REPORT

Hyde Park Nursery

Structural Engineer’s Report

Contents Page

1 The Existing Structure 2

2 Ground Conditions 3

3 Proposed Undercroft Fill 3

Appendices Appendix A: Structural Sketches Appendix B: Fill Specification Prepared by: Giulio Gianni MEng Reviewed by: William York MEng

Job Number: 24769

Date Version Notes / Amendments / Issue Purpose 13/05/2016 1 First Issue 18/05/2016 2 Tender Issue

HYDE PARK NURSERY REPORT

1 Existing Structure

The Hyde Park Nursery complex is located near the centre of Hyde Park and comprises 16 different buildings between offices, stores, tanks and greenhouses. The latter, assumed to be built between the mid 1960’s and the early 1970’s, have now all exceeded their design life of 20 years and are planned to be replaced by a new glasshouse. The site was once a gravel pit.

A large undercroft beneath Glasshouse 6 and the existing road is showing signs of severe deterioration. The undercroft ceiling structure is a combination of jack arch and filler joist construction, supported by steel beams spanning between masonry walls and cast-iron columns. A visual inspection of the undercroft carried out in November 2015 highlighted the poor condition of the existing floor slab above, which was partly refurbished in the early 1980s. At that time the filler joist and jack arch ceilings, under the road only, were replaced with precast concrete units. The steel beams supporting the ceiling throughout the undercroft are showing signs of severe corrosion due to the damp conditions of the undercroft and are currently propped with Acro props.

Severely corroded propped steel beams to undercroft soffit

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Price & Myers have been appointed to advise on the undercroft fill requirements to create a level surface for the installation of the new greenhouses. The design of the new glasshouses and their footings is outside the scope of Price & Myers’ works.

2 Ground Conditions

According to the British Geological Survey, the local ground condition consists of London Clay overlain by thin superficial deposits of gravel as show in the figure below. Nearby borehole results show a 2m thick deposit of red sand and gravel onto red and blue clay.

Existing and new shallow footings are likely to be founded in clay and - given the good bearing capacity of this material - will not experience significant additional settlements as a consequence of the increase in load.

Figure 1: Section showing geology across the Nursery site (BGS 2016)

Legend: Lynch Hill Gravel Member Thanet Sand Formation (sand and gravel) (sand, gravel or cobbles) London Clay Chalk (clay) (chalk) Lambeth Group (silty or sandy clay)

3 Proposed Undercroft Fill

The proposed works can be summarised as follows:

1. Demolition of existing glasshouses and other buildings: During the demolition of the existing glasshouses and the tarmac road, concrete, brick, tile and all other suitable materials should be crushed and stored on site to be reused as fill (see Appendix B: Specification D20 Excavating and Filling for details). This will be advantageous from a sustainability and economic point of view, as it will reduce the quantity of fill material needing to be imported to site. Glass, steel and cast iron should be recycled, if it is not feasible to reuse them. Heavy plant should not to be used above or in close proximity to existing undercroft.

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2. Existing undercroft walls to be propped against earth pressure. The propping sequence should ensure that lateral support to the walls is maintained throughout the works until infill is complete. All temporary works and stability in the temporary case will be the responsibility of the contractor.

3. Demolition of undercroft ceiling structure.

4. Top of undercroft walls to be demolished to approx. 800mm below ground so as not to impact on the new glasshouses’ floor.

5. Removal of existing cast-iron columns.

6. Partial demolition of the undercroft floor slab and walls: in every 10 m² of wall or slab, make a drainage hole at least 600 mm diameter.

7. All suitable materials (concrete, masonry, tile, etc) from the demolition of the undercroft ceiling, walls, and floor slab to be crushed and stored on site to be reused as fill.

8. Infill undercroft with compacted granular fill as Specification D20 clause 635. 6F2 would be a relatively inexpensive material suitable for this purpose. The topsoil specification is to be confirmed. Under all new areas of hardstanding it would be advisable to include at least 150mm of Type 1 fill (Specification clause 617).

Refer to SK01 in Appendix A showing the proposed plan and a typical section. It is envisaged that the proposed greenhouses will be supported on RC strip footings within the topsoil to distribute the load evenly and span over any soft spots that could arise in the compacted fill.

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Appendix A

Structural Sketches

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HYDE PARK NURSERY REPORT

Appendix B

Fill Specification

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D20 Excavating and Filling

To be read with Preliminaries/General conditions.

