Christ Church, Priory House: Discoveries in St. Frideswide's Dormitory
By Jt:LIX\; ~IL"BY
SC~L\IARY
In the construe/ion of a n~w staircase in PrioT)' House Ihe Sorman door to lhe doister was wlcovned together with the steps leading up to the dormitory, which U'(Ll raised some 2 m. abOl't the present/at! of the cloister, on a stone vault. Fragments oj a similar vault sun'll'f at Ihe S. end oj tltt' donnitory. The interior of lhe door showed signs of buming. So features V Ihe post:fire donnitol)' or Q'!.V 13th~cenlury work was observed, though some rt-ustd rafters in the upper floors tn(q' indicate a roofing in the 13th century, and a possible roof-linl was ohsen'td. In the 15th Cf1ltu~.:v. probab{}I whtn the cloister was rebuilt by Robert Slllrhome c.J489, the prtsentJrolll door to Prio~y House WQJ made, lL'ilk a dog-leg stair leading up to the donnitory, having a tiled lallding and covered with a small arta of l-'Qulting. AI the same time an aperture to the cloister was made, with a small window or ventilalor. After the Dissolutiml, the domlitory wa.s converted into a callon's lodging and the prtsml choir practice room was made , apparently by H'illiam Tresham ill the years before 1560. Traces of wall-paintings indicate that the dog-leg stair wm filled ill (thf nibble included a jragment oj St. Frid(Jwide's shrill'). whilst another slair was made to the room over the E. cloister walk. These rooms, which hal.'efireplaces, were later used as the muniment room, and from below thejloorboards came a 13th-cmluf)' charier and an account roll oj OSetley Abbey.
he E. range of the cloister next to the chapter-house, knO\.\ n as Priory House and T nm-\' the lodging of the Canon of the second stall, is the site of thl' monastic dormitory (and perhaps the Prior's house). In 1986/7 the allics over the chapter-llOuse we re detached from the remainder of Priory House and converted to Cathedral offices, for which purpose a new stair was buill to give access to them from a lobby behind the from door of Priory House in the cloister. The stair rises through the dormitory undercroft, the choir practice room (the room S. of the chapter-house, which has now been truncatedL and two small rooms on the upper floors. The insertion of the new stair in December 1986 necessitated the removal of panell ing and flooring from the \"'. end of the choir practice room and the upper rooms. A number of discoveries were made which throw light on the entrance to the medieval dormitory of the Augustinian Priory of Sl. Frideswidc's; some of the features that were revealed have been left open for inspection in the completed staircase. [
I The recording work was undertaken independcntl\' by the author, \\ith the encouragcmelll of the architect, :\Ir Da ..·id Scroggie of Peter Bosanquet and John Perryman Associates. whose surveys ha\'e been used for some of the fig:ures. The assistance of tht' contraClOrs, the Oxford Archaeological Unit and Oxfords hire ~lus('um Services is gratefullv acknowledged 186 Jll.I \' ~Il 'BY
(stair D blocked) Chapter House
'" a;= c '"c. ~'" '" a:'"
Fi~. 77 Prior. Honse (cioi'>tl'r E. ran~(' ): .\. PJ..II1 ,II ~round k\rl sh()\\in~ Romal1('squ\' walls ,Hid \"
IHL :\,OR.\I.\:\, DOR:\IITORY I'i~ _ 7~
Brnrath the panelling on tht' \". \\all or the choir practice room a round-headed arch '\ as immrdiatrly dsiblc ( Fi~_ 79), '\ Ilh plain ashlar \'oussoirs set belm, an olltn 'H('h of rubble- blocks set on ('nd. These last, and lhl' Test or the wall abO\"C and to thl' :\., \\Crt' all srt in a brown mortar, and must haH' h(,(,11 original :\orman \\alling; the :\. \\all of the room was of a ciiff{'felll ('haraClcr. and perhaps he longed lO the 131h-celllun rebuilding of the rhapter-house. ,\ chamfer SlOp ue)()\\ tlw springing of Ihe arch on the ~. side cOlllillucci as i.l plain chamfer down the door-jamb and ended in CI plastcr cast of a stop, the stone behind it having been removed. This plaster ('ol1lillll('d down to a le\"('1 2.98 Ill, below Ih(' soffit of th(" arch, where a single flat SlOnc marked the Ien'l or the threshold (either as the actual step, or the base on "hich the step lay). This k\'el \I,;ilS some 0.9 m. brim" Ihe floor level of the room (i.e. b~low Ihe rrm"n of til(' ... tonc \·ault), and some 1.1 m. abo\'{' the present kvrl or .hr E. c10istrr walk (Fi~. HO ). The plastered ren'al of the doorway also continued ('astwards into 1he room as an ashlar wall (0.37 m. wide), extending as far as the rxca\"alions unco\'ered it (about 2 m.; DI"CO\ERIES 1'\ ST FRIDES\\IDE'S DOR~1I1 OR\ 187
«
1 -I r I Room over I II cloister 1--1 ~-+-----, I-~I 1_- -~B I .1 I Choir Practice Room .... --~--l I
~ Norman • 15th cent.
