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Rose Oil Is Produced by Water Distillation of Rosa Damascena M

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Rose Oil Is Produced by Water Distillation of Rosa Damascena M OIL-BEARING ROSE (Rosa damascena Mill.) CULTIVATION AND ROSE OIL INDUSTRY IN TURKEY* (*published in Euro Cosmetics 14 (6):13-17, 2006) Prof.Dr. Hasan BAYDAR Süleyman Demirel University, Rose and Rose Products Applied Research Center, 32260, Isparta-TURKEY http//gular.sdu.edu.tr e-mail: [email protected] 1. Introduction The genus Rosa includes 200 species and more than 18000 cultivars (Gudin 2000). However, only a few of them exhibit the marked fragrance that is sought by perfumeries around the world (Antonelli et al. 1997). Rosa damascena Mill. (Damask rose, Oil-bearing rose, Pink rose) is the most important species, producing a high-value aromatic oil, which is used in the pharmaceutical, flavourings and fragrance industries (Lawrence 1991). The main producers of oil-bearing rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) in the world are Turkey, Bulgaria, Morocco, Iran, Egypt, France, China and India. Turkey and Bulgaria are the two largest rose oil and rose concrete producers in the world. Approxiamately 1.5-2 tons rose oil and 3.5-4 tons rose concrete are produced anually in Turkey. Rose oil and rose concrete production in Bulgaria are estimated as 1-1.5 tons and 2.5-3 tons, respectively. The total world production of rose oil and rose concrete was estimated to be 15-20 tons. In Turkey, the famous ‘Turkish Rose Oil’ from Rosa damascena has been producing in large quantities for over 120 years. In addition to the rose oil and rose concrete, some important base materials of the cosmetic industry such as bioconcrete, absolute, bioabsolute and rose water are also obtained from the oil-bearing rose petals in Turkey. Today, exporting of rose oil, concrete, absolute, bioabsolute and rose water has important contrubution to the Turkish economy as a source for foreign exchange. 2. Oil-bearing Rose Species It is generally accepted that there are many of rose species, yet only a few of them exhibit that marked fragrance that is sought by perfumeries in the world. The main rose species using in the essential oil production are oil-bearing rose (Rosa damascena Mill.), Apothecary's rose (Rosa gallica L.), Rose-de- mai (Rosa centifolia L.), White rose (R. alba L.), China rose (R. rugosa L.) and Musk rose (Rosa moschata Herrm.) (Guenther 1952, Lawrence 1991, Antonelli et al. 1997). In the world as well as Turkey, Rosa damascena Mill. (2n=28) is the main species for oil production. Rosa damascena supposed to be form a hybridization between R. gallica L. and R. phoenicia Boiss., both of which grow wild in Turkey (Baytop 1993). There is no any genetic variation among R. damascena plants grown in Turkey according to the results of RAPD, AFLP and microsatellite markers (Ağaoğlu et al. 2000, Göktürk Baydar et al. 2004). Therefore, it is necessary to create genetic variability especially for improving novel scent types of Rosa damascena thanks to the classical and biotechnological breeding methods. White rose (Rosa alba L.) is also grown in limited areas in Turkey. However much Rosa alba can grow in cold and unsuitable soils better than Rosa damascena, its oil content and oil quality are lower than pink rose. For this reason, white rose flowers are sold at half the price than that of the pink rose. This state also explain why the interest towards this rose subsided. 3. History of oil-bearing Rose in Turkey Anatolia is one the oldest places in which rose oil is well-known and well-used. For example, Hippocrates mentions that "Rosaceum Oleum" was prepared in Anatolia by macerating fresh roses in olive oil. There are some documents that the first oil-bearing rose (Rosa damascena) cultivation is began in Thrace region of Turkey. The first roses were brought to Thrace by the returning soldiers of Alexander of Macedon's garrisons. Belgian chronicle mentions that in 1210 crusaders saw large areas planted with 1 roses near Edirne which was the first capital of the Turkish Empire. It was also the largest commercial center for a long period of time. The French Ambassador to Edirne wrote in 1849 that rose oil was produced in the environments of Edirne. It is assumed that those chroniclers, who wrote about Edirne, often had in mind the Rose valley as well. Administratively Kazanlak (Bulgaria) belonged to Edirne province and was thus under the supervision of its chief gardener. The soil and the climate in the Kazanlak region turned out to be quite suitable for the rose, so the planting was sustained there, while in the surroundings of Edirne it declined and eventually disappeared. Reviewing in detail all that was written on the origin of the Bulgarian oil-bearing