NOTE Where changes have been made to the standard NBS clauses these are identified in bold type.

Generally/The site

112 SITE INVESTIGATION: A site walk around has been carried out by Price & Myers, including an internal inspection of the existing undercroft, with no intrusive investigation (e.g. trial pits). Contamination testing of the soil is required prior to the start of any site works.

115 GROUND CONDITIONS - ASSUMED Soils and strata: Nearby boreholes indicate London Clay overlain by approx. 3m of sands, but it is known the site was once a gravel pit. Ground water level: unknown

122 The Contractor is expected to visit the site and note the visible conditions of the soil and the existing undercroft structure.

123 In planning the works the Contractor should take account of the nature of the site and should allow for maintaining the ground at the required levels and in a suitable condition to receive the final works, including any landscaping. Any parts of the site that are allowed to deteriorate through heavy traffic will be consolidated or brought up to level as necessary at the Contractor’s expense.

124 Prices for excavation must include for excavation in whatever type of soil is encountered or in hardcore, rubble etc and for removing small roots, disused drains and small isolated obstructions.

143 GROUND WATER LEVEL: No information is currently available regarding ground water level. Make all necessary additional enquiries concerning ground water level and allow for variations from this level when working on any part of the site. No claim for cost associated with measures to control groundwater will be allowed.

145 VARIATIONS IN GROUND WATER LEVEL Give notice: If levels encountered are significantly different from levels in the site investigation report, stated as assumed, or previously measured.

150 EXISTING SERVICES/ FEATURES/ STRUCTURES - Services: refer to Chapman BDSP drawings and specification - Site features to be retained: refer to RLB drawings and specification - Structures: Existing glasshouses to be demolished. Existing undercroft ceiling and floor structures to be demolished, including existing cast-iron columns. Existing undercroft walls to be retained up to approx. 800mm below ground. Details of existing structures are available from the Nursery.

151 EXISTING SERVICES: The Contractor is entirely responsible for locating the positions of all services, including mains, cables, pipes, sewers and drains. Allow for carrying out excavation in roads, and elsewhere where services are present, by hand digging so as to ensure that no damage is caused to services.

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The Contractor is to make good, at his own expense, any damage whatsoever to existing services to the complete satisfaction of and in accordance with the instructions of the Statutory Authority / Royal Parks concerned, and is to keep the employer indemnified at all times from claims in connection with the damage. All services which are encountered in the course of excavation are to be adequately supported and protected from damage to the satisfaction of the Statutory Authority or person in whom they may be vested. Allowance must be made in the excavation rates for the cost of providing such support and protection.

No drain or pipe of any description is to be disturbed until it has been inspected by the CA.

Clearance/Excavating

161 TEMPORARY WORKS DESIGNER / CO-ORDINATOR - Confirm details of the person responsible for all temporary works design when returning the tender - Full design details (drawings and calculations) are required for comment by the CA for all temporary support systems - Three copies of all details for comment are to be issued and 10 working days are to be allowed for preparation of comments by the CA.

168 SITE CLEARANCE - Timing: Before topsoil stripping, if any. - General: Clear site of rubbish, debris and vegetation. Do not compact topsoil. - Treatment: Apply a suitable residual herbicide to areas to receive gravel surfacing

170 REMOVING SMALL TREES, SHRUBS, HEDGES AND ROOTS - Identification: Clearly mark trees to be removed. - Small trees, shrubs and hedges: Cut down - Roots: Grub up and dispose of without undue disturbance of soil and adjacent areas - Safety: Comply with HSE/ Arboriculture and Forestry Advisory Group Safety Guides.

205 BASIC WORKMANSHIP FOR EXCAVATING: Comply with BS 8000:Part 1, sections 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3.

210 MATERIALS ARISING Ownership: Excavated and demolished materials, including topsoil, surplus to requirements for filling remain the property of the Employer unless the Contractor: - Is instructed to remove them from the site, or - Purchases them at a price to be agreed.

220 STRIPPING TOPSOIL - General: Before beginning general excavation or filling, strip topsoil from areas where there will be regrading, buildings, pavings/ roads and other areas shown on drawings. - Depth: - Remove to an average depth of 200mm. - Give notice where the depth of topsoil is difficult to determine. - Handling: Handle topsoil for reuse or sale in accordance with clause 225. - Around trees: Do not remove topsoil from below the spread of trees to be retained. - Site storage: Should be used whenever possible – Agree location with CA

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221 TREATING TOPSOIL - Treatment: Apply a suitable translocated nonresidual herbicide. - Timing: Not less than two weeks before excavating topsoil.