Fig. 78. PriorY House: plan offeatufes in choir practice room and seClion lines of Fi~. 80.
Figs. 77B and 78). This wall presumably formed the N. side of the stair as it rose from the cloister up over the springing of the vault (the dormitory undercroft, aligned N.-S. along the range). Nothing else remained of l\orman work here, and although the threshold level continued southwards for a short distance as a layer of brown gravel over the rubble footings and beneath later rubble blocking, the S. jamb of the door was removed by laLef works. The arch itself was burnt red, like the exterior of the chapter-house door, but where the southern voussoir was cut back the colour did not penetrate very deep into the stone. This was no doubt a relic of the burning of the Priory in 1190, and the door must therefore pre-date that evelll. This elHrancc must have been the day stair (perhaps the only access) to the canons' dormitory. In the N.\'\'. corner of the room a stone-lined shaft descended between the cloister wa ll and the vault (Figs. 78 and 80). lL was perhaps connected with a drain, and may have been a latrine, or a well used by the builders.2 At second-Roar level a short sloping li ne of mortar on the chapter-house wall may have represented the original line of the dormiLOry roof on the W. side, whilst some of the noor joists at this level had mortices for notch-lap joints, indicating their former use as rafters. Samples from two of these were taken for dating by dendrochronology, one of them giving a tentative date about the middle of the 13th century.3
'2 The details of this feature .... ere kindly supplied by David Scroggic 3 See more fully in 'The Roof Carpentry of Oxford Cathedral'. belo\\- p 199. 188
The ,"ault belm, the choir practice room at the ;'\J'. end of Priory House is only the northern extremity of a vault that must have extended [or the full )('ngth of the dormitory (Figs. 770\ and 80). The middle section has been removed for the entrance hall and !oitair to Priory House, and furthrr to the S. the 'Priory Room' is criled with timber joists. perhaps of 16th-crlltuf\' dalr, Howcn'r, at the S.\\'. end of the Priory room is a small cupboard , ... hich contains a portion of vaulting, and in the cross wall of the bathroom opposite is the cUf\Td outline of its continuation to the rast (Fig. 771\). The dated R,C.H.~1. plan shows the thick cross-wall immediately to the N. of this vault as being 13th celltury, bUL on what cvid('nce is not cleaLI It may be that the vault marks the S. end of the dormitory rang(" judging by the quoins by the side of the lat(,r door ill the passage wall outsid(,. The relationship or the vault to lhr wall on eithrr side of it do('s not indicate an} clear sequence of construction. '1'11('" known extent of lhe vault would make the dormitory CO\'er the \\:idth of the S. cloister range (which was rebuilt in the 15th century), but it may han' continued further LO the S. At the :\. end. belm\ the choir pral'lict' room, the \'ault is plastcred and ,,,,'hilewashed, with traces of masonry lines in red paint, similar to the decoration in the ehapter-houst'. The fragment at the S. end has recentl:.- been stripped of plaster.
L\ IL-~ IEI)IE\ AL .\LfER.\ 110'"
The cloisters were rebuilt at the \"(:r\ end of the 15th CCllIur) with a slOne \'aull, as a gift from Robert Sherbornc, thell Dean or Sl. Paul 's and later Bishop of Chichester.:' One of the wall-shafts uf thc nC'\\ \'ault in tilt' E. cloister walk blocks the soudlt'f11 side of the Norman c100r 1O the dormitory (Figs. 77C and 78), and it \.,..a5 probably shortly beluf(' the \'ault was installed that a new door \\as built a short distance ro the S. (the present front door of Priory House). The door is square-headed, with a hood-mould enclosing a two-centred arch, with bold roll mouldings <-tnd ~ hollows running round it. The corbels Oil the hood-mould ha\'(' carvl'd portrait hrads all thelll . Inside this door, the ne\\ arrangements made for access to the dormitury were re\'caled by the unco\'rring of the internal \-\'allface, and the excavation of the ne" staircase (Fig. 79). The :\orman door \\'as blocked with ashlar, its southern jamb was remo\'ed, and a square oprning was made 111 the wall, splayed inwards from a small quatrefoil aprrturc onto the cloister. Rc'mO\'al of its blocking unco\Tred whit(,\\ilshed r(,\'eals, and il must han' been a lig:ht or a \Tntilaror for the stair. The :":orman threshold was raised some 0.25 m. with rubble, and
t R.C.H ..if Oxford, plan opp. p. 12. ~ SUSStX Arch. Colis. xxix (1879), 25; ~ .. \ Warn('r. Oxjord Call1ldral (1924), 1bS-70; A.li. Emdell. A B'0J:raphica/ Rigisttr of Iht ['nil·trsi~)' of Oxford to A. D. 1500, iii (1959)' 168'>--7. Cf. abovc. pp. 66. 97· 8 b L. Habl:'rl\', .\ftditl·a/ En.f/ish Palln.(tlltl (1937), \;o!> XU\' and XXII The tilt' floor \\a!> r('cordro b\' Brian Durham of the Oxford ArcharolOf{ical l'llil and lifted b~ Oxl(Jrdshir(' ~lusC'um Scrvices D1,Co\ERIE~ 1'\ ,I FRllJESII IDE~ DOR~lll ORY 189
Needle hole Norman rubble walling ",", I ~ ~ ..... -;",
ASHLAR
/' •
Panelling pegs ~I "
level
ASHLAR
______Tile floor"";"..J£L. -"lo
gravel
D RUBBLE ~~:d REO PAINT Door to cloister
HACKED U GREY PAINT MASONRY
====="5ft"""~6ft. 2m.