rose, Venelin Topalov presumes that the cultivation of roses was introduced to the region around Kazanlak, a town founded in 1420, by Turks (Anonymous 2005). Apart from the knowledge mentioned above, it is supposed that rose introduced into Isparta province of Turkey in 1880’s by a Turkish emigrant from Kazanlak. İsmail Efendi was the first person who accomplished to get first rose oil in the retorts in Isparta in 1892. After that, Göller region (Lakes region) of Turkey became extensively oil rose production center (Figure 1). Figure 1. Lakes region: Rose valley of Turkey 4. Cultivation of oil-bearing Rose in Turkey The best quality rose oil in accordance with the world standarts is produced from the rose flowers which are grown basically in Göller region’s provinces of Isparta, Burdur, Denizli and Afyonkarahisar for ornemental and commercial purposes. Espicially Isparta province (latitude 37o45’ N, longitude 30o33’E, altitude 997 m) is accepted as the valley of the oil rose in Turkey. The climatic conditions of Isparta proved to be favorable for the cultivation of the rose. The air humidity, cloudiness and precipitation in the flowering season (May and June) contributed to obtain roses with high yield and high quality. Rose cultivation in the rose valley of Turkey is not stable from year to year. Rose plantation areas fluctuate mainly due to price given for oil rose flowers. When prices are low, rose plantation sustituted by other more profitable agricultural crops. Today, total rose plantation area and total rose flower production of Turkey are about 1500 ha and 10000 tons, respectively. 80% of oil rose production of Turkey is from Isparta and 20% from Burdur, Afyonkarahisar and Denizli districts. Roses can be successfully grown on a wide range of soils but they do best on well-drained soils, with a soil pH of 6.0-6.5. The ground has to be well plowed prior to planting, usually in late summer. In early autumn, about 45 days prior to planting, rose growers start shoveling parallel ditches. The orientation of the land is mainly North-South, to allow maximum exposure to the sunlight. It is generally believed that the more sun the roses got, the more buds they produced and, respectively, higher crop was obtained. Fertilisers containing nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur and potassium are needed for high flower production, and the chosen fertiliser dressing should relate to soil analysis. The plantations are started by making trenches 40-50 cm deep by about 40-50 cm broad at 2-3 m apart. After rose twigs or cuttings from old gardens cut at the soil level, they are placed into ditches horizontally, their ends overlapping in the trenches which are then covered with soil containing manure. The cuttings necessary for planting are procured from old rose fields, not younger than six years. 1 unit area of a cut-off garden provide material for planting of 3 unit area of new gardens, preserving the old one, so that in three years time it can bear blossoms again. The rose gardens planted in this way, with mutually protecting rows, remain productive for over 30 years. It is less labor consuming than other methods in which seedlings are used. A rose field normally yields 5 tons of fresh roses per ha after 3th 2 year. It is normally for a field to be productive for up to 40 years. Once in every 8 or 10 years, plants are cut to soil level to rejuvenate the field. Usually the vegetation of roses begins in March with the formation of the buds. The buds develop in April and usually start opening around May 15-20 (No flowers are produced in the establishment year), so the harvest begins at that time as well. Roses are gathered during the 40 day growing season after the first buds were to be seen in the gardens. Picking begins before the sun rises and stops around 10:30 a.m. The flowers are picked into sacks as early as possible each day on the basis of flower maturity. A flower is picked as it reaches full bloom and unopened buds are left for subsequent picking. The roses are pulled between the fingers so the entire blossom pops off into the hand. An experienced picker can harvest as much as 60 kilograms in a day. Depending on the intensity of the blossoming, the harvest begins at a slow pace, the amount of flowers gathered increasing with each day. Harvest lasts some 30-40 days, depending on the clamatic conditions. Towards the middle of the harvesting period, within a single peak day, as much as 8% of the entire crops of the season are gathered. After the peak day, the daily output gradually decreases. 5. Rose Oil Industry in Turkey Blossomed flowers are hand picked during the early hours of the day by the farmers during the May and June months and then taken to the factory every morning for distillation.
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