225 HANDLING TOPSOIL - Aggressive weeds: - Species: Included in the Weeds Act, section 2 or the Wildlife and Countryside Act, Schedule 9, part II. - Give notice: Obtain instructions before moving topsoil. - Earthmoving equipment: Select and use to minimize disturbance, trafficking and compaction. - Contamination: Do not mix topsoil with: - Subsoil, stone, hardcore, rubbish or material from demolition work. - Oil, fuel, cement or other substances harmful to plant growth. - Other grades of topsoil. - Multiple handling: Keep to a minimum. Use topsoil immediately after stripping. - Wet conditions: Handle topsoil in the driest condition possible. Do not handle during or after heavy rainfall or when it is wetter than the plastic limit as defined by BS 3882, Annex N2.

230 BENCHING - Surfaces of excavations with a gradient greater than 1:5 (20%) and which are to receive filling: Provide horizontal benches cut to match the depths of compacted layers of filling.

240 ADJACENT EXCAVATIONS - Proximity: Where an excavation encroaches below a line drawn at an angle from the nearest formation level of another higher excavation, the lower excavation, all work within it and backfilling thereto must be completed before the higher excavation is made. - Angle of line from horizontal: 30 degrees unless otherwise agreed with the CA.

243 ADJACENT EXISTING FOUNDATIONS: No excavation within 3m of an existing foundation is to be taken below the level of the existing foundation unless a method statement has been agreed in writing with the CA.

300 EARTHWORK SUPPORT: Use as necessary to support the sides of excavations and remove on completion unless otherwise instructed. Take measurements of any supports that are left in position and inform the CA.

310 UNSTABLE GROUND - Generally: Ensure that the excavation remains stable at all times. - Give notice: Without delay if any newly excavated faces are too unstable to allow earthwork support to be inserted. - Take action: If instability is likely to affect adjacent structures or roadways, take appropriate emergency action.

320 RECORDED FEATURES - Recorded foundations, beds, drains, manholes, etc: Break out and seal drain ends. - Contaminated earth: Remove and disinfect as required by local authority.

330 UNRECORDED FEATURES - Give notice: If unrecorded foundations, beds, voids, basements, filling, tanks, pipes, cables, drains, manholes, watercourses, ditches, etc. not shown on the drawings are encountered.

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337 OLD FOUNDATIONS OR WALLS BENEATH PROPOSED STRUCTURE - Break out: The old foundation/ wall to a depth below the slab formation level of at least 800mm. - Excavate: Soil that has softened on either side of the old wall/ foundation. - Backfill: Obtain instructions if depth of fill will be greater than 600 mm, otherwise backfill with compacted hardcore.

341 WATERWAYS: Temporarily divert as necessary all field drains and other waterways not shown on the drawings and encountered during excavations, and provide any pumps which may be necessary to achieve this: - If possible reinstate on completion. - If not possible to reinstate, obtain instructions. - Refer to specialist’s specification.

350 EXISTING WATERCOURSES - Diverted watercourses which are to be filled: Before filling, remove vegetable growths and soft deposits.

360 EXCESS EXCAVATION - Excavation taken wider than required: Backfill with hardcore as clause 710. - Excavation taken deeper than required: Backfill with concrete grade GEN3

365 FROST PROTECTION: The ground to be excavated must be protected with insulating material to prevent freezing. Excavations are to be protected from freezing.

370 UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES IN LANDSCAPE AREAS - Generally: Remove walls, roads, foundations, disused services, drains, manholes and the like to minimum depth. - Minimum depth below finished levels: - Grass, ground cover and perennial planting: 500 mm. - Shrub planting: 750 mm. - Within 2 m of tree planting: 1000 mm. - Walls and slabs remaining: In every 10 m² of wall or slab, make a drainage hole at least 600 mm diameter.

Relocation and Replacement/Disposal of Materials

410 EXCAVATED TOPSOIL - Storage: Stockpile in temporary spoil heaps on site - Generally: TBC depending on results of contamination testing

420 TOPSOIL SPOIL HEAPS - Location: TBC - Height (maximum): 1m - Protection: - Do not place any other material on top of spoil heaps. - Do not allow construction plant to pass over spoil heaps. - Prevent compaction and contamination.