Fig. 79 Priory Housr; ele\'ation of f('atures uncovCTed on \\' wall of ('hoir practice room. IQO s E Room over cloister
VAULT CLOISTER
'0...,- A B ~=--====-~===5m ~~~=-~15fr
Fi,\:, 80. Prior. House: A: Scuiollal dc\ .\lioll 01 dum pr Tht' stairs lip from the I1('W entrance rlid not sun-in' (except for pan of Ollt' at the bOllam), but their general outline was given by the rising hase of the ashlar blocking in the \V. wall, and by the hollO\\ hanrlrail rut into lhC' ashlar blocking orlhat \vall (Fig. 79). On the r(,turn Hight to the E .. on'r the vaultin,g. the stairs thcmseiYcs had been H'lllo\'('d, but the stepped mortar surface on \vhich they lay still sun'in'd. Parts or the L-shaprd \.... all on the inner side of the staircase also sun'in'd, \'vhich ~a\T the width of th(' stairs (Fig. 78). A puzzling feature in the \\'. wall \\as the fragment of blind arcading immrdiau'ly LO the S. of the :'\orman arch, at about the !rn'l of tht, LOp of the splayed opening in thr wall ( Fi~. 79). There \vas onr arch of three \·oussoirs. resling on symmetrical responds, and the beginning of a second arch to the S. I n the spandrrls of the arches was a filling of rubblr and \vhite mortar, distinct from the :":orman walling above (there \\as also a nc:edlc-hole in the wall o\'Cr the :\ respond. from the time of its construction). The surface of the arches and their responds had been hacked back (as had the end of the Norman arch), but the ashlar below them \vas smooth, and continuous with thl' ashlar blocking in the rcst of the wall. This feature was at first thought to be a blocked recess, but the lharac(cr of tht· masonry su~gested that this was unlikely, and that something more substantial had been removed. As John Ashdown obsern'd, this was probably the side ofa small two-bay vault covering the stair passage and entrance, with the \'aulling later chopped back Oush with the wall, and the rough spandrrls representing the filling of the vauh. The northernmost respond was opposite the corner of thr inner wall of lhr stair, and the estimated position of the southernmost respond \\-"ould be approximately ovrr the southern jamb of the door to the cloister (Fig. 77C). Assuming thal all these features were contemporary (and the only ('vidence suggesting otherwise is the date of the tiles), the new entrance to the dormitory would DI,Co\'ERIE5 I~ 51' FRIDES\\IDE', DOR~II roRY 191 han' been made at the same lime as the cloisters were rebuilt, and consisted of a ne" froOl door, a vaulted passage and stair turning on a tiled landing, with a small ventilator to Ihe cloister (Figs. 77C and 80B). POST · ~IEDIE\ 'AL, THE PAI~TED PL~5TER The plastrr covering the Norman door (uncovered behind later panelling) was painted wilh broad paillled stripes or red and grey (Fig. 79). This plaster covered all Ihe realures which wcrc subsequently uncovered on the wall (lhe handrail had been filled in), and the paint ccased at the modern floor level, but did continue around the S. side of the room , red and grey stripes being visible on the timber framing next the stair. One post of this framing also had a painted decoration on two sides of it, representing a strapwork cartouchc in imitation panelling (Fig. 81») a motif known from other Oxford buildings 7 and perhaps dating to (.1600. The painted timber was either lX situ, or was perhaps part of a decorative scheme on painted cloth (there are nail-holes on the back of the post). The stair behind the framing leads up to the room over the E. cloister walk, which contains IWO fireplaces and is probably or 161h-century dale (Figs. 770 and 78). The 15th-century stair up from the cloisters was filled in at the time the room was decorated (if not before), and from the rubble fill came several pieces of moulded stonework, including another fragment from the shrine of S1. Frideswide, painted with red and gold (Fig. 29 No. 19). The ceiling of the room had plain chamfered joists, and a wallplate against the \V . wall , integral with the framing in the S. wall. The ceiling of the first-Roor room had re-used medieval rafters, mcntioned above. The broad painted stripes on the wall-plaster are similar LO those in the much more elaborate scheme recently found in Trinity Collegc, in a room below the Old Library, probably decorated for the first President's Lodgings in the reign of Queen Mary.s The A Fig.81. Priory House: 16th-century painted timber POSt from S.W. corner of choir practice room. 1 Similar paintings have lK-en found at 26 Cornmarket (Zacharias's) and 59-61 Cornmarket: see report on 'The :":r\\' Inn', forthcoming 8 B. Ward-Perkins, 'Newly Discovered Wall-Painlings', Trinity Coiligi Oxford, Rlport 1985-86, Pis. 1-3. 