M. \Recovery of water-soluble constituents and
(4), pp 394-396 (2003). 74
rose oil using simultaneous distillation-extraction", of
Ab dolhammid, H., Avicenna's Tract on Cardiac Drugs 2.
Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 20(6), pp 555-558
(1982).
(2005).
Kahol, A.P. and Aggarwal, K.K. \Improved technology 3.
So o d, R.P. and Singh, V. \Constituents of rose oil from 8.
pro duction of rose oil", Indian Perfum, 27(2), pp for
Valley, H.P. (India)", J. Essent. Oil Res., 4,pp Kangra
(1983). 137-142
(1992). 425-426
Chandra, V. \Oil b earing rose", in Advance in 4.
Baser, K.H.C. \Turkish rose oil", Perfum. Flavor, 9.
e-Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Chadha, Horticultur
(3), pp 45-52 (1992). 17
and Gupta, R., Eds., Malhorta, New Delhi, India, K.L.
Lawrence, B.M. \Rose oils and extracts p erfum", 10.
843-858 (1995). pp
, 16(3), pp 43-77 (1991). Flavor
Kiran, G.D., Singh, B.B., Joshi, V.P. and Singh, 5.
Lawrence, B.M. \Progress in essential oils p erfum", 11.
\Essential oil comp osition of Damask rose (Rosa V.
Flavor, 22(3), pp 57-66 (1997).
ena Mill) distilled under di erent pressures and damasc
temp eratures", Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 17(2),
Greim, H., Bury, D., Klimisch, H.J., Oeb en-Negele, 12.
pp 136-140 (2002).
and Ziegler-Skylakakis, K. \Toxicity of aliphatic M.
Structure-activity relationship", Chemo- amines: 6. Reverchon, E., Porta, G.D. and Gorgoglione, D. \Su-
e, 36(2), pp 271-295 (1998). spher of volatile oil from rose p ercritical CO extraction 2
tial Oil Comp osition of R osa damascena Mill 319 Essen
Wiley, New York, USA (1989). Edn., Clevenger, J.F. \Apparatus for the determination of 13.
olatile oil", J. Am. Pharm. Assoc., 17, p 346 (1928). v
Jennings, W. and Shibamoto, T., Qualitative Analysis 17.
Flavor and Fragrance Volatiles by Glass Capil lary of
Adams, R.P., Identi cation of Essential Oil Compo- 14.
Chromatography, Academic Press, New York, Gas
by GC-MS, Allured Publishing Corp oration, USA nent
(1980). USA
(1995).
Babu, K.G.D. and Kaul, K.V. \Variation in essential 18.
Adams, R.P., Identi cation of Essential Oil by Ion 15.
comp osition of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium oil
rop Mass Spectrometry, Academic Press, New York, T
distilled by...", Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 20, sp.)
(1989). USA
222-231 (2005). pp
McLa erty, F.W., Registry of Mass Spectral Data, 5th 16.