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441 SURPLUS SUBSOIL - Excavated material: Stockpile in temporary spoil heaps. - Retained material: Spread and level surplus subsoil on site. - Locations: TBC. - Protected areas: Do not raise soil level within root spread of trees that are to be retained. - Remaining material: Remove from site.

450 WATER - Generally: Keep all excavations free from water until: - Formations are covered. - Below ground construction are completed. - Basement structures and retaining walls are able to resist leakage, water pressure and flotation. - Drainage: Form surfaces of excavations and fill to provide adequate falls. - Removal of water: Provide temporary drains, sumps and pumping as necessary.

452 WATER: Notify the CA as soon as water percolation or waterlogging becomes apparent and obtain the written permission of the CA before carrying out any continuous pumping or other method of removal of water. The position of any sumps, other than shown on drawings, which the Contractor may wish to construct to remove water are to be approved by the CA. Should it be found that pumping appears to result in disturbance or “boiling of the ground” notify the Engineer. Implement instructions without delay.

454 GROUND WATER LEVEL - Give notice: If it is considered that the excavations are below water table.

457 PUMPING - General: Do not disturb excavated faces or stability of adjacent ground or structures. - Pumped water: Discharge without flooding the site, or adjoining property. - Sumps: Construct clear of excavations. Fill on completion.

460 PERMANENT DRAINAGE SYSTEM - Disposal of water from the excavations through system: permitted subject to contractor obtaining consent from all relevant authorities. Make good any drainage or disturbance caused to drainage systems by discharging water.

470 DEMOLISHED STRUCTURE - All suitable materials arising from the demolition of the surrounding pathways, parapets, and tarmac; and the undercroft ceiling structure, walls, and floor slab to be crushed and stored on site to be reused as fill. - Suitable materials: concrete, masonry, tile - Glass, steel, and cast-iron to be recycled

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Filling

500 PROPOSED FILL MATERIALS - Details: Submit full details of proposed fill materials to demonstrate compliance with specification, including: - Type and source of imported fill. - Proposals for processing and reuse of material excavated on site. - Test reports as required elsewhere. - Timing: at least 10 working days before starting filling.

510 HAZARDOUS, AGGRESSIVE OR UNSTABLE MATERIALS - General: Do not use fill materials which would, either in themselves or in combination with other materials or ground water, give rise to a health hazard, damage to building structures or instability in the filling, including material that is: - Frozen or containing ice. - Organic. - Contaminated or noxious. - Susceptible to spontaneous combustion. - Likely to erode or decay and cause voids. - With excessive moisture content, slurry, mud or from marshes or bogs. - Clay of liquid limit exceeding 80 and/or plasticity index exceeding 55. - Unacceptable, class U2 as defined in the Highways Agency 'Specification for highway works', clause 601.

512 SOLUBLE SULFATE CONTENT - Soluble sulfate content (SO³) of materials for filling under concrete slabs or within 1 m of substructures when tested to BS 1377-3, clause 5 using a 2:1 water-soil extract (maximum): 1g/litre.

520 FROST SUSCEPTIBILITY - General: Except as allowed below, fill must be non frost-susceptible as defined in Transport Research Laboratory Report SR 829 'Specification for the TRRL frost-heave test'. - Test reports: If the following fill materials are proposed, submit a laboratory report confirming they are non frost- susceptible: - Fine grained soil with a plasticity index less than 20%. - Coarse grained soil or crushed granite with more than 10% retained on a 0.063 mm sieve. - Crushed chalk. - Crushed limestone fill with average saturation moisture content in excess of 3%. - Burnt colliery shale. - Frost-susceptible fill: May only be used within the external walls of buildings below spaces that will be heated. Protect from frost during construction.

530 PLACING FILL - Excavations and areas to be filled: Free from loose soil, rubbish and standing water. - Freezing conditions: Do not place fill on frozen surfaces. Remove material affected by frost. Replace and recompact if not damaged after thawing. - Adjacent structures, membranes and buried services: - Do not overload, destabilise or damage. - Submit proposals for temporary support necessary to ensure stability during filling. - Layers: Place so that only one type of material occurs in each layer.

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535 COMPACTION - General: Compact fill as soon as possible after placing. - After compaction: Surface of each layer must be well closed, showing no movement under compaction plant, and without cracks, holes, ridges, loose material and the like. - Defective areas: Remove and recompact to full thickness of layer using new material.