192 Priory House scheme may date to the time of Canon William Trcsham, who is reputed to have made this room.9 Interestingly, Trrsham was depri\'ed of his canonry in 1560 for Catholic sympathies, and was the one who rebaptized the recast Greal Tom as ' Mary', He is bruer known as the maker oC'Trcsham's Lane', now Blue Boar SlfCCl. IO UTER ALIERATIOXS The Priory House was badly damaged hy fire in 1669, and part was apparentl, blown up lO prevent the fire spreading, I t Perhaps this was the occasion for inserting pan('llin~ into the room, for at some dale holes were made in the plaster and SlOnr for the insertion of wooden pegs to secure panelling (Fig. 79). The panelling, prior to its removal, seemed to be made up to fit the room, possibly as lalc as the 19th century, though parts of it W('fe much older. That some pan of th(' room was not panelled is indicated by fragments of GOlhick wallpaper found near the ceiling in 1Il(' S.- \\'. corner by the stair. I:.? In about 1880 the access from the newly-restored chapter-house was altered with the insrrlion of a spiral stair in the ~. E. corner into the pre-existing passage; the room was used for chapter meetings before beeomjn~ the choir practice room. J:S The rooms aboY(' had panitions added to make passages, the framin~ of which was simply laid on the floor-joists and may be of 17th- or 18th-century date. That on the second floor will only have been needed when the attic space O\'('r the chapter-house was comTrted to rooms, perhaps abuut 1600 (the allies arc shown on Sampson Strong's portrait of \\'olsc) , <.1610, Fig. 87).14 THE ROO~IS O\'ER THE CLOISTER The stair in the S.\I\'. corncr of the choir practice mom leads up to the rooms o\,('r the cloister walk (Fig. 78). A landing at the top or the stair has doors 10 the Allstrec Librar) (above the S. cloister walk) 1nd the long room over the E. walk (now used as the music and book store). This has a lean-to roof and plain windows to the cloister, perhaps of 16th-century date. There are two fireplaces in thr E. wall, lhr southern olle with a plain chamfered arch of four-centered profilr, the northern with moulded jambs and spandrels. The latter has partly been obscured by the \\'ooden vaulting inserted into the cloister by Scott to clear the chapter-house entrance, which raised the floor-InTI of the 1 central part of the room. Although the room OH'r the S. walk was built in 1612 '"1 that over the E. walk is probably older, certainly if the stairs leading LO it w('fe part of the mid 16th-century alterations to the choir practic(, room. It was used as pan of the college Treasury, where Anthony Wood consulted the College deeds (the :\. e10istcr range was convened in 1772 for a muniment room}:i6 in lifting the old floorboards two strays from ~ Warner op. cit. nott' 5, 170 & 175. In A.B. Emden, A Biographical Rrgisltr oj tht l'nllmitH~1 Oxfo,' A.D 1501 to 1540 (1974), 1501 I; W.L Ii iscod , A Christ Church Misullan;: (1946), 143, II Wood, Lift and Timrs. ii (O.H.S. xxi. 18(2), 175 (1669). 12 Cf A. Wells-Cole. !-listoric Pap'r Han,~mlp from 'I'm/pit Xtu'fham and olh" En.gljJh lfouUJ (1983), ~os. 39-40. n \-Varner op. cit. nOle 5. 175; P Dearmer. Tilt Catludral Church of Oxford (Bell's Cathedral Series, 1897),41; Ihe window on the spiral slair is shown on tile Oxford Almanack for 1828. 14 For works of 1600, s~ Hiscock op. cit nOI(' 10, 212 1\ Ibid" 215. 16 Ibid; Wood, Lift and TirMJ. i (Q, H .S. xix, 1891),286 and ii (Q. H.S, xxi, 1892), 112.