538 FILL PLACED AGAINST STRUCTURES - Permissible plant: Use only the following types of compaction plant for fill within 2 m of a structure: - Vibratory roller, mass per metre width of roll not exceeding 1300 kg and total mass not exceeding 1000 kg. - Vibrating plate compactor, mass not exceeding 1000 kg. - Vibro-tamper, mass not exceeding 75 kg.

540 BENCHING IN FILL - Adjacent areas: If, during filling the difference in level between adjacent areas of filling exceeds 600 mm, cut into edge of higher filling to form benches 600 mm minimum width and height equivalent to depth of a layer of compacted filling. - New filling: Spread and compact to ensure maximum continuity with previous filling.

610 GENERAL LANDSCAPE SUBSOIL FILLING: - Materials arising from the excavations or imported, capable of compaction by light earthmoving plant to form free draining ground, and excluding the following: - Material from marshes or bogs. - Peat, logs, stumps, slurry, mud and perishable material. - Material susceptible to spontaneous combustion. - Material in a frozen condition. - Clay of liquid limit exceeding 80 and/or plasticity index exceeding 55. - Material with excessive moisture content. - Material likely to erode or decay and cause voids. - Unacceptable material class U2 as defined in clause 601 of the Highways Agency ‘Specification for highway works’ - Lay in layers not more than 200 mm thick and lightly compact each layer with the earthmoving plant to produce a stable soil structure.

615 LOOSE TIP LANDSCAPE FILLING: - Materials arising from the excavations or imported and excluding the following: - Material from marshes or bogs - Peat, logs, stumps, slurry, mud and perishable material - Material susceptible to spontaneous combustion - Material in a frozen condition - Clay of liquid limit exceeding 80 and/or plasticity index exceeding 55 - Material with excessive moisture content - Material likely to erode or decay and cause voids - Unacceptable material class U2 as defined in clause 601 of the Highways Agency 'Specification for highway works'. - Do not firm, consolidate or compact when laying. Tip and grade to approximate levels in one operation with minimum of trafficking by plant. Do not traverse the freshly laid surface unless unavoidable.

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617 HIGHWAYS AGENCY TYPE 1 GRANULAR FILLING - Fill: To Highways Agency 'Specification for highway works', clause 803: - Crushed rock (other than argillaceous rock). - Crushed concrete. - Crushed non-expansive slag to clause 801.2. - Well-burned non-plastic colliery shale. - Filling: To Highways Agency 'Specification for highway works', clauses 801.3 and 802.

618 HIGHWAYS AGENCY TYPE 2 GRANULAR FILLING - Fill: To Highways Agency 'Specification for highway works', clause 804: - Crushed rock (other than argillaceous rock). - Crushed concrete. - Crushed non-expansive slag to clause 801.2. - Well-burned non-plastic colliery shale. - Natural gravel. - Natural sand. - Filling: To Highways Agency 'Specification for highway works', clauses 801.3 and 802.

630 COMPACTED SUBSOIL FILLING: Suitable materials arising from the excavations (or, where instructed, imported) complying with Group 1 or Group 2 as defined below. If both suitable and unsuitable material is excavated/demolished, select and keep separate sufficient suitable material. If there is insufficient suitable excavated material provide CA with details and obtain instructions regarding the importation of material. Group 1: Cohesive materials: Clays and marls containing up to 20% of gravel and having a moisture content not less than the value of the plastic limit minus 4 (determined in accordance with BS 1377:Part 2, clause 5). Chalk having a saturation moisture content of 20% or greater. Group 2: Well graded granular and dry cohesive materials: Clays and marls containing more than 20% of gravel and/or having a moisture content less than the value of the plastic limit minus 4 (determined in accordance with BS 1377:Part 2, clause 5). Chalk having a saturation moisture content within the range 15-20%. Well graded sands and gravels with a uniformity coefficient of more than 10. Crushed hard rock or quarry waste (other than chalk). Crushed concrete, crushed brick or tile, free from plaster, wood, organic material and rubbish. Sound blastfurnace slag (other than from steelmaking foundries). Well burnt nonplastic shale. Lay and compact in layers using suitable plant as in the table below. The figures given alongside each type of plant and for each material group are the maximum depth of compacted layer in mm and (in parentheses) the minimum number of passes.

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Types of plant (alternatives) Group 1 Group 2 Materials Materials ______Smooth wheeled roller: Tonnes per m width of roll 2.1-2.7 125(8) 125(10) 2.7-5.4 125(6) 125(8) Over 5.4 150(4) 150(8) ______Vibrating roller: Static load in tonnes per m width of roller 0.7-1.3 100(12) 125(12) 1.3-1.8 125(8) 150(8) 1.8-2.3 150(4) 150(4) 2.3-3.6 175(4) 175(4) Over 3.6 225(4) 225(4)

______Vibrating plate compactor: Static load in tonnes per m2 of base plate 1.2-1.4 - 75(6) 1.4-1.8 100(6) 125(6) Over 1.8 150(6) 150(5) ______

Vibro-tamper: Static load in kg 50-75 100(3) 100(3) Over 75 200(3) 150(3) ______Power rammer: Static load in kg Over 100 150(4) 150(6) ______

635 COMPACTED GRANULAR FILLING: - Well graded granular material, as defined below, arising from the undercroft demolition, excavations or imported. If both suitable and unsuitable material is excavated, select and keep separate sufficient suitable material. If there is insufficient suitable excavated material provide CA with details and obtain instructions regarding the importation of material.

- Well graded sands and gravels with a uniformity coefficient of more than 10. - Crushed hard rock or quarry waste (other than chalk). - Crushed concrete, crushed brick or tile, free from plaster, wood, organic material and rubbish. - Sound blastfurnace slag (other than from steelmaking foundries). - Well burnt nonplastic shale. - Lay and compact in layers using suitable plant as in the table below. The figures given alongside each type of plant and for each material group are the maximum depth of compacted layer in mm and (in parentheses) the minimum number of passes. ______

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Smooth wheeled roller: Tonnes per m width of roll 2.1-2.7 125(10) 2.7-5.4 125(8) Over 5.4 150(8) ______Vibrating roller: Static load in tonnes per m width of roller 0.7-1.3 125(12) 1.3-1.8 150(8) 1.8-2.3 150(4) 2.3-3.6 175(4) Over 3.6 225(4) ______Vibrating plate compactor: Static load in tonnes per m2 of base plate 1.2-1.4 75(6) 1.4-1.8 125(6) Over 1.8 150(5)

______Vibro-tamper: Static load in kg 50-75 100(3) Over 75 150(3) ______Power rammer: Static load in kg Over 100 150(6) ______

640 FIRST LAYER OF COMPACTED FILLING - Fill: Suitable hard granular material. Compact thoroughly. - Thickness: 200mm.

650 PROTECTION OF COMPACTED FILLING - Temporary protective filling: Before allowing construction traffic raise level of compacted cohesive soil filling at least 150 mm above formation level using properly compacted temporary filling. - Removal: Remove temporary protective filling from site before permanent construction.

700 BACKFILLING: - Existing undercroft structure: Hardcore as clause 710 - Under oversite concrete and pavings: Hardcore as clause 710. - Under grassed or landscaped areas: Material excavated from the trench, laid and compacted in layers not exceeding 300 mm thick.

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710 HARDCORE FILLING - Fill: Granular material, free from excessive dust, well graded, all pieces less than 75 mm in any direction, minimum 10% fines value of 50 kN when tested in a soaked condition to BS 812-111, and in any one layer only one of the following: - Crushed rock (other than argillaceous rock) or quarry waste with not more binding material than is required to help hold the stone together. - Crushed concrete, crushed brick or tile, free from plaster, timber and metal. - Crushed non-expansive slag. - Gravel or hoggin with not more clay content than is required to bind the material together, and with no large lumps of clay. - Well-burned non-plastic colliery shale. - Natural gravel. - Natural sand. - Filling: Spread and level in 150 mm maximum layers. Thoroughly compact each layer.

715 VENTING HARDCORE LAYER - Fill: Clean granular material, well graded, passing a 75 mm BS sieve but retained on a 20 mm BS sieve. In each layer only one of the following: - Crushed hard rock. - Crushed concrete, crushed brick or tile, free from plaster, timber and metal. - Gravel. - Filling: Spread and level in 150 mm maximum layers. Thoroughly compact each layer whilst maintaining enough voids to allow efficient venting.

730 BLINDING - Surfaces to receive sheet overlays or concrete: Blind with: - Concrete where shown on drawings; or - Sand, fine gravel, or other approved fine material applied to fill interstices. Moisten as necessary before final rolling to provide a flat, close smooth surface. - Sand for blinding: To BS EN 12620 graded as 0/4 (CP to table B.1 of BS EN 12620) or 0/2 (MP to table B.1 of BS EN 12620). - Permissible deviations on surface level: +0 -25 mm.

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